Diaphragm activity during breath holding: factors related to its onset

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Agostoni
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Intrathoracic Pressure ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antagonist Muscles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Diaphragm Activity

The electrical activity of the diaphragm during breath holding has been studied. After a period of no or slight tonic activity a marked discharge is recorded, this is followed by others at a progressively higher rate up to the breaking point. The action of the diaphragm, not balanced by antagonist muscles, causes a fall of the intrathoracic pressure. The period of breath holding, in most subjects, may be divided into two parts: the first, characterized by voluntary inhibition of respiratory muscles activity; the second, by involuntary respiratory efforts. The standard error (se) of alveolar Pco2 values determined at the onset of diaphragm activity in groups of three similar tests is <0.5 mm Hg. Arterial Pco2 in the brain stem at the onset of diaphragm activity has been estimated: breathing O2 the mean values ±se in three subjects were, respectively, 46.2 ± 0.3, 46.4 ± 0.2, and 50.2 ± 0.2. The onset of diaphragm activity seems not affected by neurogenic factors related to lung volume or respiratory movements. An alveolar Pco2 – Po2 curve at the onset of diaphragm activity has been determined.

Ventilatory Chemosensitivity in Subjects with a History of Childhood Cyanotic Breath-Holding Spells

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Nick G. Anas ◽  
John T. McBride ◽  
Christian Boettrich ◽  
Kenneth McConnochie ◽  
John G. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Breath Holding ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Progressive Hypoxia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Breath Holding ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The ability of children with cyanotic breath-holding spells to respond to anger or frustration by voluntary breath-holding for prolonged periods (often to the point of precipitating hypoxic seizure activity) suggested the hypothesis that such children may have a less powerful urge to breathe in the presence of hypoxia and/or hypercapnia than children who do not have breath-holding spells. Because ventilatory chemosensitivity is difficult to measure in infants and young children, this hypothesis was tested indirectly by measuring the ventilatory responses to hyperoxic progressive hypercapnia and to isocapnic progressive hypoxia of seven individuals who had a history of cyanotic breath-holding spells in infancy and 17 control subjects. The mean values for sensitivity to hypoxia and to hypercapnia were not significantly different between the two groups, and the responses of the majority of the subjects with cyanotic breath-holding spells were clearly within the normal range. There were fewer individuals with high-normal ventilatory responses among the subjects with cyanotic breath-holding spells. Although children with cyanotic breath-holding spells may have decreased ventilatory chemosensitivity transiently during infancy or may differ from other children in some other aspect of the control of breathing, the pathogenesis of infantile cyanotic breath-holding spells does not involve a permanently blunted sensitivity to hypercapnia or hypoxia.

scholarly journals Kidneys extract BNP and NT-proBNP in healthy young men

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1676-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Schou ◽  
Mads K. Dalsgaard ◽  
Otto Clemmesen ◽  
Ellen A. Dawson ◽  
Chie C. Yoshiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brain Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Cardiac Marker ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

Renal metabolism of the cardiac marker NH2-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been suggested. Therefore, we determined the renal extraction ratios of NT-proBNP and its bioactive coproduct brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) at rest and during exercise. In addition, the cerebral ratios were evaluated. Ten young healthy men were investigated at baseline, during moderate cycle exercise (heart rate: 140, Borg scale: 14–15), and in the recovery with BNP and NT-proBNP measured from the brachial artery and the jugular and renal veins, and the renal and cerebral extraction ratios (Ext-Ren and Ext-Cer, respectively) were calculated. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressures, and estimated glomerular filtration were determined. BNP and NT-proBNP were extracted by the kidneys but not by the brain. We observed no effect of exercise. The mean values (± SE) of Ext-Ren of NT-proBNP were similar (0.19 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.06, and 0.12 ± 0.03, respectively) during the three sessions ( P > 0.05). Also the Ext-Ren of BNP were similar (0.18 ± 0.07, 0.15 ± 0.11, and 0.14 ± 0.06, respectively; P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between Ext-Ren of BNP and NT-proBNP during the three sessions ( P > 0.05). The Ext-Cer of both peptides varied insignificantly between −0.21 ± 0.15 and 0.11 ± 0.08. The renal extraction ratio of both BNP and NT-proBNP is ∼0.15–0.20. There is no cerebral extraction, and short-term moderate exercise does not affect these values. Our findings suggest that the kidneys extract BNP and NT-proBNP to a similar extent in healthy young men.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Respiratory Muscular Strength Compared to Predicted Values in Patients with Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Maria Ramos ◽  
Daniela Maciel da Silva ◽  
Daniela Vieira Buchaim ◽  
Rogério Leone Buchaim ◽  
Mauro Audi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
P Value ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Predicted Values

