Sudomotor and vasomotor responses to changing environmental temperature

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. McCook ◽  
R. D. Wurster ◽  
W. C. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Vasomotor Responses ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Temperature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Male subjects clad only in shorts were exposed in a climate chamber to a slowly rising ambient temperature while sweating, cutaneous volume pulses, and skin, tympanic membrane, and oral temperatures were simultaneously recorded. Mean skin temperature was continuously computed electronically. After sweating and vasodilatation had become well established, the copper screen bed on which the subject reclined was rapidly moved from the hot chamber into another, 20–30 C cooler. The onset of neither sweating nor vasodilatation could be accurately correlated with tympanic membrane temperature since the latter was observed to be either increasing, unchanged, or even falling during the period of recruitment. In some experiments, vasodilatation preceded sweating, while in others, it followed. When the subject was rapidly moved from the hot environment to the cold, sweating promptly stopped on all of the test areas, and profound vasoconstriction appeared on the palm. Nonpalmer areas, however, showed little or no immediate change in the amplitude of the volume pulses. Mean skin temperature invariably started to fall, but only by a few tenths of a degree when cessation of sweating and palmar constriction occurred. Tympanic membrane temperature during the same period continued to rise for 1–3 min, and thus seemed unrelated to either vasomotor or sudomotor control under these circumstances. sweating; cutaneous vasomotor responses; cutaneous vasodilatation; cutaneous vasoconstriction; tympanic membrane temperatures; mean skin temperatures; nervous control of sweating; nervous control of cutaneous vascular responses; bradykinin and sweating; bradykinin and vasodilatation Submitted on August 13, 1965

Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron ◽  
J. A. Wagner ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Marked Disparity ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Cool Conditions

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.

Age and sex difference in response to short exposure to extreme dry heat

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shoenfeld ◽  
R. Udassin ◽  
Y. Shapiro ◽  
A. Ohri ◽  
E. Sohar
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Elderly Male ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Heat Response ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Age And Sex

Sixty volunteers, 33 males and 27 females (18–63 yr), were divided according to age and sex. They were exposed for 10 min to extreme dry heat: 80–90 degrees C dry bulb temperature and 3–4% relative humidity. Their rectal temperature, skin temperature at eight different points, weight, and heart rate were recorded prior to and immediately following the exposure. A mean rise of only 0.5 degrees C in rectal temperature was recorded following exposure as compared to a mean rise of 5.2 degrees C in mean weighted skin temperature (MWST). Female subjects showed a significantly higher rise in MWST than the male subjects. Similarly, a significantly higher rise in MWST was observed in elderly male subjects as compared to the youngest male group (P less than 0.05). The differences in MWST possibly resulted from differences in mean skin blood flow causing differences in skin conductance. Large individual variation in heat response was recorded in rectal temperature, as well as in weighted skin temperatures. The increase in skin temperature during the first 10 min of exposure to extreme dry heat may serve as an indicator for heat tolerance time, and may help predicting heatstroke susceptible individuals.

Sex Differences in Facial Skin Temperature When Exposed to Darkness with and without Warning

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Hideyuki Okuzumi ◽  
Toru Hosokawa ◽  
Norio Murai
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Noninvasive Measurements ◽  
Room Light ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The changes in skin temperature under anxiety were investigated by noninvasive measurements. The nasal skin temperature of 20 subjects was assessed by thermography. The measurement of the skin temperature by thermistor causes stress in subjects. The primary advantages of a thermography over use of a thermistor are noninvasive and accurate. Each subject was made anxious under the 2 conditions of sudden darkness (Sudden darkness condition) or experienced darkness (Experienced darkness condition). Under former, after a baseline facial skin temperature was established, the room light was suddenly turned off. The subject remained seated in darkness for 2 min. The time-series changes were significant for women, but not for men. For women, skin temperature significantly declined in sudden darkness. Experiments on experienced darkness were performed a week later. After a baseline facial skin temperature was established, the subject was told; “The room light would be turned off from now on, but please remain seated without moving.” After the instruction, the room light was turned off. The subject remained seated in darkness for 2 min. The resultant time-series changes in skin temperatures were significant in neither men nor women.

scholarly journals PREDICTION OF MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURE FOR PEOPLE IN HOT ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERING EVAPORATING EFFICIENCY OF SWEATING

