Pulmonary artery occlusion is sufficient to increase pulmonary vascular permeability in rabbits

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bishop ◽  
W. Lamm ◽  
S. M. Guidotti ◽  
R. K. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Permeability ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Unilateral pulmonary artery obstruction (PAO) for 24–48 h, followed by reperfusion, results in pulmonary edema and lung inflammation. We hypothesized that lung injury actually occurred during the period of PAO but, because of low microvascular pressures during the period of occlusion, was not detected until perfusion was reestablished. To test this hypothesis, we studied 14 rabbits divided into three groups: group I rabbits underwent sham occlusion of the left pulmonary artery for 24 h; group II rabbits underwent PAO but were not reperfused; and group III rabbits were subjected to PAO and then reperfused for 4 h. The fluid filtration coefficient measured during a zone 3 no-flow hydrostatic stress (pulmonary arterial pressure = pulmonary venous pressure, both greater than alveolar pressure) in group I lungs was less than that of lungs in either group II or III [0.52 +/- 0.02 (SE) ml.min-1.cmH2O.100 g wet wt-1 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.11 and 0.86 +/- 0.13 for groups II and III, respectively, P less than 0.05]. The wet-to-dry weight ratio of the left lung measured after the zone 3 stress was applied for 20 min was 6.90 +/- 0.09 in group I rabbits and 9.21 +/- 0.75 and 11.75 +/- 0.44 in groups II and III, respectively (P less than 0.05). Radiolabeled microspheres demonstrated that flow to the left lung was diminished after the period of PAO (38 +/- 4, 9 +/- 5, and 2 +/- 1% of cardiac output in groups I, II, and III, respectively; P less than 0.05 for group I vs. groups II and III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion on extravascular fluid accumulation

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Barie ◽  
T. S. Hakim ◽  
A. B. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Left Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
The Right

We determined the effect of pulmonary hypoperfusion on extravascular water accumulation in anesthetized dogs by occluding the left pulmonary artery for 3 h and then reperfusing it for 24 h. The lung was reperfused either at normal left atrial pressure (Pla) or during increased Pla induced by a left atrial balloon. In each case the extravascular water content-to-bloodless dry weight ratio (W/D) of the left lung was compared with that of the right lung. The W/D of the left lung of 3.26 +/- 0.49 ml/g was not significantly different from the value of 2.87 +/- 0.37 for the right lung after the reperfusion at normal Pla. However, the W/D of the left lung of 5.10 +/- 0.38 ml/g was greater (P less than 0.05) than the value of 4.42 +/- 0.34 for the right lung after reperfusion at Pla of 25 Torr. This difference could not be prevented by pretreatment with heparin, suggesting that the increase in lung water content was not due to activation of intravascular coagulation secondary to stasis occurring during the occlusion. Because the left lung was more edematous than the right one, even though both lungs had been subjected to the same increase in Pla, the results suggest that a period of pulmonary hypoperfusion causes an increase in the interstitial protein concentration.

Microvascular pressures measured by micropipettes in isolated edematous rabbit lungs

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. U. Raj ◽  
R. D. Bland ◽  
S. J. Lai-Fook
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

To study the mechanical effects of lung edema on the pulmonary circulation, we determined the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in the arteries, veins, and microvessels, and the distribution of blood flow in isolated blood-perfused rabbit lungs with varying degrees of edema. Active vasomotor changes were eliminated by adding papaverine to the perfusate. In three groups of lungs with either minimal [group I, mean wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) = 5.3 +/- 0.6 (SD), n = 7], moderate (group II, W/D = 8.5 +/- 1.2, n = 10), or severe (group III, W/D = 9.9 +/- 1.6, n = 5) edema, we measured by direct micropuncture the pressure in subpleural arterioles and venules (20–60 micron diam) and in the interstitium surrounding these vessels. We also measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures and lung blood flow, and in four additional experiments we used radio-labeled microspheres to determine the distribution of blood flow during mild and severe pulmonary edema. In lungs with little or no edema (group I) we found that 33% of total vascular pressure drop was in arteries, 60% was in microvessels, and 7% was in veins. Moderate edema (group II) had no effect on total vascular resistance or on the vascular pressure profile, but severe edema (group III) did increase vascular resistance without changing the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in the subpleural microcirculation. Perivascular interstitial pressure relative to pleural pressure increased from 1 cmH2O in group I to 2 in group II to 4 in group III lungs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Changes in lung permeability after chronic pulmonary artery obstruction

