Physiological reactions to cold of men in the Antarctic

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
R. Plotkin ◽  
A. Munro
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The physiological reactions to cold of five members of the 1961–1962 South African expedition to the Antarctic were studied in a climatic chamber in Johannesburg, and again after 6 months and after 12 months in the Antarctic. Their results were compared with the results of a control group in Johannesburg. The predeparture results were within the 95% significance intervals of the control group. After 12 months in the Antarctic their results fell outside the 95% significance intervals of the control group when at 5 C air temperature, metabolism, average skin temperatures, rectal temperatures, and finger temperatures were all significantly lower. Toe temperatures, however, were higher. There appeared to be a gradual “adaptation” and general “toughening” to the cold, because the subjects shed their clothing progressively until they could run about naked in the snow. The values at the thermoneutral zone of 27 C did not change over the 12 months, however. It is therefore concluded that it is unlikely that the changes in physiological responses were of endocrine origin. cold adaptation in Antarctic; metabolic and body temperature reactions to cold Submitted on August 16, 1963

Physiological reactions of Caucasian and Bantu males in acute exposure to cold

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
J. S. Ward ◽  
N. B. Strydom ◽  
J. F. Morrison ◽  
C. G. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Eleven men per sample of Caucasian and Bantu males were exposed for 2 hr in a climatic chamber at various air temperatures ranging from 5 to 27 C, and a wind velocity of 80–100 ft/min. When expressed per square meter surface area the metabolism of the Bantu was greater in the range above 18 C and below 6 C. Average skin temperatures were similar for both groups, but between 27 and 17 C the toe and finger temperatures of the Caucasians were significantly higher than that of the Bantu—the difference at 27 C being 5 C for the fingers and 3.6 C for the toes. Rectal temperatures of both groups were similar between 27 and 17 C. With the rectal temperatures at 27 C air temperature as the criterion, it was found that as the air temperatures decreased below the 27–17 C range the rectal temperatures of the Bantu fell linearly, while the rectal temperatures of the Caucasians rose steadily. There is no doubt that in certain ranges of air temperatures there are significant differences between the cold reactions of Caucasians and the Bantu. cold adaptation; ethnic differences in response to cold; metabolic and body temperature reactions to cold; metabolic response to body temperature; metabolic reactions of ethnic groups Submitted on July 15, 1963

Physical regulation of temperature in Eskimos

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Rennie ◽  
Benjamin G. Covino ◽  
Murray R. Blair ◽  
K. Rodahl
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

Temperature regulation of Eskimos and non-Eskimos, exclusive of shivering, was compared over a range of controlled conditions that produced near-maximal sweating (room temp., 35 C) to maximal cutaneous vasoconstriction (23 C air or 33 C water bath). The Eskimos consistently produced 15-20 kcal/m2/hr more heat at rest. This may or may not be cold adaptation. In air warmer than 28 C their surfeit of heat resulted in higher tissue conductances, warmer skin, and greater sweating. In cooler air and 33 C water, the physical conductance of heat through tissues of the Eskimos remained 60% greater and resulted in warmer skin or a greater fall of rectal temperature. This can be accounted for on physical grounds, since the Eskimos had 1 cm less subcutaneous fat than did non-Eskimos. The value of high metabolism and high tissue conductance to fully clothed Eskimos would appear to be reflex vascular convection of heat to distal extremities, since average skin temperatures under their clothing are comparable to those of unclothed Eskimos in room temperatures exceeding 28 C. Submitted on August 17, 1961

Physiological reactions to cold of Bushmen, Bantu, and Caucasian males

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
J. F. Morrison ◽  
J. S. Ward ◽  
G. A. G. Bredell ◽  
M. J. E. Von Rahden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tissue Insulation ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Made In

