Protein concentration of lymph and interstitial fluid in the rat tail

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. H74-H79 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aukland ◽  
G. C. Kramer ◽  
E. M. Renkin
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Interstitial Volume ◽  
Rat Tail ◽  
Slow Turnover

Lymph was collected from tail lymphatics of anesthetized rats, subcutaneous interstitial fluid was obtained by implanting nylon wicks, and tendon interstitial fluid was obtained by centrifugation of pieces of tendon. Spontaneous lymph flow rates averaged 70 nl X min-1 X g skin-1. Protein concentrations and colloid osmotic pressures of sampled fluids differed significantly. Tail lymph had the highest protein concentration relative to plasma [lymph-to-plasma ratio 0.71 +/- 0.03 (SE) n = 10], followed by wick fluid (0.62 +/- 0.02, n = 9), with tendon fluid lowest (0.50 +/- 0.03, n = 10). Albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in samples of tail skin and tendon were assayed by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Comparison of their distribution volumes at lymph or tendon fluid concentrations, respectively, with interstitial fluid volumes measured as 2-h 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid space minus 5-min 125I-albumin space indicated that 50-60% of the interstitial volume in these tissues is not available for distribution of albumin or IgG. Low lymph flow and high interstitial protein content of rat tail indicate a slow turnover of interstitial protein. This suggests that interstitial washout of protein plays a role in limiting edema only after a sustained or chronic increase in fluid filtration.

Lymph flow in sheep with rapid cardiac ventricular pacing

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. R1595-R1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Drake ◽  
S. Dhother ◽  
R. A. Teague ◽  
J. C. Gabel
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Ventricular Pacing ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Lymphatic Flow

Increases in systemic venous pressure (Pv) associated with heart failure cause an increase in microvascular fluid filtration into the tissue spaces. By removing this excess filtrate from the tissues, lymphatic vessels help to prevent edema. However, the lymphatics drain into systemic veins and an increase in Pv may interfere with lymphatic flow. To test this, we cannulated caudal mediastinal node efferent lymphatics in sheep. We used rapid cardiac ventricular pacing (240-275 beats/min) to cause heart failure for 4-7 days. Each day we determined the lymph flow rate two ways. First, we adjusted the lymph cannula height so that the pressure at the outflow end of the lymphatic was zero. After we determined the lymph flow with zero outflow pressure, we raised the cannula so that outflow pressure was equal to the actual venous pressure. We quantitated the effect of venous pressure on lymph flow rate by comparing the flow rate with outflow pressure = Pv to the flow rate with zero out low pressure. At baseline, Pv = 5.0 +/- 2.5 (SD) cmH2O and we found no difference in the two lymph flow rates. Pacing caused Pv and both lymph flow rates to increase significantly. However for Pv < 15 cmH2O, we found little difference in the two lymph flow rates. Thus increases in Pv to 15 cmH2O at the outflow to the lymphatics had little effect on lymph flow. By comparison, Pv > 15 cmH2O slowed lymph flow by 55 +/- 29% relative to the lymph flow rate with zero outflow pressure. Thus Pv values > 15 cmH2O interfere with lymph flow from the sheep caudal mediastinal lymph node.

Adaptation of the hepatic transudation barrier to sinusoidal hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (4) ◽  
pp. R722-R729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjeet M. Dongaonkar ◽  
Christopher M. Quick ◽  
Glen A. Laine ◽  
Karen Uray ◽  
Charles S. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Acute Changes

