Volume distribution of Evans blue dye and iodinated albumin in the dog

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Huggins ◽  
E. L. Smith ◽  
S. Deavers
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Reasonable Estimate ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

Three hundred seventy-two morphine-pentobarbitalized dogs were divided into groups according to the sampling time after injections of T-1824, I131, or both simultaneously. The data were programmed for digital computer analysis. In dogs receiving the tags separately the mean plasma volume was 50.0 ± 0.63 and 49.8 ± 0.72 ml/kg for dye and I131, respectively. Three simultaneous T-1824 and I131-tagged albumin injections were made with samples taken at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min after each injection. Mixing was complete at approximately 5 min. Mean plasma volumes were 52.5 ± 2.24 ml/kg for the dye and 49.3 ± 1.69 ml/kg for the I131. The difference was not significant. In this group there was a good agreement between plasma volumes when calculated from the seven point curve or from three points only, indicating that all points were part of the same straight line. Therefore, a shorter time period with fewer samples is advantageous. Furthermore, when maximum accuracy is not required, the 5-min sample gives a reasonable estimate of plasma volume.

A quantitative measure of nonlinearity

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Emancipator ◽  
M H Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fitting In

Abstract Quantitative measures of the nonlinearity of an analytical method are defined as follows: the "(dimensional) nonlinearity" of a method is the square root of the mean of the square of the deviation of the response curve from a straight line, where the straight line is chosen to minimize the nonlinearity. The "relative nonlinearity" is defined as the dimensional nonlinearity divided by the difference between the maximum and minimum assayed values. These definitions may be used to develop practical criteria for linearity that are still objective. Calculation of the nonlinearity requires a method of curve-fitting. In this article, we use polynomial regression to demonstrate calculations, but the definition of nonlinearity also accommodates alternative nonlinear regression procedures.

The Mean Projected Range and Range Straggling of Nd Ions Implanted in Silicon Carbide

2011 ◽  
Vol 474-476 ◽  
pp. 565-569
Author(s):  
Xi Feng Qin ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Feng Xiang Wang ◽  
Yi Liang
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

In view of the influence of the projected range, the range straggling, and the lateral deviation of ions in materials on the property of device in the fabrication of photoelectric integration devices by ion implantation, the mean projected ranges and range straggling for energetic 200 – 500 keV Nd ions implanted in 6H-SiC were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering followed by spectrum analysis. The measured values are compared with Monte Carlo code (SRIM2006) calculations. It has been found that the measured values of the mean projected range Rp are good agreement with the SRIM calculated values; for the range straggling △Rp, the difference between the experiment data and the calculated results is much higher than that of Rp

scholarly journals The Evolution of Galaxies in the Last 10 GYR

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 649-651
Author(s):  
K. Rakos ◽  
J. Schombert ◽  
T. Maindl ◽  
N. Unger ◽  
P. Obitsch
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Evolution ◽  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Rest Frame ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Blue Galaxies ◽  
Single Burst ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

Rest-frame Strömgren colours are presented for a large number of galaxies in rich clusters between z = 0 and z = 1. Our observations confirm a strong, rest-frame, Butcher-Oemler effect where the fraction of blue galaxies increases from 20% at z < 0.4 to 80% at z = 0.9. After isolating the red objects in each cluster we have compared the mean colour of these old, non-star forming objects with SED models from the literature as a test for passive galaxy evolution in ellipticals. We find good agreement with single burst models which predict an epoch of galaxy formation from z = 2 to 5 (Rakos et al. 1988, 1991; Rakos & Schombert 1993). Although the results demonstrate a great deal of hope for modelling the fine details of colour evolution when our samples are extended into the near- and far-IR, there are reasons to believe that galaxies become, observationally, much more complicated beyond redshifts of 1. The rate of blue colour evolution between 0.6 and 0.9 suggests that by a redshift of 1.5 it will be impossible to tell the difference between galaxies which have completed a single burst at a formation redshift of 2 or ones which are undergoing constant star formation.

scholarly journals On the theory of the astronomical refractions,

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

In this communication, the author, after stating that the mean refractions are the object of investigation, and fully defining what he understands by this term, gives an historical review of what has been done up to the present time on this very important subject. Having stated that the foundation of the theory of astronomical re­fractions was laid by Dominique Cassini, he deduces on Cassini’s hypothesis (that of an homogeneous atmosphere) a formula for the refraction, which agrees exactly with that of La Place, employed in computing the first part of the table of mean refractions, published by the French Board of Longitude. The labours of our immortal countryman Newton, in this vast field of inquiry, are next reviewed. As the density of the atmo­sphere in ascending decreases gradually, the path described by a ray from a star, in its passage through the atmosphere, is not a straight line, as it would be on Cassini’s hypothesis, but is a curve more and more inflected towards the earth’s centre. In the Principia there is found whatever is necessary for determining the nature of this curve, and, consequently, for solving the problem of the astronomical re­fractions, which consists in ascertaining the difference between the direction of light when it enters the atmosphere, and its ultimate direction when it arrives at the earth’s surface.

