Heat reactions of Caucasians in temperate, in hot, dry, and in hot, humid climates

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Wyndham ◽  
N. B. Strydom ◽  
A. Munro ◽  
R. K. MacPherson ◽  
B. Metz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
The Tropics

Heat reactions of Australian Caucasians living in hot, humid climates and of French Caucasians living in hot, dry climates were compared to unacclimatized and highly acclimatized male Caucasians living in Johannesburg. The experiments were conducted in climatic chambers at temperatures of 90 F wet-bulb and 93 F dry-bulb, and a workload of 1 liter O2/min consumption. The Australians did not differ significantly from the French in the three reactions to heat, except for a slightly significantly higher sweat rate in the 1st hr. The French and Australians had lower mean rectal temperatures and heart rates and higher sweat rates than the unacclimatized South Africans. Although the trend is toward a significant difference for all hours, the differences are not always significant. Living and working in the hot, humid tropics and in the hot, dry desert evidently confers a certain measure of acclimatization to heat. Quantitatively this can be expressed as 50% of the difference between unacclimatized and acclimatized men. This is, however, considerably less than the condition achieved by systematic artificial acclimatization. Australian versus French Caucasians in heat reactions; effects of various climates on Caucasians; heat reactions in the desert; heat reactions in the tropics; physiological effects of hot, dry and hot, humid climates Submitted on August 19, 1963

scholarly journals Estimating the Ice Crystal Enhancement Factor in the Tropics

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1424-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiping Zeng ◽  
Wei-Kuo Tao ◽  
Toshihisa Matsui ◽  
Shaocheng Xie ◽  
Stephen Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Cloud Resolving Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Cloud Condition

Abstract The ice crystal enhancement (IE) factor, defined as the ratio of the ice crystal to ice nuclei (IN) number concentrations for any particular cloud condition, is needed to quantify the contribution of changes in IN to global warming. However, the ensemble characteristics of IE are still unclear. In this paper, a representation of the IE factor is incorporated into a three-ice-category microphysical scheme for use in long-term cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations. Model results are compared with remote sensing observations, which suggest that, absent a physically based consideration of how IE comes about, the IE factor in tropical clouds is about 103 times larger than that in midlatitudinal ones. This significant difference in IE between the tropics and middle latitudes is consistent with the observation of stronger entrainment and detrainment in the tropics. In addition, the difference also suggests that cloud microphysical parameterizations depend on spatial resolution (or subgrid turbulence parameterizations within CRMs).

scholarly journals Evaluation of thermal energy consumption in broiler farms and saving strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2355-2364
Author(s):  
A. Jahedi ◽  
A. Zarei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dry Climates

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate thermal energy consumption in broiler farms and provide solutions to reduce it. This study was performed with a completely randomized design under 4 climatic conditions, including Ardabil (cold climate representative), Khuzestan (warm climate representative), Isfahan (dry climate representative) and Guilan (temperate climate representative) in 4 replicates (4 broiler farms in each climate) and with 5 repetitions (5 periods of breeding per unit) and a capacity of 492,700, Ross 308 broiler in each breeding period. According to the results, in all climates, the proposed solutions to save thermal energy were able to create a significant difference (P<0.05). The experimental results also showed that the difference in thermal energy consumption in cold and dry climates wasmuch higher than in temperate and warm climates (P<0.05). Overall, the results of the present study show that, by optimizing andmodernizing construction equipment in broiler farms, thermal energy losses can be reduced in all climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Optimization of energy consumption per kg of pure meat by electrical and thermal systems in broiler chicken farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-974
Author(s):  
A. Jahedi ◽  
A. Zarei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Different Climates ◽  
Specific Amount

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrical and thermal systems optimization on energy consumption in broiler farms. Experiments were conducted in 4 different climates (cold, hot, dry, and temperate) with four treatments (4 broiler farms in each region) and 5 iterations (5 rearing periods per farm) on the Ross 308 strain of broiler chicken in a completely randomized basic design. The results showed that the solutions applied in cold and dry climates had a significant effect on reducing energy consumption (P<0.05). In the hot climate, although the reduction in energy consumption was observed after the application of the solutions, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also, the application of solutions in temperate climates created a significant difference in the specific amount of thermal energy consumption per kilo of meat and total energy (P<0.05). Overall, the results of the present experiment showed that optimizing the electrical and thermal systems of broiler houses could reduce energy consumption in all climates.