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength of individuals affected by stroke and to compare it with the predicted values in the literature considering their corresponding age. Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated in 22 elderly people who had sequels of stroke, four with right hemiparesis, 16 with left hemiparesis and two with bilateral, of ages ranging from 34 to 82 years. The collected data were submitted to statistical analysis using a Mann–Whitney test to evaluate if there was a significant difference in the average data collected when compared with a mean of the predicted data in the literature. Fourteen men and eight women were evaluated, who obtained mean values of 71.85 cmH2O and 57.75 cmH2O, respectively, for a maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and when compared to the predicted values for men and women, 105.41 cmH2O (p-value 0.0019) and 80.57 cmH2O (p-value 0.00464) were significantly lower. For a maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), the mean value obtained for men was 62.28 cmH2O and 49.5 cmH2O for women, whereas the predicted values in the literature were 114.79 cmH2O (p-value < 0.0001) and 78, 46 cmH2O (p-value 0.0059), respectively. In the statistical analysis, it was possible to notice that the studied population did not reach the predicted age indexes and that there was a significant difference between the median columns. In conclusion, there is a weakness in the respiratory muscles of hemiparetic men and women due to stroke.

Differential Diagnosis of Adrenal Masses Using Out-of-Phase Flash Imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tsushima ◽  
H. Ishizaka ◽  
T. Kato ◽  
M. Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Adenoma ◽  
Flip Angle ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Back Muscle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nodular Hyperplasia ◽  
Adrenal Masses ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this report was to suggest the ability to differentiate adrenal masses by out-of-phase FLASH imaging. The images were obtained with breath-holding at TR/TE 100/12 ms, flip angle 20°. The material included adrenal adenoma (n = 16), nodular hyperplasia (n = 1), pheochromocytoma (n = 5), and adrenal metastatic tumors (n = 7). The signal intensity ratios of the adrenal mass/the diaphragmatic crus, back muscle, and renal cortex were obtained. The mean values of the ratios of adenomas or nodular hyperplasia were significantly different from pheochromocytomas or metastases. Although the number of adrenal masses was fairly small, the ratios of adrenal mass/diaphragmatic crus could distinguish them with no overlapping case. All 17 masses with the ratio of 1.16 or less were adenomas or nodular hyperplasia, whereas all 12 masses with a ratio greater than 1.23 were pheochromocytomas or metastases. This result suggests the ability of out-of-phase FLASH imaging to differentiate adrenal masses.

Expression of c-fos and c-myc genes in uterus and nonreproductive organs during the implantation period in the rat

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Verneaux ◽  
M. Jouvenot ◽  
P. Compagnone ◽  
A. Y. Propper ◽  
G. L. Adessi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sexual Steroids ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Myc Gene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Implantation Period