Two separate studies of the reactions to cold of one sample of 8 and one sample of 15 Kalahari Bushmen were made in their natural habitat and the results compared with the Bantu and, to a smaller extent, with the Caucasians. With a decrease in temperature from 27 to 5 C the metabolisms of all three groups rose. Metabolic rates per square meter of Bantu and Bushmen were similar, although higher than those of the Caucasians, but the percentage increases were closely similar for all groups. Rectal temperatures of Bushmen and Bantu were similar and decreased as the temperature dropped, while that of the Caucasians rose. Toe and finger temperatures of the Bushmen were higher over the whole temperature range than those of the Bantu and Caucasians, while the average skin temperatures were closely similar. Metabolic rates and rectal temperatures, therefore, indicate that subcutaneous tissue insulation against heat flow is greater for the Caucasians than for the Bantu or the Bushmen. Measurements of average skinfold thicknesses confirm this finding. Bushmen and Bantu reactions are quantitatively similar, but are qualitatively slightly different. From these findings we conclude that the difference between Bushmen, Bantu, and Caucasians is essentially morphological. desert and "river" Bushmen in the heat; effect of morphology on reaction to heat; heat reactions of Bantu and Bushmen; state of acclimatization to heat of Bushmen and Bantu; sweat rates of Bantu and Bushmen in standard heat conditions Submitted on October 21, 1963

Olfactory Stimulation of Preterm Infants with Breast Milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 105477382110189
Author(s):  
Woon Ae Lee ◽  
Jin Suk Ra
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Maintaining stable physiological responses may be important for the growth and development of preterm infants. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of olfactory stimulation with maternal breast milk on the occurrence of abnormal physiological responses in preterm infants. With a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design, 13 preterm infants in the experimental group and 18 preterm infants in the control group completed the intervention. The intervention was implemented three times a day for 5 days in a row with 2 hours of administration per intervention. The frequency of abnormal physiological responses was assessed over 6 days (one day before intervention administration and 5 days during intervention administration). With repeated-measures analysis of variance, the experimental group showed a significantly lower frequency of apnea than the control group ( p = .021). Olfactory stimulation with maternal breast milk may be an effective nursing intervention for reducing apnea episodes in preterm infants.

Ribosomal cold-adaptation: Characterization of the genes encoding the acidic ribosomal P0 and P2 proteins from the Antarctic ciliate Euplotes focardii

Gene ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Pucciarelli ◽  
Francesca Marziale ◽  
Graziano Di Giuseppe ◽  
Sabrina Barchetta ◽  
Cristina Miceli
Keyword(s):  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Antarctic

scholarly journals Alarm calls elicit predator-specific physiological responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Cortisol Increase ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Very High

Glucocorticoids regulate glucose concentrations and responses to unpredictable events, while also modulating cognition. Juvenile Belding's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus beldingi ) learn to respond to whistle and trill alarm calls, warning of aerial and terrestrial predators, respectively, shortly after emerging from natal burrows at one month of age. Alarm calls can cause physiological reactions and arousal, and this arousal, coupled with watching adult responses, might help juveniles learn associations between calls and behavioural responses. I studied whether young show differential cortisol responses to alarm and non-alarm calls, using playbacks of U. beldingi whistles, trills, squeals (a conspecific control vocalization) and silent controls. Trills elicited very high cortisol responses, and, using an individual's response to the silent control as baseline, only their response to a trill was significantly higher than baseline. This cortisol increase would provide glucose for extended vigilance and escape efforts, which is appropriate for evading terrestrial predators which hunt for long periods. Although whistles do not elicit a cortisol response, previous research has shown that they do result in bradycardia, which enhances attention and information processing. This is a novel demonstration of two physiological responses to two alarm calls, each appropriate to the threats represented by the calls.