Intensity of Sports Participation in Circumpubertal Children

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Geraldine Naughton ◽  
John Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Training Stimulus ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Maximum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Competitive Games

The heart rate intensity during 20 minutes of sports participation by circumpubertal children was monitored several times over a season. The competitive games’ mean absolute heart rates for basketball, badminton, netball, and tennis were 170, 159, 168, and 162 bts·min−1 (or 72, 75, 69, and 67% of heart rate maximum), respectively. The mean abolute heart rates for 20 minutes of participation under practice conditions for badminton, basketball, netball, and tennis were 149, 157, 144, and 135 bts·min−1, or 73, 75, 69, and 67% of heart rate maximum. At the 0.05 level of probability there was a significant difference between the heart rate intensities under competitive game and practice situations in the badminton, netball, and tennis groups. The difference between intensities of competitive games and practices was nonsignificant in the basketball players. The study concluded that participation in practice and game conditions was positive in providing the potential for a training stimulus.

Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Van Bressem ◽  
P Duignan ◽  
JA Raga ◽  
K Van Waerebeek ◽  
N Fraijia-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Osteolytic Lesions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

Variasi Penambahan Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) pada Pembuatan Flakes Ditinjau dari Sifat Fisik, Sifat Organoleptik dan Kadar Kalsium

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Frieda Rosita Majid ◽  
Nur Hidayat ◽  
Waluyo Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Characteristic ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Lam

Background:Moringa (Moringaoleifera Lam.) Is a plant of high nutritional value, grows scattered in the tropics and sub-tropics, but utilization is still low. Each section has its benefits Moringa one part is the Moringa leaves contain a high calcium. In 100 grams of material, fresh Moringa leaves contain as much as 440 mg of calcium in the form of flour whereas if it contains as much as 2,003 mg of calcium. One of its use in the manufacture of flakes added. Objective: Know the difference physical harateristi, organoleptic characteristic and calcium levels in flakes variations addition of Moringa leaf powder. Methods: The study is a randomized experimental design with simple, includes four kinds of treatments, two replications with two experimental units. Observations of physical characteristic were analyzed by descriptive, the organoleptic characteristic of data analysis using statistical test Kruskal-Wallis continued Mann-Whitney and methods of test calcium content using permanganometri then the data were analyzed descriptive. Results: The physical characteristics of flakes greenish-yellow, slightly fragrant aroma typical of flakes, rather unpleasant taste typical of Moringa leaves and a slightly crunchy texture. Organoleptic characteristics the color of flakes with moringa leaf powder 5%, the aroma of the flakes without addition moringa leaf powder, the flavour of flakes with additions moringa leaf powder 5% and the texture of flakes with additions moringa leaf powder 7,5% most prefered panelist and high levels calcium of flakes with additions 10% moringa leaf powder. Conclusion: There is a difference variations addition of moringa leaf powder on physical, organoleptic characteristic (color) and the level of calcium flakes.Flakes with the addition of 5% moringa leaf powder is the most prefered panelist.   Keywords:Moringa Leaf Flour, Flakes, Physical characteristic, organoleptic, Calcium

Perbedaan Penggunaan Antikoagulan K2EDTA DAN K3EDTA Terhadap Hasil Pemeriksaan Indeks Eritrosit

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Wahdaniah Wahdaniah ◽  
Sri Tumpuk
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Index Value

Abstract: Routine blood examination is the earliest blood test or screening test to determine the diagnosis of an abnormality. Blood easily froze if it is outside the body and can be prevented by the addition of anticoagulants, one of which Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Currently available vacuum tubes containing EDTA anticoagulants in the form of K2EDTA and K3EDTA. K3EDTA is usually a salt that has better stability than other EDTA salts because it shows a pH approaching a blood pH of about 6.4. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of erythrocyte index results include MCH, MCV and MCHC using K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA. This research is a cross sectional design. This study used venous blood samples mixed with K2EDTA anticoagulant and venous blood mixed with K3EDTA anticoagulants, each of 30 samples. Data were collected and analyzed using paired different test. Based on data analysis that has been done on MCH examination, p value <0,05 then there is a significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value. Then on the examination of MCV and MCHC obtained p value <0.05 then there is no significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value.Abstrak: Pemeriksaan darah rutin merupakan pemeriksaan darah yang paling awal atau screening test untuk mengetahui diagnosis suatu kelainan. Darah mudah membeku jika berada diluar tubuh dan bisa dicegah dengan penambahan antikoagulan, salah satunya Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Dewasa ini telah tersedia tabung vakum yang sudah berisi antikoagulan EDTA dalam bentuk  K2EDTA dan  K3EDTA. K3EDTA  biasanya berupa garam yang mempunyai stabilitas yang lebih baik dari garam EDTA yang lain karena menunjukkan pH yang mendekati pH darah yaitu sekitar 6,4. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil indeks eritrosit meliputi MCH, MCV dan MCHC menggunakan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K2EDTA dan darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA, masing-masing sebanyak 30 sampel. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan uji beda berpasangan. Berdasarkan analisis data yang telah dilakukan pada pemeriksaan MCH didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit. Kemudian pada pemeriksaan MCV dan MCHC didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit.

