Nocturnal patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding and food-deprived rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. R541-R548 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Tempel ◽  
G. Shor-Posner ◽  
D. Dwyer ◽  
S. F. Leibowitz
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Nutrient Selection ◽  
Over Time

Analyses of rats' feeding behavior at the start and the end of the nocturnal cycle have revealed dramatic alterations in macronutrient intake over time. At dark onset, rats displayed a preference for carbohydrate, with the first meal of the night consisting of approximately 60% of this nutrient. This carbohydrate intake was soon followed by a shift toward protein-predominant meals. Superimposed on this pattern of meal-to-meal shifts in nutrient selection appears to be an additional rhythm in which carbohydrate ingestion was favored at dark onset and protein and fat ingestion were favored during the late dark hours. Differential feeding patterns were also apparent following mild food deprivation. A 2-h period of deprivation at dark onset produced a strong compensatory feeding response, particularly of fat and carbohydrate. This pattern was not observed at the end of the dark, when little compensatory feeding was demonstrated. It is suggested that these feeding patterns may be related to the activity of certain hypothalamic neurotransmitters, e.g., norepinephrine and serotonin, known to be important in modulating temporal feeding patterns and nutrient intake.

scholarly journals Changes over 20 years in macronutrient intake and body mass index in 11- to 12-year-old adolescents living in Northumberland

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Fletcher ◽  
A. J. Rugg-Gunn ◽  
J. N. S. Matthews ◽  
A. Hackett ◽  
P. J. Moynihan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Child Height ◽  
Public Health Messages ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Over Time

Monitoring adolescent diets over time enables the assessment of the effectiveness of public health messages which are particularly important in vulnerable groups such as adolescents. In 2000, 424 children aged 11–12 years old completed two 3 d estimated dietary records. On the fourth day one nutritionist interviewed each child to clarify the information in the diary and foods were quantified with the aid of food models. Nutrient intake was calculated using computerised food tables. These children attended the same seven schools in the same Northumberland area as the 11- to 12-year-old children who recorded their diet using the same method in 1980 (n 405) and 1990 (n 379), respectively. Height and weight, and parental occupation were recorded in all three surveys for each child. Height and weight were used to calculate BMI, weight was used to estimate BMR and parental occupation was used to determine social class. Comparing the macronutrient intakes in 2000 with 1980 and 1990, energy intakes (EI) fell in boys (to 8·45 MJ) and girls (to 7·60 MJ). This fall may, at least in part, be due to an increase in low energy reporting. For 1980, 1990 and 2000 the percentage of boys with EI:BMR below 1·1 was 6, 15 and 23%, respectively; for girls, 3, 14 and 18%, respectively. Percentage energy from fat was unchanged between 1980 and 1990 but fell to 35% (about 76 g/d) in 2000, alongside a 3% increase in percentage energy from starch (30%). Percentage energy from non-milk extrinsic sugars remained above recommendations (16%; about 82 g/d). The number of overweight and obese children increased from 11% to 30% between 1980 and 2000. Positive changes have occurred in the Northumbrian adolescent diet but social inequalities, reported in previous surveys, remain.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Photobiology of Photosynthetic Dinoflagellate Endosymbionts in the Nudibranch Berghia stephanieae

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2200
Author(s):  
Ruben X. G. Silva ◽  
Paulo Cartaxana ◽  
Ricardo Calado
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sea Slugs ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Over Time

Berghia stephanieae is a stenophagous sea slug that preys upon glass anemones, such as Exaiptasia diaphana. Glass anemones host photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts that sea slugs ingest when consuming E. diaphana. However, the prevalence of these photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts in sea slugs appears to be short-lived, particularly if B.stephanieae is deprived of prey that host these microalgae (e.g., during bleaching events impacting glass anemones). In the present study, we investigated this scenario, along with food deprivation, and validated the use of a non-invasive and non-destructive approach employing chlorophyll fluorescence as a proxy to monitor the persistence of the association between sea slugs and endosymbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates acquired through the consumption of glass anemones. Berghia stephanieae deprived of a trophic source hosting photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (e.g., through food deprivation or by feeding on bleached E. diaphana) showed a rapid decrease in minimum fluorescence (Fo) and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) when compared to sea slugs fed with symbiotic anemones. A complete loss of endosymbionts was observed within 8 days, confirming that no true symbiotic association was established. The present work opens a new window of opportunity to rapidly monitor in vivo and over time the prevalence of associations between sea slugs and photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts, particularly during bleaching events that prevent sea slugs from incorporating new microalgae through trophic interactions.

