Underfeeding and the physiological responses to infused epinephrine in lean women

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. R583-R589 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Mansell ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Body Responsiveness ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Undernutrition leads to a reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity, but it is not established whether whole body responsiveness to catecholamines is also affected. The physiological responses to a 30-min infusion of epinephrine at 25 ng.kg-1.min-1 were studied in seven healthy, lean female subjects who had reduced their daily food intake to 60 kJ/kg ideal body weight for 7 days. Underfeeding led to greater epinephrine-induced increases in blood glycerol [peak increment 0.14 +/- 0.02 (SE) vs. 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P less than 0.05] and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations (mean increment 0.30 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.04 mmol/l, P less than 0.05, analysis of variance). Compared with the normally fed state, in the underfed state epinephrine also caused greater increases in skin temperatures measured over the abdomen (0.94 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 degrees C, P less than 0.05) and over the thigh (1.00 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.12 degrees C, P less than 0.01). Underfeeding did not, however, affect the chronotropic, thermogenic, or other measured responses to epinephrine. Underfeeding therefore caused an enhancement of some but not all physiological responses to infused epinephrine.

Effect of adrenaline infusion on fatty acid and glucose turnover in lean and obese human subjects in the post-absorptive and fed states

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Connacher ◽  
William M. Bennet ◽  
Roland T. Jung ◽  
Dennis M. Bier ◽  
Christopher C. T. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Adrenaline Infusion ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Obese Human

1. Energy expenditure, plasma glucose and palmitate kinetics and leg glycerol release were determined simultaneously both before and during adrenaline infusion in lean and obese human subjects. Seven lean subjects (mean 96.5% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and also during mixed nutrient liquid feeding, eight obese subjects (mean 165% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and six obese subjects (mean 174% of ideal body weight) were studied during feeding. 2. Resting energy expenditure was higher in the obese subjects, but the thermic response to adrenaline, both in absolute and percentage terms, was similar in lean and obese subjects. Plasma adrenaline concentrations attained (3 nmol/l) were comparable in all groups and the infusion had no differential effects on the plasma insulin concentration. Before adrenaline infusion the plasma glucose flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects in the fed state only (45.8 ± 3.8 versus 36.6 ± 1.0 mmol/h, P <0.05); it increased to the same extent in both groups with the adrenaline infusion. 3. Before the adrenaline infusion plasma palmitate flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (by 51%, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and by 78%, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, there was no significant change during adrenaline infusion in the obese subjects (from 13.5 ± 1.00 to 15.0 ± 1.84 mmol/h, not significant, in the post-absorptive state and from 14.4 ± 2.13 to 15.7 ± 1.74 mmol/h, not significant, in the fed state), whereas there were increases in the lean subjects (from 8.93 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 1.19 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the post-absorptive state, and from 8.06 ± 1.19 to 9.86 ± 0.93 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). 4. Before adrenaline infusion the palmitate oxidation rate was also higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (1.86 ± 0.14 versus 1.22 ± .09 mmol/h, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and 1,73 ± 0.25 versus 1.12 ± 0.12 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, in response to adrenaline the fractional oxidation rate (% of flux) increased less in the obese than in the lean subjects, especially in the post-absorptive state (from 13.8 ± 1.02 to 14.9 ± 1.39%, not significant, versus from 13.7 ± 0.98 to 19.3 ± 1.92%, P <0.05). These effects were independent of feeding. Leg glycerol release increased more in the lean subjects with adrenaline infusion, although increases in the plasma glycerol concentration did not differ between the groups. 5. These results suggest that in obese subjects plasma inter-organ transport of fatty acids and the subsequent fractional oxidation responses favour storage of triacylglycerol. These factors may be important determinants for the development and maintenance of the obese state.