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1224-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Wagner ◽  
Gulnura Karagulova ◽  
John Jenkins ◽  
John Bishai ◽  
Jessica McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Obstruction ◽  
Artery Obstruction

We have shown that left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL) in mice causes a prompt angiogenic response, with new systemic vessels from intercostal arteries penetrating the pleura within 6 days. Because angiogenic vessels in other organs have been shown to exhibit increased permeability, we studied vascular permeability (Evans blue dye extravasation, lung wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and lavaged protein) in naive C57BL/6 mice and 4 h, and 14 and 21 days after LPAL (4–6 mice/time point). We also measured radiolabel clearance as an index of functional perfusion after LPAL. Tracer clearance from the left lung was maximal by 6 days after LPAL and not different from right lungs. Thus a functional vasculature is established before 6 days of LPAL that results in normal tracer clearance. By 21 days after LPAL, Evans blue-albumin was significantly increased in the left lung relative to both 4 h (no vasculature) and 14 days after LPAL. Only after 21 days of LPAL was left lung wet weight-to-dry weight ratio significantly different from naive lungs. Additionally, lavaged protein was significantly increased both 4 h and 21 days after LPAL relative to control mice. Thus, using three different methods, results consistently demonstrated increased permeability to protein and water 21 days after LPAL. Although changes in surface area of perfusion might affect the interpretation of these results, blood flow measured with labeled microspheres indicated no change in left lung perfusion between 14 and 21 days of LPAL. Thus the lung vasculature, remodeled as a consequence of chronic pulmonary artery obstruction, demonstrates increased water and protein permeability.

Permeability edema in dog lung depleted of blood components

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Hofman ◽  
I. C. Ehrhart
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

We perfused the isolated dog lung lobe with a 6% dextran (mol wt 60,000–90,000) balanced salt solution to determine the importance of blood components in lung fluid balance following injury with oleic acid (OA). The ventilated lower left lobe (LLL) was perfused at constant vascular pressure and weighed continuously as an index of transvascular fluid exchange. Each LLL was washed out with at least 600 ml of perfusate before recirculation started. All LLLs perfused with 6% dextran ion solution (group I) rapidly developed a permeability edema. The addition of 10% serum (vol/vol) from the lobedonor to the 6% dextran ion solution greatly improved LLL stability. One group of dextran-serum perfused LLLs (group II, n = 6, control) was infused with 2.0 ml normal saline; a second group (group III;n = 5) was given 45 microliters/kg body wt OA. Group II showed a linear rate of weight gain that averaged 7.9 g X h-1 X 100 g-1 over 3 h compared with an average rate of 249 g X h-1 X 100 g-1 in groupIII. In contrast to no change in group II, group III exhibited a decline in PO2 (P less than 0.05), andlobar compliance (P less than 0.05) and airway fluid was evident in all lobes by 0.5 h after infusion. The wet-to-dry weight ratio was higher in group III than group II. In the near absence of blood,massive edema developed rapidly following OA. Thus normal blood components, such as platelets, leukocytes, and fibrin do not appear to be essential mediators of OA-induced permeability edema. OA appearsto increase vascular permeability either by injuring the lung directly or by releasing mediators endogenous to lung tissue.

Albumin attenuation of oleic acid edema in dog lung depleted of blood components

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1949-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Hofman ◽  
I. C. Ehrhart
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Albumin Solution ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Circulating fatty acids are normally transported principally bound to serum albumin. We examined whether administering oleic acid (OA) in a concentrated albumin solution would attenuate its edemogenic potential in the isolated dog lung lobe perfused with a solution nearly depleted of blood cellular and protein components. The isolated ventilated lower left lobe (LLL) was perfused (7.3 +/- 0.6 ml X min-1 X g LLL-1) with a balanced salt solution containing 6% dextran and approximately 10% serum (vol/vol). Hourly weight gain, net LLL weight gain, and wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) were used as indices of extravascular lung fluid changes. Group I lobes (n = 5) were given saline, whereas both group II (n = 5) and III (n = 5) lobes were administered 1 microliter OA/kg body wt. The OA was incubated with 5 ml of albumin solution containing approximately 640 mg of bovine fatty acid-free albumin before infusion into group III lobes. Group I gained weight at rate of 10.8 +/- 0.5 g X h-1 X 100 g LLL-1 after saline, whereas group II exhibited a greater (P less than 0.005) rate of weight gain of 42 +/- 13 after OA. Group III weight gain of 8.4 +/- 0.5 g X h-1 X 100 g LLL-1 was not different (P greater than 0.05) from group I but was lower (P less than 0.005) than group II.

