scholarly journals Energy cost of NaCl transport in isolated gills of cutthroat trout

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. R631-R639 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Nacl Transport ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarki Clarki ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Tissue

Few studies have made direct estimates of the energy required for ion transport in gills of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) fish. Oxygen consumption was measured in excised gill tissue of FW-adapted cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) to estimate the energy cost of NaCl transport in that osmoregulatory organ. Ouabain (0.5 mM) and bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) were used to inhibit the Na+-K+and H+ pumps, respectively. Both inhibitors significantly decreased gill tissue oxygen consumption, accounting for 37% of total tissue respiration. On a whole mass basis, the cost of NaCl uptake in the FW trout gill was estimated to be 1.8% of whole animal oxygen uptake. An isolated, saline-perfused gill arch preparation was also used to compare gill energetics in FW- and SW-adapted trout. The oxygen consumption of FW gills was significantly (33%) higher than SW gills. On a whole animal basis, total gill oxygen consumption in FW and SW trout accounted for 3.9 and 2.4% of resting metabolic rate, respectively. The results of both experiments suggest that the energy cost of NaCl transport in FW and SW trout gills represents a relatively small (<4%) portion of the animal’s total energy budget.

Oxygen consumption and Na+,K+-ATPase activity of rectal gland and gill tissue in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 820-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama ◽  
Jonathan M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Rectal Gland ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Nacl Transport ◽  
Activity Measurements

Oxygen consumption was measured in rectal gland and gill tissue of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) to estimate the energy cost of salt (NaCl) transport in these osmoregulatory organs. Ouabain (0.5 mM) was used to specifically inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase activity and thus the portion of tissue respiration required by the Na+/K+ pump. The total mass-specific oxygen consumption of rectal gland tissue (14.2 ± 1.2 μmol O2/(g wet mass∙h)) was significantly higher than measured for the gills (9.6 ± 1.4 μmol O2/(g wet mass∙h)), and ouabain significantly reduced oxygen consumption in both tissues. Ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption of the rectal gland accounted for 55% of total mass-specific oxygen consumption, compared with 22% for the gill. The higher ion transport capacity of the rectal gland was also evident in Na+,K+-ATPase specific activity measurements of fresh tissue samples, which were sixfold higher in the rectal gland than in the gill. Ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption was also calculated on the basis of total organ mass to determine the portion of whole-animal oxygen uptake related to organismal NaCl transport. The cost of NaCl secretion was estimated to be 0.5% of standard metabolic rate for the rectal gland compared with 0.14% for the gills, suggesting that this process constitutes a relatively small portion of the total energy budget in the spiny dogfish.

scholarly journals Energy Cost of Children’s Structured and Unstructured Games

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (s1) ◽  
pp. S44-S47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Clevenger ◽  
Aubrey J. Aubrey ◽  
Rebecca W. Moore ◽  
Karissa L. Peyer ◽  
Darijan Suton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Specific Equation ◽  
Metabolic Unit ◽  
Selection Of

Background:Limited data are available on energy cost of common children’s games using measured oxygen consumption.Methods:Children (10.6 ± 2.9 years; N = 37; 26 male, 9 female) performed a selection of structured (bowling, juggling, obstacle course, relays, active kickball) and unstructured (basketball, catch, tennis, clothespin tag, soccer) activities for 5 to 30 minutes. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated using Schofield’s age- and sex-specific equation. Children wore a portable metabolic unit, which measured expired gases to obtain oxygen consumption (VO2), youth METs (relative VO2/child’s calculated RMR), and activity energy expenditure (kcal/kg/min). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data.Results:Relative VO2 ranged from 16.8 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min (bowling) to 32.2 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min (obstacle course). Obstacle course, relays, active kickball, soccer, and clothespin tag elicited vigorous intensity (>6 METs), the remainder elicited moderate intensity (3–6 METs).Conclusions:This article contributes energy expenditure data for the update and expansion of the youth compendium.