The role of the hepatic transudation barrier in determining ascites volume and protein content in chronic liver disease is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to characterize how chronic sinusoidal hypertension impacts hepatic transudation barrier properties and the transudation rate. The suprahepatic inferior vena cava was surgically constricted, and animals were exposed to either short-term (SVH; 2–3 wk) or long-term venous hypertension (LVH; 5–6 wk). Compared with SVH, LVH resulted in lower peritoneal fluid pressure, ascites volume, and ascites protein concentration. The transudation barrier protein reflection coefficient was significantly higher, and the transudation barrier hydraulic conductivity, transudation rate, and transudate-to-lymph protein concentration ratio were significantly lower in LVH animals compared with SVH animals. The sensitivity of transudation rates to acute changes in interstitial fluid pressures was also significantly lower in LVH animals compared with SVH animals. In contrast, there was no detectable difference in hepatic lymph flow rate or sensitivity of lymph flow to acute changes in interstitial fluid pressures between SVH and LVH animals. Taken together, these data suggest that decreased hepatic transudation barrier permeability to fluid and protein and increased reflection coefficient led to a decrease in the hepatic contribution to ascites volume. The present work, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to quantify an anti-ascites adaptation of the hepatic transudation barrier in response to chronic hepatic sinusoidal hypertension.

Fibronectin deficiency and intestinal transvascular fluid balance during bacteremia

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (4) ◽  
pp. H557-H564
Author(s):  
B. C. Dillon ◽  
T. M. Saba
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Permeability ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Fluid Flux ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Coated Particles ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Small Intestinal

Reticuloendothelial (RE) clearance dysfunction, which can be induced by opsonic fibronectin deficiency, has been correlated with organ failure during sepsis. We investigate the role of opsonic fibronectin deficiency and RE blockade in modulating alterations in intestinal transvascular fluid balance induced by Pseudomonas bacteremia using an isolated, innervated, and autoperfused canine small intestinal segment. Intravenous infusion of gelatin-coated particles was used to induce fibronectin deficiency and RE blockade. Lymph flow and lymph/plasma (L/P) protein concentration ratios were stable following intravenous challenge with bacteria or gelatin-coated particles. In contrast, lymph flow increased and L/P ratio decreased significantly when bacteremia coexisted with particle-induced opsonic fibronectin deficiency and RE blockade. This elevation in lymph flow and decline in L/P ratio was associated with normal vascular permeability to albumin, IgG, and IgM. The increase in intestinal fluid flux during bacteremia with RE blockade appears to be due to an increase in microvascular hydrostatic pressure and not to an increase in vascular permeability. These findings emphasize a potentially important role for fibronectin and associated RE system function as determinants of fluid filtration during sepsis.

Albumin and IgG in skin and skeletal muscle after plasmapheresis with saline loading

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. H71-H79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Mullins ◽  
M. R. Powers ◽  
D. R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Collagen Matrix ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Interstitial Volume ◽  
Excised Tissue

The acute effect of removing plasma equivalent to 1.7% body wt and replacing it with saline equivalent to 10% body wt on the extravascular distribution of water, albumin, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in skin and skeletal muscle was studied in anesthetized rabbits. The plasma protein concentration decreased by 43%. Prenodal lymph was collected from hindpaw skin or skeletal muscle. The extracellular and plasma volumes in excised tissue samples were measured using 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 125I-labeled albumin, respectively. The protein spaces were calculated from measurements of endogenous albumin and IgG concentrations using immunochemical techniques. Lymph flow from both tissues increased more than twice control, whereas the lymph total protein concentration decreased to less than one-half control. Three to six hours after the saline infusion, the skin interstitial volume was 30% greater than control, whereas the extravascular masses of albumin and IgG were 20% greater than control. For muscle, the interstitial volume was twice the control value, whereas the extravascular masses of albumin and IgG were not significantly altered. There was a large decrease in the lymph protein concentration after acute plasmapheresis. However, there was not an acute decrease in the extravascular albumin or IgG masses from skin or skeletal muscle. This may be due to the presence of the collagen matrix and edema fluid.