The c-fos and c-myc mRNA levels were investigated in the uterus and nonreproductive organs of rats during the implantation period (from day 5 to 7 of pregnancy). They were determined by densitometric analysis of slot blots and the mean values (n = 4) at a defined age of pregnancy were compared with those observed in nonpregnant control rats (NP group). No significant variations of c-fos level were observed in the liver and brain of pregnant rats. In the uterus, the c-fos level decreased, reached a minimum on day 6 (4-fold decrease compared with the NP group), and then increased. The c-fos level significantly increased in the kidney (2- and 2.5-fold on days 6 and 7), and in the lung (2.5-fold on day 7). The c-myc level did not significantly vary in the uterus, liver, and lung. It significantly increased in the kidney (3-fold on day 7) and in the brain (4.1-, 3.8-, and 6-fold, on days 5, 6, and 7). The changes in c-fos and (or) c-myc gene expression in the uterus and nonreproductive organs could be due to sexual steroids and (or) systemic factors from uterine cells or blastocysts.Key words: pregnancy, implantation, uterus, nonreproductive organs, c-fos, c-myc.

scholarly journals Analysis of Spectral Features of EEG signal in Brain Tumor Condition

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Salai Selvam ◽  
S. Shenbaga Devi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Scalp Eeg ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signal is an important clinical tool for the diagnosis of several brain disorders. The objective of the presented work is to analyze the feasibility of the spectral features extracted from the scalp EEG signals in detecting brain tumors. A set of 16 candidate features from frequency domain is considered. The significance on the mean values of these features between 100 brain tumor patients and 102 normal subjects is statistically evaluated. Nine of the candidate features significantly discriminate the brain tumor case from the normal one. The results encourage the use of (quantitative) scalp EEG for the diagnosis of brain tumors

scholarly journals Pengaruh Senam Sehat Anak Indonesia terhadap FEV1 (Forced Expired Volume in one second) dan FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) pada Anak Underweight