2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (575) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki KUBOTA ◽  
Takehiro YAMAKOSHI ◽  
Norihiko KAMATA ◽  
Ryo ASAHINA ◽  
Hiroyuki HAMADA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Hot Environment

Influence of skin temperature on sweating and aerobic performance during severe work

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Submaximal Work ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Male Subjects

Two male subjects were measured over a range of work intensities at dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) = 21 degrees C (relative humidity, rh less than 50%) and at approximately 65 and 85% VO2max for 1 h at Tdb at 5,10,15,21, and 25 degrees C with high convective airflow (2.5–5 m/s). The results showed that mean skin temperature (Tsk) was related to Tdb and unaffected by rh over the range studied. Tsk was dependent on the relative work load and was 2.5 degrees C lower at 85% than 65% VO2max in the cooler environments. During submaximal work the relative sweat rate (Msw expressed as %Mse, max) was a linear function of rectal temperature (Tre) and Tsk for each subject and thus %Msw, max could be predicted from these two variables with a standard deviation of +/- 12%. For a given Tsk, Tre appeared to rise to meet the requirement of heat loss by stimulating set %Msw response. However, during severe work (85% VO2max) this mechanism appeared to become saturated, Tre (except for a very narrow prescriptive range) was dependent on Tdb. These results suggest that under moderate environmental conditions the maximal aerobic and evaporative (cooling) power outputs of an individual are closely matched and only during extremely hard work does thermoregulation become passive and effectively physical (rather than physiological) in nature.

scholarly journals Skin wettedness is an important contributor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. R925-R933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole T. Vargas ◽  
Christopher L. Chapman ◽  
Blair D. Johnson ◽  
Rob Gathercole ◽  
Zachary J. Schlader
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Skin Wettedness ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Individual Minute ◽  
Neck Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperatures

We tested the hypothesis that mean skin wettedness contributes to thermal behavior to a greater extent than core and mean skin temperatures. In a 27.0 ± 1.0°C environment, 16 young participants (8 females) cycled for 30 min at 281 ± 51 W·m2, followed by 120 min of seated recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Participants maintained a thermally comfortable neck temperature throughout the protocol using a custom-made device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. Linear regression was performed using individual minute data with mean skin wettedness and core and mean skin temperatures as independent variables and neck device temperature as the dependent variable. Standarized β-coefficients were used to determine relative contributions to thermal behavior. Mean skin temperature differed from preexercise (32.6 ± 0.5°C) to 10 min into exercise (32.3 ± 0.6°C, P < 0.01). Core temperature increased from 37.1 ± 0.3°C preexercise to 37.7 ± 0.4°C by end exercise ( P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 30 min of recovery (37.2 ± 0.3°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness increased from preexercise [0.14 ± 0.03 arbitrary units (AU)] to 20 min into exercise (0.43 ± 0.09 AU, P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 80 min of recovery (0.18 ± 0.06 AU, P ≤ 0.05). Neck device temperature decreased from 26.4 ± 1.6°C preexercise to 18.5 ± 8.7°C 10 min into exercise ( P = 0.03) and remained depressed through 20 min of recovery (14.4 ± 11.2°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness (52 ± 24%) provided a greater contribution to thermal behavior compared with core (22 ± 22%, P = 0.06) and mean skin (26 ± 16%, P = 0.04) temperatures. Skin wettedness is an important contributing factor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery.

scholarly journals Evidence that transient changes in sudomotor output with cold and warm fluid ingestion are independently modulated by abdominal, but not oral thermoreceptors