The effect of a weight-reducing diet on the nitrogen metabolism of obese adolescents

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1469-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Pencharz ◽  
R. Clarke ◽  
E. H. Archibald ◽  
N. Vaisman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Flux ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Cumulative Excretion

Rates of whole body amino nitrogen flux were measured in 16 obese adolescents undergoing weight reduction with a high protein low energy diet. The subjects received approximately 2.5 g of animal protein per day per kilogram ideal body weight and maintained nitrogen balance throughout the 18 days on the diet. Flux rates were calculated separately from the cumulative excretion of 15N in urinary ammonia and urea following the administration of a single dose of [15N]glycine. The pattern of 15N label appearance in urinary ammonia and urea nitrogen was followed for 72 h after the administration of [15N]glycine. Significant amounts of label continued to be excreted in both urinary ammonia and nitrogen for 36–48 h after label administration. The weight-reducing diet accelerated 15N cumulative excretion in urinary urea, but not in ammonia nitrogen compared with the control diet. Whole body nitrogen flux rates increased rapidly and significantly on the diet. Using the urea end product, this increase was evident on the 4th diet day, but not by the 7th or subsequent days. On the other hand, using the ammonia end product, flux rate increased markedly (p < 0.0001) and remained elevated throughout the whole study. Our results demonstrate adaptive changes in whole body amino-nitrogen metabolism in response to the reducing diet. Different patterns of change are seen depending upon whether an ammonia or a urea end product is used. Our data thus add to the evidence for compartmentation of the body's amino-nitrogen pools.

Effects of Underfeeding and of Starvation on Thermoregulatory Responses to Cooling in Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Mansell ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Thermogenic Response

1. The effects of acute alterations in energy intake on the thermoregulatory responses to a cooling stimulus were studied in healthy, normal weight, young female subjects. On separate occasions, seven subjects were underfed for 7 days at 60 kJ day−1 kg−1 ideal body weight and six subjects were starved for 48 h. The cooling stimulus was provided by a coverall perfused with water at 16°C. 2. After the application of the cooling stimulus, central body (auditory canal) temperature rose initially in both studies. After underfeeding, the magnitude of this rise in temperature was not significantly different from that seen in the normally fed state. After 48 h starvation, the rise in temperature on cooling was reduced from 0.30 (sem 0.03) to 0.10 (0.04)°C (P < 0.01). In two subjects in whom central body temperature had been maintained in the normally fed state, a fall occurred after starvation. 3. Underfeeding for 7 days did not affect thermogenesis or the degree of vasoconstriction in the forearm or hand in response to cooling. 4. After 48 h starvation, the thermogenic response to cooling was abolished and blood flow in the forearm remained higher than in the normally fed state. 5. In normal weight young females, thermoregulatory responses to a cooling stimulus were therefore substantially affected by 48 h starvation but not by 7 days underfeeding.

Determining Ideal Body Weight (and Mass)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1622-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Hopefl ◽  
Donald R. Miller ◽  
James D. Carlson ◽  
Beverly J. Lloyd ◽  
Brian Jack Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Ideal Body

scholarly journals Dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in patients with obesity: A narrative review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0310057X2096857
Author(s):  
Brian L Erstad ◽  
Jeffrey F Barletta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Size Descriptor

There is no consensus on which weight clinicians should use for weight-based dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), as exemplified by differing or absent recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that evaluated various size descriptors for weight-based dosing of succinylcholine and non-depolarising NMBAs, and to provide recommendations for the descriptors of choice for the weight-based dosing of these agents in patients with obesity. All of the studies conducted to date involving depolarising and non-depolarising NMBAs in patients with obesity have assessed single doses or short-term infusions conducted in perioperative settings. Recognising that any final dosing regimen must take into account patient-specific considerations, the available evidence suggests that actual body weight is the size descriptor of choice for weight-based dosing of succinylcholine and that ideal body weight, or an adjusted (or lean) body weight, is the size descriptor of choice for weight-based dosing of non-depolarising NMBAs.

Weight and Menstrual Function in Patients with Eating Disorders and Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-522
Author(s):  
ALBERT C. HERGENROEDER
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
The Ideal

To the Editor.— This letter is in response to the article entitled "Weight and Menstrual Function in Patients with Eating Disorders and Cystic Fibrosis."1 Under "Methods," the authors describe a method for calculating percent ideal body weight by plotting the patient's height on standard growth curves derived from the data of Hamill et al,2 and the ideal body weight being the weight at the same percentile for age. Using the tables of Hamill to calculate percentages of height and weight for females older than 10 years and males older than 11½ years should be done cautiously.