Interaction of Hypoxia and Food Deprivation on Patterns of Locomotor Behavior in Rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Gerben
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Activity Wheel ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Over Time

Eight male rats were allowed 20 min. of free running in an activity wheel under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (8% O2) conditions. In Exp. 1, Ss were not food deprived. In Exp. 2, Ss were food-deprived. Analogue records were taken of the speed of the wheel over time. Results indicated that the reduction of activity associated with hypoxia was related to increased duration of stopping periods. Characteristics of locomotor behavior within “bursts” of running showed relatively little change. Hypoxia generally had a greater effect on several aspects of the running behavior of nondeprived rats than on the behavior of deprived rats. Results are interpreted in terms of the effect of motivation on behavior under hypoxic conditions.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Keragaman Pangan, Pola Asuh Makan, dan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro pada Balita dari Ibu Bekerja dan Ibu Tidak Bekerja

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Hesti Permata Sari ◽  
Lilis Permatasari ◽  
Widya Ayu Kurnia Putri
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Diversity ◽  
Business Women

Background: Toddlers are a group that is vulnerable to experiencing nutritional problems. The nutritional status of toddlers is very dependent on the role of caregivers, especially mothers. Business women have less time together with toddlers so that it will have an impact on mothers' attention to the growth and development of toddlers, child feeding patterns, food diversity, and macro-nutrient intake of toddlers. Research in Padang states that business women have a 1,3 times risk of experiencing malnutrition in children. Purpose: Know the differences in child feeding patterns, food diversity, and macro nutrient intake in toddlers from business women and housewife. Method: The design of this study was an observational analytic with cross sectional approach. The research was conducted on medium socioeconomic housing in Banyumas Regency. The sample are toddlers aged 12-59 months as many as 78 toddlers, taken using total sampling techniques. Data were statistically tested using independent T tests. Results: The results of study showed no differences in child feeding patterns (p = 0.605), food diversity (p = 0.767), energy intake (p = 0.483), protein intake (p = 0.806), fat intake (p = 0.787) and carbohydrate intake (p = 0.337) in toddlers from business women and housewife. Conclusions: There were no differences in child feeding patterns, food diversity, and macro nutrient intake in toddlers from business women and housewife.

Mechanisms of Nutritional Regulation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Simpson ◽  
David Raubenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Limited Supply

This chapter focuses on how animals are able to regulate their intake and use of multiple nutrients. To regulate the balance of nutrients eaten, an animal needs to assess the composition of available foods in relation to its nutritional requirements. Integration of information about food composition and nutritional state occurs both at the periphery, by nutrient-specific modulation of taste receptors, and more centrally as signals from systemic and peripheral sources converge onto the neural circuits that control feeding behavior. Meanwhile, postingestive regulatory responses can assist in rebalancing an imbalanced nutrient intake. Once digested and absorbed across the gut, nutrient supplies can be further rebalanced by differentially voiding excess nutrients and conserving nutrients that are in limited supply.

scholarly journals Macronutrient intake and frailty: the Rotterdam Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 2919-2928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Verspoor ◽  
Trudy Voortman ◽  
Frank J. A. van Rooij ◽  
Fernando Rivadeneira ◽  
Oscar H. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frailty Index ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Rotterdam Study ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Purpose To investigate the longitudinal association between the macronutrient composition of the diet and frailty. Methods Data were obtained from 5205 Dutch middle-aged and older adults participating in the Rotterdam Study. Frailty was measured using a frailty index based on the accumulation of 38 health-related deficits, score between 0 and 100, and a higher score indicating more frailty. Frailty was assessed at baseline and 11 years later (range of 23 years). Macronutrient intake was assessed using food-frequency questionnaires. The association between macronutrients and frailty over time was evaluated using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for the frailty index at baseline, energy intake, and other relevant confounders. All analyses were performed in strata of BMI. Results Median frailty index score was 13.8 points (IQR 9.6; 19.1) at baseline and increased by a median of 2.3 points (IQR − 2.0; 7.6) after 11 years. Overall, we found no significant associations between intake of carbohydrates or fat and frailty over time. We did observe a significant positive association between an iso-energetic intake of 10 g protein and frailty over time (β 0.31 (95% CI 0.06; 0.55)) which was mainly driven by animal protein (β 0.31 (95% CI 0.07; 0.56)). It did not depend on whether it was substituted fat or carbohydrates. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a reduction in the intake of animal protein may improve the overall health status over time in a relatively healthy population. More research is needed on the optimal macronutrient composition of the diet and frailty in more vulnerable populations.

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