Digging energetics in the South American rodent Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2144-2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo Luna ◽  
C Daniel Antinuchi ◽  
Cristina Busch
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
South American ◽  
Ctenomys Talarum ◽  
The Cost

Ctenomys is the most speciose among subterranean rodents. There are few studies on energetics of Ctenomys, and none of them have focused on the energetics of digging. The present study aims to quantify the energetic cost of burrowing in Ctenomys talarum in natural soil conditions and to compare the energetics data with those reported for other subterranean rodents. Digging metabolic rate (DMR) in gravelly sand for C. talarum was 337.4 ± 65.9 mL O2·h–1 (mean ± SD). No differences in DMR were detected between sexes. Moreover, DMR was 295.9% of resting metabolic rate. In terms of a cost of burrowing model, the mass of soil removed per distance burrowed (Msoil) in gravelly sand was 44.5 ± 6.7 g·cm–1. Coefficients of the equation that related the energy cost of constructing a burrow segment of length S and Msoil(Eseg/Msoil) were Ks = 0.33 ± 0.32 J·g–1, which is the energy cost of shearing 1 g of soil, and Kp = 0.0055 ± 0.0042 J·g–1·cm–1, which is the energy cost of pushing 1 g of soil 100 cm. Regarding the cost of burrowing model, our data showed that C. talarum has the lowest DMR in gravelly sand among unrelated subterranean rodents analyzed. Moreover, despite C. talarum feeding aboveground, the foraging economics was similar that of to other rodents.

Postexercise Energy Expenditure in Response to Acute Aerobic or Resistive Exercise

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Gillette ◽  
Richard C. Bullough ◽  
Christopher L. Melby
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resistive Exercise ◽  
Condition C ◽  
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Quiet Sitting

Postexercise energy metabolism was examined in male subjects age 22-35 years in response to three different treatments: a strenuous bout of resistive exercise (REx), a bout of stationary cycling (AEx) at 50% peak, and a control condition (C) of quiet sitting. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured the morning of and the morning following each condition. Recovery oxygen consumption (RcO2) was measured for 5 hr following each treatment. Total 5-hrwas higher for the REx treatment relative to both AEx and C, with the largest treatment differences occurring early during recovery. There were no large treatment differences in postexercise respiratory exchange ratio values, except for the first hour of recovery following REx. RMR measured 14.5 hr postexercise for the REx condition was significantly elevated compared to C. These results suggest that strenuous resistive exercise results in a greater excess postexercise oxygen consumption compared to steady-state endurance exercise of similar estimated energy cost.

Postprandial exercise: prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses?

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2127-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert F. Bennett ◽  
James W. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Monitor Lizards ◽  
The Cost

SUMMARY Monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) were used to examine the prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses associated with exercise and digestion, either of which can elevate metabolic rate independently. Rates of oxygen consumption (V̇.O2) and ventilation (V̇.E) were measured in lizards during fasting exercise, postprandial rest and postprandial exercise. In fasting animals, V̇.O2 increased with walking speed to a maximal value of 15.9mlO2kg−1min−1 at 1.25kmh−1. Postprandial resting metabolic rate was elevated significantly above fasting levels (4.1 versus 2.0mlO2kg−1min−1). During postprandial exercise, V̇.O2 increased to a maximal value of 18.8mlO2kg−1min−1 at 1.25kmh−1. At every level of exercise, V̇.O2 was significantly higher in postprandial animals by a similar increment; the maximal rate of oxygen consumption was significantly increased by 18% in postprandial individuals. Maximal V̇.E did not differ in fasting and postprandial animals and, therefore, the greater V̇.O2max of postprandial animals cannot be attributed to a higher ventilation rate. Air convection requirement (V̇.E/V̇.O2) is significantly lower in postprandial animals at rest and at all levels of exercise, indicating a relative hypoventilation and increased pulmonary oxygen extraction efficiency. We suggest that this increased oxygen extraction may be due to decreased cardiopulmonary shunts and/or to lower mixed venous oxygen content. The data unequivocally support an additivity model rather than prioritization models for the allocation of elevated metabolic rate: the postprandial metabolic increment is not suspended during exercise, but rather is added onto the cost of exercise. It is clear that fasting exercise did not elicit truly maximal levels of cardiopulmonary oxygen transport in these animals, indicating problems for design models that make this assumption.

Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus brandt)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (24) ◽  
pp. 3727-3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ancel ◽  
L.N. Starke ◽  
P.J. Ponganis ◽  
R. Van Dam ◽  
G.L. Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Cost

The energy requirements of Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) during surface swimming were measured in birds swimming under a metabolic chamber in a water flume. From the oxygen consumption recordings, we extrapolated the metabolic rate and cost of transport at water speeds ranging from 0 to 1.3 m s(−)(1). In still water, the birds' mean mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (V(O2)) while floating at the surface was 20.2 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1), 2.1 times the predicted resting metabolic rate. During steady-state voluntary swimming against a flow, their V(O2) increased with water speed, reaching 74 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1) at 1.3 m s(−)(1), which corresponded to an increase in metabolic rate from 11 to 25 W kg(−)(1). The cost of transport decreased with swimming velocity, approaching a minimum of 19 J kg(−)(1)m(−)(1) for a swimming speed of 1.3 m s(−)(1). Surface swimming in the cormorant costs approximately 18 % less than sub-surface swimming. This confirms similar findings in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and supports the hypothesis that increased energy requirements are necessary in these birds during diving to overcome buoyancy and heat loss during submergence.

