Specific expression and regulation of glucose transporters in zebrafish ionocytes

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. R275-R290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Che Tseng ◽  
Ruo-Dong Chen ◽  
Jay-Ron Lee ◽  
Sian-Tai Liu ◽  
Shyh-Jye Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Glucose Transporters ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Critical Process

Glucose, a carbohydrate metabolite, plays a major role in the energy supply for fish iono- and osmoregulation, and the way that glucose is transported in ionocytes is a critical process related to the functional operations of ionocytes. Eighteen members of glucose transporters (GLUTs, SLC2A) were cloned and identified from zebrafish. Previously, Na+,K+-ATPase-rich (NaR), Na+-Cl− cotransporter-expressing (NCC), H+-ATPase-rich (HR), and glycogen-rich (GR) cells have been identified to be responsible for Ca2+ uptake, Cl− uptake, Na+ uptake, and the energy deposition, respectively, in zebrafish skin/gills. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis of whether GLUT isoforms are specifically expressed and function in ionocytes to supply energy for ion regulatory mechanisms. On the basis of translational knockdown of foxi3a/ 3b (2 transcriptional factors related to the ionocytes' differentiation) and triple in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry, 3 GLUT isoforms, zglut1a, - 6, and - 13.1, were specifically localized in NaR/NCC cells, GR cells, and HR cells, respectively. mRNA expression of zglut1a in embryos and adult gills were stimulated by the low Ca2+ or low Cl− freshwater, which has been previously reported to upregulate the functions (monitored by epithelial Ca2+ channel, NCC mRNA) of NaR/NCC cells, respectively while that of zglut13.1 was stimulated only by low Na+, a situation to upregulate the function (monitored by carbonic anhydrase 15a mRNA) of HR cells. On the other hand, ambient ion compositions did not affect the zglut6 mRNA expression. Taken together, zGLUT1a, -6, and 13.1, the specific transporters in NaR/NCC cells, GR cells, and HR cells, may absorb glucose into the respective cells to fulfill different physiological demands.

Isoform-specific expression and function of neuregulin

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (18) ◽  
pp. 3575-3586 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Meyer ◽  
T. Yamaai ◽  
A. Garratt ◽  
E. Riethmacher-Sonnenberg ◽  
D. Kane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Cell Growth And Differentiation ◽  
Cranial Ganglia ◽  
And Function

Neuregulin (also known as NDF, heregulin, ARIA, GGF or SMDF), induces cell growth and differentiation. Biological effects of neuregulin are mediated by members of the erbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. Three major neuregulin isoforms are produced from the gene, which differ substantially in sequence and in overall structure. Here we use in situ hybridization with isoform-specific probes to illustrate the spatially distinct patterns of expression of the isoforms during mouse development. Ablation of the neuregulin gene in the mouse has demonstrated multiple and independent functions of this factor in development of both the nervous system and the heart. We show here that targeted mutations that affect different isoforms result in distinct phenotypes, demonstrating that isoforms can take over specific functions in vivo. Type I neuregulin is required for generation of neural crest-derived neurons in cranial ganglia and for trabeculation of the heart ventricle, whereas type III neuregulin plays an important role in the early development of Schwann cells. The complexity of neuregulin functions in development is therefore due to independent roles played by distinct isoforms.

scholarly journals Ancestral Regulatory Mechanisms Specify Conserved Midbrain Circuitry in Arthropods and Vertebrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessika C. Bridi ◽  
Zoe N. Ludlow ◽  
Benjamin Kottler ◽  
Beate Hartmann ◽  
Lies Vanden Broeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTCorresponding attributes of neural development and function suggest arthropod and vertebrate brains may have an evolutionarily conserved organization. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Here we identify a gene regulatory and character identity network defining the deutocerebral-tritocerebral boundary (DTB) in Drosophila. We show this network comprises genes homologous to those directing midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) formation in vertebrates and their closest chordate relatives. Genetic tracing reveals that the embryonic DTB gives rise to adult midbrain circuits that in flies control auditory and vestibular information processing and motor coordination, as do MHB-derived circuits in vertebrates. DTB-specific gene expression and function is directed by cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of developmental control genes that include homologs of mammalian Zinc finger of the cerebellum and Purkinje cell protein 4. Moreover, Drosophila DTB-specific CREs correspond to regulatory sequences of human ENGRAILED-2, PAX-2 and DACHSHUND-1 that direct MHB-specific expression in the embryonic mouse brain. Together, these findings imply ancestral regulatory mechanisms mediating the genetic specification of midbrain-cerebellar circuitry for balance and motor control that may predated the radiation of cephalic nervous systems across the animal kingdom.