Abstract 4510: Pulmonary Hypertension before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Is Reversible and Lacks Prognostic Significance

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah M Al Ali ◽  
Brad Munt ◽  
Lukas Altwegg ◽  
Karin Humphries ◽  
Ronald Carere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
One Year ◽  
Valve Implantation

The prognostic significance of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the potential for reversibility in the setting of aortic stenosis (AS) have been debated. We examined the clinical correlates and prognostic significance of PH in high risk elderly patients with symptomatic severe AS undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (AVI). AVI was performed in 143 patients. Adequate echocardiographic estimation of baseline pulmonary artery systolic pressure was available in 115 (80%). Patients were divided into 3 groups according to baseline pulmonary artery pressure estimated by transthoracic echocardiogram: I: <30 mmHg, II: 30 –50 mmHg and III: >50 mmHg. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was obtained at 1, 6 and 12 months after AVI. Group I consisted of 17 patients (15%), group II 58 patients (50%) and group III 40 patients (35%). At baseline the three groups were similar in terms of age, functional status, presence of severe pulmonary disease, aortic valve area and mean gradient. Patients with severe PH (group III) were more likely to have left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF <50%) than patients with mild to moderate PH (groups I and II) (52% vs. 21%, p=0.002) and had more severe mitral regurgitation (grade ≥ 3 in 68% vs. 41%, p =0.0002). At one month, systolic pulmonary artery pressure fell significantly in group III (11.0 ± 14.3 mmHg, p=0.0008) and this reduction was maintained at 6 months. However, the changes in group I (increase of 7.1 ± 8.7 mmHg, p=0.07) and group II (decrease of 0.9 ± 9.3 mmHg, p=0.53) were not significant. Mortality at one year following AVI was 21%, but was not related to severity of PH. Using group III as a reference, hazard ratios were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.24 –2.9) for group I and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.4 –1.9) for group II. In elderly patients with severe AS treated with transcatheter AVI, severe PH is associated with more depressed left ventricular function and more severe mitral regurgitation. Severe PH is associated with a significant and greater fall in pulmonary pressure following AVI and does not influence one year survival.

scholarly journals Role of neutrophils in xanthine/xanthine oxidase-induced oxidant injury in isolated rabbit lungs

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2319-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Kishi ◽  
Lois F. Richard ◽  
Robert O. Webster ◽  
Thomas E. Dahms
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Neutrophil Elastase ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Elastase Inhibitor ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Reactive oxygen species have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung injury. This study was designed to clarify the role of intrapulmonary neutrophils in the development of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-induced lung injury in isolated buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. We measured microvascular fluid filtration coefficient ( K f) and wet-to-dry weight ratio to assess lung injury. X/XO induced a significant increase in K f and wet-to-dry weight ratio in neutrophil-replete lungs, whereas the lung injury was attenuated in neutrophil-depleted lungs. A neutrophil elastase inhibitor, ONO-5046, also attenuated the lung injury. In addition, X/XO induced a transient pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) increase. The thromboxane inhibitor OKY-046 attenuated the Ppa increase but did not alter the increase in permeability. Neutrophil depletion reduced the K f increase but had no effect on the Ppa increase. These results suggest that intrapulmonary neutrophils activated by X/XO play a major role in development of the lung injury, that neutrophil elastase is involved in the injury, and that the X/XO-induced vasoconstriction is independent of intrapulmonary neutrophils.

scholarly journals Pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic hypoxemia

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Ristic ◽  
Milan Rancic ◽  
Tatjana Pejcic
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Group I ◽  
Perfusion Scan ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Chronic Hypoxemia