Distribution volumes and macromolecular mobility in rat tail tendon interstitium

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. H409-H419 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aukland
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Macromolecular Transport ◽  
Interstitial Volume ◽  
Centrifugation Technique ◽  
Tail Tendon ◽  
Distribution Spaces ◽  
Rat Tail

This study explores a centrifugation technique for estimating interstitial fluid composition and macromolecular transport. Rat tail tendon supported by a nylon net was subjected to three consecutive 15-min centrifugations at 3,000, 6,000, and 14,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) or 3, 10, and 20 min at 6,000 rpm. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and concentrations of albumin, total protein, and hyaluronan in subsequent centrifugate fell as exponential functions of accumulated centrifuged volume, reaching 10-30% of initial level at an accumulated volume corresponding to 8% of tendon volume. Intercepts for zero centrifugation were 11 mmHg (COP), 22 mg/ml (albumin), and 39 mg/ml (total protein), probably reflecting concentrations in protein-accessible interstitial volume. Corresponding serum values were 19 mmHg, 34 mg/ml, and 63 mg/ml. Tendon distribution spaces were 0.62 (H2O), 0.57 (51Cr-labeled-EDTA), and 0.22 ml/g wet wt (albumin). The progressive fall in centrifugate concentrations probably reflects increasing resistance to macromolecular transport, with a sieving coefficient for albumin falling from 1 to 0.35, or increasing contribution of fluid from protein-excluded space. The effect was reversed by rehydration, which caused increased concentrations in centrifugate. Low hyaluronan concentrations in centrifugate (0.25 mg/ml) compared with that of whole tendon (0.4 mg/g wet wt) reflect either a large "bound" fraction in tissue or marked sieving of hyaluronan in normohydration.

Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema

2010 ◽  
pp. 3083-3092
Author(s):  
Peter S. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Peripheral Oedema ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Fluid Filtration

Lymph transport, not venous reabsorption, is the main process responsible for interstitial fluid drainage. All peripheral oedema is either absolute or relative lymph drainage failure. Oedema develops when the microvascular filtration rate exceeds lymph drainage for a sufficient period, either because the filtration rate is high or because lymph flow is low, or a combination of the two. Lymphoedema is strictly peripheral oedema due solely to a failure of lymph drainage. Most peripheral oedema arises from microvascular fluid filtration overwhelming lymph drainage, e.g. heart failure, but lymphoedema supervenes as lymph function declines if high filtration is sustained....

Lymphatic and vascular responses to fluid infusion in castrated and noncastrated sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. R1114-R1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Valenzuela ◽  
R. A. Brace ◽  
L. D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Estrogen Withdrawal

Estrogen administration produces blood volume expansion and interstitial fluid retention. We decided to study the effect of estrogen withdrawal on blood volume and determine whether oophorectomy has an effect on lymph flow or protein concentration. The rate of left thoracic duct lymph flow averaged 0.041 +/- 0.005 (SE) and 0.071 +/- 0.008 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in castrated (n = 9) and noncastrated (n = 9) female sheep, respectively (P = 0.006). After three serial intravenous infusions of Ringer lactate solution (2% body wt/infusion) the thoracic duct lymph flow in the castrated animals increased 358, 457, and 498% over the base-line rate, compared with increase of 200, 235, and 353% in the nonpregnant ewes. However, with the lower control values in the castrated animals, the lymph flow rate reached the same absolute values as those seen in the noncastrated ewes. Lymph protein concentration and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio, as well as arterial and venous pressures, were unaltered by oophorectomy. Base-line whole blood volumes were 58.2 +/- 1.9 (n = 9) and 64.8 +/- 2.6 ml/kg (n = 9) in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05). Systemic vascular compliance averaged 4.5 +/- 0.7 and 7.1 +/- 1.7 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1 in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05), whereas interstitial fluid compliance values were 12 and 32 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1, respectively. The capillary filtration coefficients were not different in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Lymph pump mechanics in the rabbit hind leg

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. H173-H183 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ikomi ◽  
G. W. Schmid-Schonbein
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Passive Rotation ◽  
Fluid Uptake ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Capillary Fluid ◽  
Tissue Motion