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1088-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Morris ◽  
Anthony R. Bain ◽  
Matthew N. Cramer ◽  
Ollie Jay
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Nasogastric Tube ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Two studies were performed to 1) characterize changes in local sweat rate (LSR) following fluid ingestion of different temperatures during exercise, and 2) identify the potential location of thermoreceptors along the gastrointestinal tract that independently modify sudomotor activity. In study 1, 12 men cycled at 50% V̇o2peakfor 75 min while ingesting 3.2 ml/kg of 1.5°C, 37°C, or 50°C fluid 5 min before exercise; and after 15, 30, and 45-min of exercise. In study 2, 8 men cycled at 50% V̇o2peakfor 75 min while 3.2 ml/kg of 1.5°C or 50°C fluid was delivered directly into the stomach via a nasogastric tube (NG trials) or was mouth-swilled only (SW trials) after 15, 30, and 45 min of exercise. Rectal (Tre), aural canal (Tau), and mean skin temperature (Tsk); and LSR on the forehead, upper-back, and forearm were measured. In study 1, Tre, Tau, and Tskwere identical between trials, but after each ingestion, LSR was significantly suppressed at all sites with 1.5°C fluid and was elevated with 50°C fluid compared with 37°C fluid ( P < 0.001). The peak difference in mean LSR between 1.5°C and 50°C fluid after ingestion was 0.29 ± 0.06 mg·min−1·cm−2. In study 2, LSR was similar between 1.5°C and 50°C fluids with SW trials ( P = 0.738), but lower at all sites with 1.5°C fluid in NG trials ( P < 0.001) despite no concurrent differences in Tre, Tau, and Tsk. These data demonstrate that 1) LSR is transiently altered by cold and warm fluid ingestion despite similar core and skin temperatures; and 2) thermoreceptors that independently and acutely modulate sudomotor output during fluid ingestion probably reside within the abdominal area, but not the mouth.

Energetics of wet-suit diving in Korean women breath-hold divers

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1702-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Kang ◽  
Y. S. Park ◽  
Y. D. Park ◽  
I. S. Lee ◽  
D. S. Yeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Work Period ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Contemporary Korean women divers wear wet suits during diving work to avoid the cold water stress. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of wearing wet suits on the daily thermal balance of divers and on the duration of diving work. Rectal (TR) and skin temperatures and O2 consumption (VO2) were measured in four divers before and during diving work in summer (22.5 degrees C water) and winter (10 degrees C water). Subjects wore either wet suits (protected) or cotton suits (unprotected) for comparison. TR decreased 0.4 degrees C in summer and 0.6 degrees C in winter after 2 h of diving work in protected divers, while it decreased to 35 degrees C in 60 min in summer and in 30 min in winter in unprotected divers. Mean skin temperature of protected divers decreased to 31 degrees C in summer and 28 degrees C in winter, while that of unprotected divers decreased to 24 degrees C in summer and 13 degrees C in winter. VO2 toward the end of the diving work period increased by 80 (summer) and 140% (winter) in protected divers and by 160 (summer) and 250% (winter) in unprotected divers. From these values total thermal cost of diving work was estimated to be 260 and 370 kcal . day-1 in summer and winter, respectively.

Effect of rate of change in skin temperature on local sweating rate

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Libert ◽  
V. Candas ◽  
J. J. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Local Skin Temperature ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Rate Threshold

To evaluate the relative contributions of positive and negative variations of mean skin temperature (+/- dTsk/dt) on thermoregulatory responses, male resting nude subjects were exposed to rapid or slow alterations in air and wall temperatures (28--45 degrees C; Pa = 20.0 mbar). Rates of heating-cooling cycles were equal to dTa/dt = +/- 3.40, 1.13, 0.57, 0.38, or 0.19 degrees C/min. Continuous measurements were made of rectal, oral, ear, and mean skin temperatures and of arm sweating (dew-point hygrometer method). During all exposures the local skin temperature was kept constant (Tsl = 39 degrees C). The results showed that peripheral inputs are a major factor in thermoregulatory processes. Cutaneous receptors produce a positive and a negative rate component within the central thermal integrator. A higher rate threshold was observed for the positive rate component than for the negative one.

Effects of apomorphine on thermoregulatory responses of rats to different ambient temperatures

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Lin ◽  
Y. F. Chern ◽  
Zyx Wang ◽  
H. S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Induced Hypothermia ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Either systemic or central administration of apomorphine produced dose-related decreases in rectal temperature at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8 and 22 °C in rats. At Ta = 8 °C, the hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolic rate (M). At Ta = 22 °C, the hypothermia was due to an increase in mean skin temperature, an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) and a decrease in M. This increased mean skin temperature was due to increased tail and foot skin temperatures. However, at Ta = 29 °C, apomorphine produced increased rectal temperatures due to increased M and decreased Eres. Moreover, the apomorphine-induced hypothermia or hyperthermia was antagonized by either haloperidol or 6-hydroxydopamine, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The data indicate that apomorphine acts on dopamine neurons within brain, with both pre- and post-synaptic sites of action, to influence body temperature.

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