Introduction. The aim of this prospective, originally designed, clinical - diagnostic study including 200 chronic hypoxemic patients was to assess the possibility of implementation of noninvasive diagnostic strategy and to investigate the incidence of pulmonary embolism and parameters of diagnostic accuracy of radiological findings according to Shintz criteria, echocardiography, lung perfusion scanning according to PIOPED criteria. Material and methods. The study included 200 chronic hypoxemic patients divided into 2 groups, the group I consisting of 42 women and 58 men and the group II consisting of 48 women and 52 men. Results and conclusion. Out of 200 hypoxemic patients, 49 patients (24.5%) were found to have pulmonary embolism. In the group I of 100 patients (42 women and 58 men) with chronic hypoxemia and secondary erythrocytosis the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was confirmed in 39%, that being statistically significantly different (p<0.001) from 100 patients (48 women and 52 men) in the group II with chronic hypoxemia without secondary erythrocytosis, where pulmonary embolism was found in 10% of the patients. The predictive value was positive for direct radiological signs in 92.3% of patients in the group I for PTE, for indirect ones in 74.35%, and in the group II it was positive for direct radiological signs in 60% and for indirect ones in 90%. The predictive value of perfusion scan was positive in 59% of the group I and in only 22% of the group II. The predictive value for high pressure in the pulmonary artery was positive in 93.7% of the group I and in 66.6% of the group II. The following were found to be a variable predictor: hypoxemia, enlargement of the pulmonary artery, peripheral oligemia and elevation of diaphragm. Logistic regression according to backward - conditional method showed that the chronic hypoxemic patients with secondary erythrocytosis, who had radiological sign of peripheral oligemia - Westermark sign, had 2.286 times higher probability of having pulmonary embolism than similar patients without this sign.

The biology of Cucumaria elongata (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Fish
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Slow Growing

A population of Cucumaria elongata (Düb & Kor.), found in muddy sand off the Northumberland coast, has been sampled from 1961 to 1964. Densities of more than 20 per m were common.Cucumaria is a suspension feeder, and uses its tentacles to trap suspended paniculate matter. In the absence of mucous glands or cilia on the tentacles, suspended matter is held fast in a covering of mucus which is produced by glands in the pharynx and oesophagus. Each time the tentacles are introduced into the pharangeal lumen in the course of feeding, they pick up a fresh complement of mucus.The feeding behaviour is seasonal. During the early part of October the animals stop feeding, and remain dormant until late April/early May of the following year.The results of monthly experiments to determine the oxygen consumption, percentage of total lipid and the volume/dry-weight ratio, have led to the conclusion that during the winter months Cucumaria hibernates.The effect of temperature on the feeding behaviour is discussed.Regular quantitative sampling has shown that Cucumaria is slow growing, and over the area surveyed, four different age-groups were found. These have been designated groups I, A, B and C. Group I was estimated to be 2 years old; group A, 6 six years; group B, 8 years; and group C, 10 years old.Although active sperm and apparently mature eggs were found in specimens collected as far back as 1962, there is no evidence to suggest that any of the age-groups has reproduced.

Changes in CSF pressure after mannitol in patients with and without elevated CSF pressure

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ravussin ◽  
Mounir Abou-Madi ◽  
David Archer ◽  
René Chiolero ◽  
James Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csf Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Fine Print

✓ In view of the current concern that rapid infusion of mannitol might initially aggravate intracranial hypertension, the effects of a mannitol infusion on lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) were investigated in 49 patients. The studies were performed when the patients were under general anesthesia prior to elective craniotomy for tumor resection or intracerebral aneurysm clipping. The patients were divided into two groups: 24 patients with normal CSFP (Group I, mean CSFP 10.5 mm Hg) and 25 with raised CSFP (Group II, mean CSFP 20.8 mm Hg). Measurements of CSFP, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and central venous pressure (CVP) were made serially during and after the infusion of 20% mannitol (1 gm ⋅ kg−1 infused over a 10-minute interval). In both groups, mannitol infusion provoked a fall in MABP and an increase in CVP. An immediate increase in CSFP was observed in Group II, whereas CSFP increased transiently but significantly in Group I. Analysis of the arterial and venous driving pressures which contribute to CSFP suggests that the transient increase in CSFP after mannitol in Group I was partly due to the increase in CVP. The presence of intracranial hypertension may thus alter the CSFP response to arterial and venous pressure changes. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) was measured in dogs in a separate study analogous to the human protocol. The CBV increased approximately 25% over control values after mannitol infusion both in the normal animals and in those with CSFP raised by an epidural balloon. The response of the CSFP to mannitol infusion differed between both groups in a fashion similar to that observed in the human subjects. Thus, differences in CBV changes after mannitol do not account for the difference in CSFP response between normal subjects and those with raised CSFP.

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