The mechanisms that govern fluid uptake by the initial lymphatics and adjustment of lymph flow rates remain to a large degree uncertain. The aim of this study was to examine how passive tissue movement contributes to lymph flow rates. Lymph fluid was collected via a cannula inserted into one of the popliteal prenodal lymphatics in the rabbit hind leg. Lymph flow rates were measured during periodic whole leg rotation and controlled oscillatory massage of the dorsal skin of the foot. Without whole leg rotation, lymph flow remained at low values (< 0.01 ml/h). Introduction of whole leg passive rotation caused a frequency-dependent increase in lymph flow rates, which were increased linearly with the log of frequency between 0.03 and 1.0 Hz. Local skin massage in the region of the initial lymphatics also led to a similar increase of lymph flow rates dependent on frequency as well as amplitude of skin displacement. Lymph flow rates during local skin massage reached a comparable order of magnitude regardless of whether the animal was alive or the heart had been arrested, suggesting that local lymph flow rates can be adjusted by periodic tissue motion independently of capillary fluid filtration pressures. The results indicate that periodic expansion and compression of initial lymphatics provide a mechanism for lymph pumping.

Can lymphatic drainage be measured non-invasively in human limbs, using plethysmography?

2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas BAUER ◽  
Frank CHRIST ◽  
John GAMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Cuff Pressure ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Venous Congestion ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Fluid Removal

There is always rapid volume restitution of the accumulated interstitial fluid after a VCP (venous congestion plethysmography) protocol. It has been suggested that backward extrapolation of the relationship between applied hydrostatic pressure and fluid filtration may give a measure of tissue JvL (lymph flow); if so, this could be of immense value in pathophysiological investigations. We hypothesized that the congestion pressure decrease following the VCP protocol might be the stimulus for activating the observed rapid interstitial fluid removal mechanism. We investigated this hypothesis by using a cumulative small step VCP protocol to a maximum arterial diastolic pressure, followed by a mirror image of step pressure decreases. The increases and decreases in cuff pressure produced capillary filtration capacities that were not significantly different from one another [(3.8±1.0)×10-3 and (3.7±1.2)×10-3 ml·100 ml-1·min-1·mmHg-1 respectively]. However, we did observe a significant 3-fold increase in estimated lymph flow between the up and ‘mirror’ down protocol. Moreover, the calculated supine control value, reflecting interstitial fluid removal (JvL), of 0.03±0.03 ml·100 ml-1·min-1 was within the range of lymph flows in human limbs described by other workers, as was the 3-fold increase to 0.09±0.03 ml·100 ml-1·min-1 following the release of the venous congestion. These results support the notion that strain-gauge plethysmography might provide a non-invasive means of assessing peripheral lymph flow in human limbs.

Regulation of microvascular filtration in the myocardium by interstitial fluid pressure

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (6) ◽  
pp. R1465-R1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Stewart ◽  
D. A. Rohn ◽  
U. Mehlhorn ◽  
K. L. Davis ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Superior Vena Caval ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume

We hypothesized that myocardial microvascular filtration rate (Jv) could be manipulated by varying end-diastolic myocardial interstitial hydrostatic (P(int)) pressure. Dogs under general anesthesia were instrumented with intramyocardial capsules to measure P(int) and with prenodal myocardial lymphatic trunk cannulas and superior vena caval balloon-tipped catheters to manipulate myocardial lymph flow. Because, for a given surface area, the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ration (CL/CP) varies inversely with JV, CL/CP was utilized as an index of changes in JV. When lymphatic outflow pressure (P0) was elevated to abolish lymph flow and force myocardial interstitial fluid volume to expand, P(int) rose significantly from 15.0 +/- 0.8 to 27.6 +/- 1.0 mmHg and CL/CP increased significantly from 0.75 +/- 0.04 to 0.85 +/- 0.04, indicating a decrease in JV. When P0 was lowered and lymph flow resumed, P(int) and CL/CP decreased significantly to 15.3 +/- 0.9 mmHg and 0.75 +/- 0.04, respectively, indicating an increase in JV. We conclude that myocardial microvascular filtration rate may be modulated by changes in P(int) resulting from alterations in myocardial interstitial fluid volume secondary to variations in lymph flow from the heart.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document