Expression regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase α1-subunit subtypes in zebrafish gill ionocytes

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (6) ◽  
pp. R1897-R1906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Kai Liao ◽  
Ruo-Dong Chen ◽  
Pung-Pung Hwang
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Embryonic Skin ◽  
And Function ◽  
Α1 Subunit

In zebrafish ( Danio rerio), six distinct Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) α1-subunit genes have been identified, and four of them, zatp1a1a.1, zatp1a1a.2, zatp1a1a.4, and zatp1a1a.5, are expressed in embryonic skin where different types of ionocytes appear. The present study attempted to test a hypothesis of whether these NKA α1 paralogues are specifically expressed and function in respective ionocytes. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated the specific expression of zatp1a1a.1, zatp1a1a.2, and zatp1a1a. 5 in NKA-rich (NaR) cells, Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC)-expressing cells, and H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells, respectively, based on the colocalization of the three NKA α1 genes with marker genes of the respective ionocytes (epithelial Ca2+ channel in NaR cells; NCC in NCC cells; and H+-ATPase and Na+/H+ exchanger 3b in HR cells). The mRNA expression (by real-time PCR) of zatp1a1a.1, zatp1a1a.2, and zatp1a1a.5 were, respectively, upregulated by low-Ca2+, low-Cl−, and low-Na+ freshwater, which had previously been reported to stimulate uptake functions of Ca2+, Cl−, and Na+. However, zatp1a1a.4 was not colocalized with any of the three types of ionocytes, nor did its mRNA respond to the ambient ions examined. Taken together, zATP1a1a.1, zATP1a1a.2, and zATP1a1a.5 may provide driving force for Na+-coupled cotransporter activity specifically in NaR, NCC, and HR cells, respectively.

scholarly journals Network analysis of the left anterior descending coronary arteries in swim-trained rats by an in situ video microscopic technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Török ◽  
Petra Merkely ◽  
Anna Monori-Kiss ◽  
Eszter Mária Horváth ◽  
Réka Eszter Sziva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Resistance Artery ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background We aimed to identify sex differences in the network properties and to recognize the geometric alteration effects of long-term swim training in a rat model of exercise-induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Methods Thirty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: male sedentary, female sedentary, male exercised and female exercised. After training sessions, LV morphology and function were checked by echocardiography. The geometry of the left coronary artery system was analysed on pressure-perfused, microsurgically prepared resistance artery networks using in situ video microscopy. All segments over > 80 μm in diameter were studied using divided 50-μm-long cylindrical ring units of the networks. Oxidative-nitrative (O-N) stress markers, adenosine A2A and estrogen receptor (ER) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results The LV mass index, ejection fraction and fractional shortening significantly increased in exercised animals. We found substantial sex differences in the coronary network in the control groups and in the swim-trained animals. Ring frequency spectra were significantly different between male and female animals in both the sedentary and trained groups. The thickness of the wall was higher in males as a result of training. There were elevations in the populations of 200- and 400-μm vessel units in males; the thinner ones developed farther and the thicker ones closer to the orifice. In females, a new population of 200- to 250-μm vessels appeared unusually close to the orifice. Conclusions Physical activity and LV hypertrophy were accompanied by a remodelling of coronary resistance artery network geometry that was different in both sexes.

scholarly journals A 1232 bp upstream sequence of glutamine synthetase 1b from Eichhornia crassipes is a root-preferential promoter sequence

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshan Zhong ◽  
Xiaodan Lu ◽  
Zhiwei Deng ◽  
Ziqing Lu ◽  
Minghui Fu
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Upstream Sequence ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
N Metabolism