Comparative Efficacy of Physiological Responses and Skin Temperatures in Indigenous and Crossbred Cattle Supplemented with Chlorophytum borivilianum in Summer Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Devi ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
Yallappa M. Somagond ◽  
A.K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Chlorophytum Borivilianum ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Background: Heat stress causes oxidative stress and declines milk production potential of cows. The physiological responses and skin temperature of heat stressed animals are good indices for deterring the heat stress. The efficacy of medicinal herb Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) was tested in lowering the rise in values of physiological responses and skin temperature in crossbred vis a vis Indigenous cows. Methods: Eighteen Tharparkar (TP) and Crossbred KF cows in mid-lactation were given; No supplement (control), a low (T1, n=6) and a high dose (T2, n=6) of CB @ 40 and 80 mg/kg BW/day, respectively for 90 days during hot-humid season. Respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) was recorded at the site of forehead, neck, rear body, and udder surface in the morning and afternoon at weekly intervals. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated to assess the degree of thermal stress in animals. Result: Physiological responses and skin temperatures were higher (p less than 0.01) in the afternoon than morning intervals in TP and KF cows. CB feeding significantly lowered physiological responses and ST (p less than 0.01) in high dose as compared to low dose. It was concluded that CB feeding @ 80 mg/kg BW/day effectively alleviates the heat stress. Indigenous cows were found more heat tolerant in comparison to crossbred cows.

Body Shaping Through Aerobic Training in the Gym in Adult Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Alexandra Giurgiu ◽  
Iacob Hanțiu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Training Exercises

ABSTRACT. Introduction. Regular physical activity has positive effects on human body composition, even if not combined with a diet. For many people this activity aims to reduce the amount of fat in some areas of the body and targets body shaping. Objectives. The main objective of this study was to learn about the effects of a 12-months regular participation in aerobic training exercises. Methods. This study was voluntarily attended by 89 women with an average age of 31.62, practicing aerobic exercises in gyms, three times a week for a period of 12 months. We carried out anthropometric measurements of subjects at the beginning and at end of the study, respectively, and data was statistically analysed using the SPSS 23.0 software. Results. Data collected was statistically processed, showing that participation in physical training led to reducing body weight by 4.81 kg, decrease of adipose tissue - between the two moments there was a difference of 5 % - fat mass decreased by 4.26 kg, and lean body mass by 0.55 kg. Significant decrease in chest, waist and hip circumference was also noticed. Conclusions. Regular participation in physical training programs involving aerobic exercise for 12 months has had the effect of reducing body weight and the amount of fat in some areas of the body, materialized by decreasing the value of the circumference of the chest, waist and hips, with the intention of reaching the ideal body weight and aiming for body shaping.

Meal composition affects postprandial fatty acid oxidation

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. R1065-R1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Surina ◽  
W. Langhans ◽  
R. Pauli ◽  
C. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The influence of macronutrient content of a meal on postprandial fatty acid oxidation was investigated in 13 Caucasian males after consumption of a high-fat (HF) breakfast (33% carbohydrate, 52% fat, 15% protein) and after an equicaloric high-carbohydrate (HC) breakfast (78% carbohydrate, 6% fat, 15% protein). The HF breakfast contained short- and medium-chain fatty acids, as well as long-chain fatty acids. Respiratory quotient (RQ) and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured during the 3 h after the meal as indicators of whole body substrate oxidation and hepatic fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and lactate were also determined because of their relationship to nutrient utilization. RQ was significantly lower and plasma BHB was higher after the HF breakfast than after the HC breakfast, implying that more fat is burned in general and specifically in the liver after an HF meal. As expected, plasma FFA and triglycerides were higher after the HF meal, and insulin and lactate were higher after the HC meal. In sum, oxidation of ingested fat occurred in response to a single HF meal.

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