ENERGY COST OF EXERCISE IN PIGS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
D. M. MURRAY ◽  
B. A. YOUNG ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Belt Speed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Treadmill Belt

The energy cost of exercise of four pigs (two gilts and two barrows) was determined at liveweights of 30–40 and 60–70 kg using an open circuit respiratory system for measuring oxygen consumption during exercise on a treadmill. Animals were exercised at treadmill belt slopes of +4°, 0° and −4° with the treadmill operated at speeds of 1 and 2 km/h (lighter weight) and 2 and 3 km/h (heavier weight). Increase over resting in energy expenditure during exercise was greater, and less, respectively, at +4° and −4° than at 0°. There were significant differences between animals in both resting energy expenditure levels and in the increment of energy expenditure associated with exercise. Within each liveweight range, the apparent cost of horizontal locomotion increased slightly with an increase in belt speed. The overall estimate of 0.64 cal/hor. kg m is similar to values reported for other species. Cost of vertical work (cal/vert. kg m) was significantly lower at 1 km/h than at 2 km/h at the 30- to 40-kg liveweight range. There was no significant effect of speed on the energy cost of vertical work at 60–70 kg. The overall estimate for the cost of vertical work was 5.27 cal/vert, kg m, which represents an efficiency of 44.4%.

Consequences of a Gait Change During Locomotion in Toads (Bufo Woodhousii Fowleri)

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE D. ANDERSON ◽  
MARTIN E. FEDER ◽  
ROBERT J. FULL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fowler's Toad ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Locomotor Costs

Most animals cannot sustain speeds above that at which the rate of oxygen consumption reaches a maximum (VOO2max). Fowler's toad (Bufo woodhousii fowleri), by contrast, has a maximum aerobic speed (MAS, the speed at VOO2max) of 0.27 km h−1 but can sustain speeds as high as 0.45 km h−1 without increasing the VOO2max above the VOO2max. The present study investigates the discrepancy between MAS and the maximum sustainable speed (MSS). Toads switched from walking to hopping as their speed increased. The cost of a hop (4.1×10−4 O2g−1hop−1) was greater than the cost of a walking stride (2.5 × 10−4 ml O2 g−1 stride−1) and was independent of speed for both hopping and walking. However, individual hops were much longer than walking strides, which more than offset the greater cost of a hop. The calculated cost to traverse a given distance was approximately 1.9 times as much for walking as for hopping. During natural locomotion animals used combined walking and hopping. Individual toads that favored walking had higher locomotor costs than those that favored hopping. The estimated cost of exclusive hopping was less than the cost of natural locomotion at all but the highest speeds. This discrepancy may reflect the fact that the natural gait is a combination of both the less economical walking gait and the more economical hopping gait. To achieve speeds above the MAS toads walked less and used the more economical hopping gait more, and thus did not increase energy cost above that of VOO2max. The speed at which the estimated cost of exclusive hopping exceeded the cost of a natural gait and approached the VOO2max was close to the MSS. Creatine phosphate and lactate concentrations in the muscles of the thigh and calf did not change from resting levels at sustainable speeds greater than the MAS. Note: To whom reprint requests should be addressed

The Use of a New Tilting Tunnel Respirometer to Investigate Some Aspects of Metabolism and Swimming Activity of the Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
I. G. PRIEDE ◽  
F.G. T. HOLLIDAY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

1. Plaice and other flatfish can be induced to swim down a slope of about 60° against an upwelling water flow in a water tunnel. 2. A tilting Brett-type tunnel respirometer based on the above principle enabled laboratory experiments on swimming plaice to be carried out. 3. From trials at 5°, 10°, 15 °C, the relationship between specific swimming speed, V (body lengths s−1), oxygen consumption, R (mg−1. kg−1 h−1) and temperature, T is: log10 = 0.3318V + log10 (2.45T+26.52). 4. If the fish is resting (i.e. V = 0), the oxygen consumption is lower than predicted by the above equation. At rest: R = 3.14T+2.66. 5. The cost of swimming in plaice is very similar to that of typical round fish such as haddock but the resting metabolic rate is lower than for haddock. 6. Before swimming, a negatively buoyant fish such as plaice must lift off the bottom. This cost of lift-off or posture effect makes it uneconomical for plaice to swim at speeds below 0.6V.

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