Abstract Background Glutamine synthetase (GS) acts as a key enzyme in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. It is important to understand the regulation of GS expression in plant. Promoters can initiate the transcription of its downstream gene. Eichhornia crassipes is a most prominent aquatic invasive plant, which has negative effects on environment and economic development. It also can be used in the bioremediation of pollutants present in water and the production of feeding and energy fuel. So identification and characterization of GS promoter in E. crassipes can help to elucidate its regulation mechanism of GS expression and further to control its N metabolism. Results A 1232 bp genomic fragment upstream of EcGS1b sequence from E. crassipes (EcGS1b-P) has been cloned, analyzed and functionally characterized. TSSP-TCM software and PlantCARE analysis showed a TATA-box core element, a CAAT-box, root specific expression element, light regulation elements including chs-CMA1a, Box I, and Sp1 and other cis-acting elements in the sequence. Three 5′-deletion fragments of EcGS1b upstream sequence with 400 bp, 600 bp and 900 bp length and the 1232 bp fragment were used to drive the expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) in tobacco. The quantitative test revealed that GUS activity decreased with the decreasing of the promoter length, which indicated that there were no negative regulated elements in the EcGS1-P. The GUS expressions of EcGS1b-P in roots were significantly higher than those in leaves and stems, indicating EcGS1b-P to be a root-preferential promoter. Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of EcGS1b gene also showed higher expression in the roots of E.crassipes than in stems and leaves. Conclusions EcGS1b-P is a root-preferential promoter sequence. It can specifically drive the transcription of its downstream gene in root. This study will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of EcGS1b tissue-specific expression and further study its other regulatory mechanisms in order to utilize E.crassipes in remediation of eutrophic water and control its overgrowth from the point of nutrient metabolism.

scholarly journals Brain Long Noncoding RNAs: Multitask Regulators of Neuronal Differentiation and Function

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3951
Author(s):  
Sarva Keihani ◽  
Verena Kluever ◽  
Eugenio F. Fornasiero
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Control Robustness ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Neuronal Physiology

The extraordinary cellular diversity and the complex connections established within different cells types render the nervous system of vertebrates one of the most sophisticated tissues found in living organisms. Such complexity is ensured by numerous regulatory mechanisms that provide tight spatiotemporal control, robustness and reliability. While the unusual abundance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in nervous tissues was traditionally puzzling, it is becoming clear that these molecules have genuine regulatory functions in the brain and they are essential for neuronal physiology. The canonical view of RNA as predominantly a ‘coding molecule’ has been largely surpassed, together with the conception that lncRNAs only represent ‘waste material’ produced by cells as a side effect of pervasive transcription. Here we review a growing body of evidence showing that lncRNAs play key roles in several regulatory mechanisms of neurons and other brain cells. In particular, neuronal lncRNAs are crucial for orchestrating neurogenesis, for tuning neuronal differentiation and for the exact calibration of neuronal excitability. Moreover, their diversity and the association to neurodegenerative diseases render them particularly interesting as putative biomarkers for brain disease. Overall, we foresee that in the future a more systematic scrutiny of lncRNA functions will be instrumental for an exhaustive understanding of neuronal pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Ultrafine metal-polymer catalysts based on polyconjugated systems for Fisher–Tropsch synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-984
Author(s):  
Mayya V. Kulikova ◽  
Albert B. Kulikov ◽  
Alexey E. Kuz’min ◽  
Anton L. Maximov
Keyword(s):  
Tropsch Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Composite Catalysts ◽  
Fe Catalyst ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
And Function ◽  
Metal Polymer

AbstractFor previously studied Fischer–Tropsch nanosized Fe catalyst slurries, polymer compounds with or without polyconjugating structures are used as precursors to form the catalyst nanomatrix in situ, and several catalytic experiments and X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements are performed. The important and different roles of the paraffin molecules in the slurry medium in the formation and function of composite catalysts with the two types of aforementioned polymer matrices are revealed. In the case of the polyconjugated polymers, the alkanes in the medium are “weakly” coordinated with the metal-polymer composites, which does not affect the effectiveness of the polyconjugated polymers. Otherwise, alkane molecules form a “tight” surface layer around the composite particles, which create transport complications for the reagents and products of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and, in some cases, can change the course of the in situ catalyst formation.

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