Pengaruh Jumlah Pencucian Beras dengan Kadar Klorin

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Indah Purwaningsih ◽  
Supriyanto Supriyanto
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Iodometric Titration ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Abstract: Chlorine is a green halogen-shaped halogen gas at normal temperature and serves as bleach, stain remover and disinfectant. Chlorine is now widely used for bleaching rice so that less quality rice looks like quality rice. Chlorine is very toxic and causes mucous membrane irritation, highly reactive and very powerful oxidizer. The purpose of this research was to determine the difference of chlorine level in chlorinated rice washed once, twice and 3 times. The sample in this study amounted to 11 samples calculated by replication formula. Each sample was treated 3 times, ie 1 washed once, 2 washed twice and washed 3 times. The samples then examined by iodometric titration method. Based on the results of the study using ANOVA test, 11 samples obtained the average value of chlorine after washed once amount of 0.0176%, after washed twice amount of 0.0111%, and after washed 3 times amount of 0.0052% with the value significance p = 0.03 (p <0.05) at 95% confidence level which means there was a significant difference between chlorine levels in chlorinated rice washed once, twice and 3 times.Abstrak: Klorin merupakan unsur halogen berbentuk gas berwarna kuning kehijauan pada suhu normal danberfungsi sebagai pemutih, penghilang noda maupun desinfektan. Klorin sekarang banyak digunakan untuk bahan pemutih beras agar beras yang kurang berkualitas tampak seperti beras berkualitas. Klorin sangat toksik dan menyebabkan iritasi membran mukosa, sangat reaktif dan merupakan oksidator yang sangat kuat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar klorin pada beras berklorin yang dicuci sebanyak 1 kali, 2 kali dan 3 kali. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 11 sampel yang dihitung dengan rumus replikasi. Setiap sampel diberi perlakuan sebanyak 3 kali, yaitu 1 kali pencucian, 2 kali pencucian dan 3 kali pencucian. Sampel penelitian kemudian diperiksa dengan metode titrasi iodometri. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan uji Anova secara komputerisasi terhadap 11 sampel diperoleh nilai rata-rata kadar klorin setelah 1 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0176 %, setelah 2 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0111 %, dan setelah 3 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0052 % dengan nilai signifkansi p = 0,03 (p<0,05) pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% yang artinya ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar klorin pada beras berklorin yang dicuci sebanyak 1 kali, 2 kali dan 3 kali.

P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 325-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J. G. W. Donker ◽  
P. Opic ◽  
H. P. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Mixed System ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerobic Reactor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
P Removal

Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal. The research was carried out in two pilot plants. The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed. Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585 It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings. Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %. During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed. Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal. This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.

Effect of Levetiracetam on Cognitive Function and Clonic Seizure Frequency in Children with Epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 699-703
Author(s):  
Shihao Zhou ◽  
Qiong Zhan ◽  
Xiaomei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Clonic Seizure ◽  
Conventional Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Random Number Table ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Executive Ability

Background: This study aimed to explore the clinical effect of levetiracetam in the treatment of children with epilepsy. Methods: 136 children with epilepsy were selected from January 2017 to December 2017. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the experimental group and the conventional group, with 68 cases in each group. The conventional group was treated with valproate, while the experimental group was treated with levetiracetam. The effective rate, the cognitive function and the frequency of clonic seizures in the two groups were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in attention, executive ability, abstract and orientation scores between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the focus of attention (106.54±6.56), executive ability (105.76±6.77), abstract and directional score (106.65±6.57) were significantly higher than that of the conventional group. The difference in the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the frequency of myoclonic seizures (9.22±0.95) and the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures (11.68±1.36) were found to be significantly lower than those of the conventional group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Levetiracetam is effective in the treatment of children with epilepsy. It can effectively improve the cognitive function of the patients, reduce the frequency of myoclonic seizures and tonic-clonic seizures, and has a high promotion value.

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