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-451
Author(s):  
Erna Setiawati ◽  
Tanti Ajoe Kesoema ◽  
Rahmi Isma Asmara Putri ◽  
Hari Peni Julianti
Keyword(s):  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Target Population ◽  
P Value ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Pendahuluan: Indonesia masih mengalami masalah gizi yaitu masih terdapatnya status gizi kurang bahkan gizi buruk. Nutrisi yang rendah atau buruk dapat mengurangi massa otot skeletal dan pernapasan, yang menyebabkan penurunan FVC dan FEV. FVC dan FEV merupakan parameter dari fungsi paru. Penelitian terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa olahraga dapat meningkatkan fungsi dari sistim pernapasan. Senam Sehat Anak Indonesia (SSAI) merupakan salah satu pilihan olahraga pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh SSAI terhadap FEV1 dan FVC pada anak underweight. Metoda: Penelitian ini menggunakan one group pre and posttest design. Populasi target adalah 24 anak underweight berusia 9-12 tahun di SDN Tembalang. Dilakukan pemeriksaan FEV1 dan FVC sebelum dan setelah pasien melakukan SSAI. Perbedaan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan menggunakan uji t-berpasangan. Nilai p dianggap bermakna apabila nilai p<0,05. Hasil: Peningkatan FEV1 (0,66±0,25) liter, FVC (0,22±0,28) liter setelah SSAI berturut-turut p=0,23 dan p=0,71. Diskusi: Pada SSAI dilakukan gerakan-gerakan senam yang dapat meningkatkan elastisitas paru serta memperkuat otot-otot pernapasan sehingga meningkatkan volume udara yang dapat diambil saat bernapas. Peningkatan nilai FVC dapat disebabkan oleh peningkatan volume dan elastisitas paru-paru. FEV1, FEV bervariasi dan tergantung dari otot pernapasan. Pada penelitian ini walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik namun dalam rerata nilai FEV1 dan FVC terdapat peningkatan setelah SSAI. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan frekuensi senam yang digunakan adalah frekuensi yang paling minimal yaitu 2 kali per minggu. Simpulan: SSAI 2 kali per minggu selama 6 minggu sebagai salah satu pilihan olahraga pada anak underweight usia 9-12 tahun namun dalam penelitian ini tidak didapatkan peningkatan bermakna pada FEV1 dan FVC. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan frekuensi latihan yang lebih banyak dan durasi yang lebih panjang serta menggunakan kelompok kontrol. Kata kunci: Anak underweight; Forced Expired Volume in one second (FEV1); Forced Vital Capacity (FVC); Senam Sehat Anak Indonesia (SSAI)   Introduction: Indonesia is still facing nutritional problems, the presence of low nutritional status and even poor nutrition. Low or poor nutrition can reduce skeletal and respiratory muscle mass, which causes a decrease in FVC and FEV. FVC and FEV are parameters of lung function. Previous research suggests that exercise can improve the function of the respiratory system. Senam Sehat Anak Indonesia (SSAI) is one of the sports for children. This study aims to analyze the effect of SSAI on FEV1 and FVC in underweight children. Method: The design of this study was one group pre and post test design. The target population was underweight children at Tembalang Elementary School. FEV1 and FVC were examined before and after the patient underwent SSAI. Difference before and after treatment using paired t-test. The p value is considered significant if the p value <0.05. Results: There was no significant increase of FEV1 (0.66 ± 0.25) liters, FVC (0.22 ± 0.28) liters after SSAI  with  p= 0.23 and p = 0.71, respectively. Discussion: At SSAI, gymnastic movements are performed that can increase lung elasticity and strengthen breathing muscles, thereby increasing the volume of air that can be taken while breathing. Increased FVC is caused by an increase in lung volume and elasticity. FEV1, FEV varies and depends on the respiratory muscles. In weak expiratory muscles, a person's ability to expiration rapidly decrease and also the FEV1.FVC index. The mean of FEV1 and FVC values ??after SSAI increased but were not significant. In this study, although not statistically significant, the mean values ??of FEV1 and FVC were increased after SSAI. This may be due to the frequency of gymnastics used is the most minimal frequency of 2 times per week. Conclusion: SSAI twice per week for 6 weeks as one of the exercise choices in underweight children aged 9-12 years but in this study no significant increase in FEV1 and FVC was found. Further research is needed using more exercise frequency and longer duration and using a control group.Keywords: Underweight children; Forced Expired Volume in one second (FEV1); Forced Vital Capacity (FVC); Senam Sehat Anak Indonesia (SSAI)

scholarly journals Chemical restraint of coatis by the association of Detomidine, Tiletamine and Zolazepam, in allometrically scaled dosages

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
R.O. Kunz ◽  
C. Cardeal ◽  
L.E. Riekher Junior ◽  
L.G.E. Valle ◽  
S.T. Belettini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Living Adult ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Vital Parameters

ABSTRACT Ten free-living adult coatis (two males and eight females) were chemically restrained with "ZAD-50", a concentrated formulation prepared with the dehydrated content of a Zoletil/50® vial diluted with 0.25mL of 1% atropine, 0.265mL of Dormiun-V®, and 2.2mL of distilled water, being exactly 3.0mL. The formula was administered to each animal previously captured and physically contained with a net. The loss of righting reflex (RR) occurred at 2.3±0.8 minutes post-injection (MPI), with anesthesia beginning at 4.4±2.7 MPI. Myorelaxant and analgesia were considered excellent at all moments of the evaluation. Conscious reactions were observed at 78.7±22.2 MPI, the return of the RR occurred at 101 ± 18 MPI, and normal ambulation was acquired at 137.0±31.0 MPI. The mean values of physiological parameters measured every 10 minutes between 10 and 50 MPI were 152.2 heartbeats per minute for heart rate, 66.4 respiratory movements per minute for respiratory rate, 39.2oC for rectal temperature, 86.2% for SpO2 and 14.6 mmHg for systolic blood pressure. In the same times, the EEG registered sinus rhythm. No adverse reactions were observed, and the assessed vital parameters remained compatible with the state of chemical restraint.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document