Comparative Efficacy of Physiological Responses and Skin Temperatures in Indigenous and Crossbred Cattle Supplemented with Chlorophytum borivilianum in Summer Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Devi ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
Yallappa M. Somagond ◽  
A.K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Chlorophytum Borivilianum ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Background: Heat stress causes oxidative stress and declines milk production potential of cows. The physiological responses and skin temperature of heat stressed animals are good indices for deterring the heat stress. The efficacy of medicinal herb Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) was tested in lowering the rise in values of physiological responses and skin temperature in crossbred vis a vis Indigenous cows. Methods: Eighteen Tharparkar (TP) and Crossbred KF cows in mid-lactation were given; No supplement (control), a low (T1, n=6) and a high dose (T2, n=6) of CB @ 40 and 80 mg/kg BW/day, respectively for 90 days during hot-humid season. Respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) was recorded at the site of forehead, neck, rear body, and udder surface in the morning and afternoon at weekly intervals. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated to assess the degree of thermal stress in animals. Result: Physiological responses and skin temperatures were higher (p less than 0.01) in the afternoon than morning intervals in TP and KF cows. CB feeding significantly lowered physiological responses and ST (p less than 0.01) in high dose as compared to low dose. It was concluded that CB feeding @ 80 mg/kg BW/day effectively alleviates the heat stress. Indigenous cows were found more heat tolerant in comparison to crossbred cows.

Factors in Toddlers With Late Language Emergence in a Middle-Income South African Sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 152574012110547
Author(s):  
Elmien Kraamwinkel ◽  
Alta Kritzinger
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
South African ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Receptive Language ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Play Skills ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Language Emergence ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Late language emergence (LLE) may result from genetic and environmental factors. Little is known about environmental factors in LLE in South Africa. The study describes the nature of differences in language functioning between toddlers with LLE and without LLE, and which factors were associated with LLE in a middle-income area in South Africa. Toddlers, aged 24 to 36 months with LLE ( n = 20) were matched with a control group (CG, n = 21) for household income, age, gender, maternal education, and parental employment. The research group (RG) showed moderate delays in expressive and receptive language, and play skills, while the controls exhibited no delay. Significant differences in early feeding history and multilingual exposure were found between the groups. As far as known, it is the first study utilizing a South African middle-income sample indicating that multilingual exposure may play a role in LLE. The study focuses the attention on environmental factors which are potentially modifiable in LLE.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE POP-UP BOOK AKU DAN GIGIKU ON PULSE RATE IN CHILDREN AGED 4–6 YEARS

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Meutia D Citrawuni ◽  
Margaretha Suharsini ◽  
Eva Fauziah ◽  
Kusuma P Adriani
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Anxiety is regarded as a major problem in children undergoing dental treatment. One of the physiological responses to anxiety is an increased pulse rate. Young children respond aggressively to anxiety and are in need of psychological intervention. Pop-up books can be used as an instrument to improve their interest and to help them understand the substance of dental health education.The objective of this study was to utilize pulse rate measurements to investigate the intervention of a pop-up book in reducing anxiety. A total of 78 children aged 4–6 years were divided into two groups: An intervention group with the pop-up book Aku dan Gigiku and a control group without intervention. The pulse rates of both groups were measured. This study comprised an experimental clinical research design. The independent t-test was used to measure comparisons of decreased pulse rate between the two groups.Result: The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference in decreased pulse rate with and without the intervention of the pop-up book Aku dan Gigiku. Pop-up books are often used as an educational medium for children because they present interesting illustrations and are easy to understand.Conclusion: As a medium of dental health education, pop-up books can contribute significantly to reducing anxiety in children.

Underfeeding and the physiological responses to infused epinephrine in lean women

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. R583-R589 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Mansell ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Body Responsiveness ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Undernutrition leads to a reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity, but it is not established whether whole body responsiveness to catecholamines is also affected. The physiological responses to a 30-min infusion of epinephrine at 25 ng.kg-1.min-1 were studied in seven healthy, lean female subjects who had reduced their daily food intake to 60 kJ/kg ideal body weight for 7 days. Underfeeding led to greater epinephrine-induced increases in blood glycerol [peak increment 0.14 +/- 0.02 (SE) vs. 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P less than 0.05] and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations (mean increment 0.30 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.04 mmol/l, P less than 0.05, analysis of variance). Compared with the normally fed state, in the underfed state epinephrine also caused greater increases in skin temperatures measured over the abdomen (0.94 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 degrees C, P less than 0.05) and over the thigh (1.00 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.12 degrees C, P less than 0.01). Underfeeding did not, however, affect the chronotropic, thermogenic, or other measured responses to epinephrine. Underfeeding therefore caused an enhancement of some but not all physiological responses to infused epinephrine.

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