scholarly journals Feature Assessment of Toe Area Activity during Walking of Elderly People with Stumbling Experiences through Wearable Clog-Integrated Plantar Visualization System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Yingjie Jin ◽  
Miho Shogenji ◽  
Tetsuyou Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Plantar Aspect ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reflecting Surface ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we investigated the relationship between toe-area activity and stumbling experiences utilizing our developed sensing system, in order to assess toe-area activity in elderly people with stumbling experiences. The sensing system enables the visualization of the plantar aspect while walking on any surface and under any condition. An image of the plantar aspect is received at a reflecting surface and captured by a camera attached to a clog. The toe-area activity was evaluated by comparing the difference between the toe contact areas at heel-strike and push-off. Thirteen young individuals (nine men and four women, age 22.4 ± 2 years) and nine elderly individuals (five men and four women, age 65.3 ± 2 years) participated in the experiment by walking along a straight line wearing the plantar sensing system on their feet. The analysis found that a low value of the mean toe activity for multiple walking cycles was associated with high stumbling risk, irrespective of age, whereas large variations in toe activity was associated with aging. These results indicate that toe activity can predict stumbling risk irrespective of age. We also found that a large value of the maximum toe activity during multiple walking cycles indicates aging, whereas a low value is associated with high stumbling risk.

The Range Distribution of Yb Ions Implanted in 6H Silicon Carbide

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Xi Feng Qin ◽  
Gui Jie Ma ◽  
Shu Hua Shi ◽  
Feng Xiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Range Distribution ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

The mean projected ranges and range straggling for energetic 200 – 500 keV Yb ions implanted in 6H-SiC were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering followed by spectrum analysis. The measured values are compared with Monte Carlo code (SRIM2012) calculations. It has been found that the measured values of the mean projected range are good agreement with the SRIM calculated values; for the range straggling , the difference between the experiment data and the calculated results is much higher than that of .

The Range Distribution of Nd Ions Implanted in Silicon-on-Insulator

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 315-318
Author(s):  
Yi Liang ◽  
Hong Zhen Li ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Feng Xiang Wang ◽  
Xi Feng Qin
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

In view of the influence of the projected range, the range straggling, and the lateral deviation of ions in materials on the property of photoelectric integration devices fabricated by ion implantation, the mean projected ranges and range straggling for energetic 200 – 500 keV neodymium (Nd) ions implanted in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) at room temperature were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering followed by spectrum analysis.The measured results are compared with Monte Carlo code (SRIM2006) predictions. Our results show that the measured values of the mean projected rangeRpare good agreement with the SRIM calculated values; for the range straggling ΔRp, the difference between the experiment data and the calculated results is much higher than that ofRp.

Investigation of the Range Distribution of Yb Ions Implanted in SOI

2014 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 269-272
Author(s):  
Xi Feng Qin ◽  
Gui Jie Ma ◽  
Shu Hua Shi ◽  
Gang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Range Distribution ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

The mean projected ranges and range straggling for energetic 200 500 keV Yb ions implanted in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering followed by spectrum analysis. The measured values are compared with Monte Carlo code (SRIM2012) calculations. It has been found that the measured values of the mean projected range are good agreement with the SRIM calculated values; for the range straggling , the difference between the experiment data and the calculated results is much higher than that of .

Effects of loading adjustment on the reliability degradation of composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Chung-Ling Chen ◽  
Kuo-Shong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Strength ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThis paper defines two parameters to describe the effects of fatigue load adjustment on the reliability degradation of composites. The transition period, n2a, indicates the free failure time period from the instant of high-low adjustment until the residual strength distribution meets the low-level stress. The reliability drop, ∣ΔR∣, is shown at the instant of low-high adjustment. Based on the strength-life equal rank assumption, a typical Yang model of the residual strength is considered to derive these two items by retrieving the residual strength distributions to the corresponding initials. The predicted parameters are verified to be in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation of fatigue failure. It is found that n2a increases dramatically as the reliability Ra at which the stress level changes, in the range of 1>Ra>0.95. The relationship between ∣ΔR∣ and Ra exhibits a parabolic-like curve with a peak near the mean cycles to failure of the process at low-level stress.

The Range Distribution of Nd Ions Implanted in Silicon Crystal

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
Xi Feng Qin ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Feng Xiang Wang ◽  
Yi Liang
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Silicon Crystal ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Projected Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

Due to the need to reduce electronic device sizes, it is very important to consider the depth distribution of ions implanted into a crystalline target. The mean projected ranges and range straggling for energetic 200 – 500 keV Nd ions implanted in single crystal silicon (c-Si) at room temperature were measured by means of Rutherford backscattering followed by spectrum analysis. The measured results are compared with Monte Carlo code (SRIM2006) predictions. Our results show that the measured values of the mean projected range are good agreement with the SRIM calculated values; for the range straggling , the difference between the experiment data and the calculated results is much higher than that of .

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