Metabolic and thermal adaptations from endurance training in hot or cold water

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Young ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
L. Levine ◽  
P. W. Burgoon ◽  
W. A. Latzka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Before And After

Metabolic and thermal adaptations resulting from endurance training in hot vs. cold water were compared. It was hypothesized that training in hot water would have greater effects on muscle glycogen use and blood lactate accumulation during exercise than training in cold water. Eighteen men exercised at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake while immersed in hot (n = 9) or cold water (n = 9) for 1 h, 5 days/wk, for 8 wk. Training in hot water (35 degrees C) potentiated body temperature increases during exercise, and training in cold water (20 degrees C) blunted body temperature increases during exercise. Before and after training, cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory responses and muscle glycogen and blood lactate changes were assessed during a 1-h exercise trial in hot water and, on a separate day using the same intensity, in cold water. Oxygen uptake was similar for all trials, averaging 2.0 +/- 0.1 l/min. It was observed that 1) training reduced glycogen use and lactate accumulation during exercise, with no difference between cold and hot water training groups in the magnitude of this effect; 2) lactate accumulation during exercise was the same in hot water as in cold water; and 3) skin temperature decreased more rapidly during cold-water exercise after than before training, with no difference between cold and hot water training groups in the magnitude of this effect. Thus, exercise-induced body temperature increases are not an important stimulus for glycogen-sparing effects and blunted lactate accumulation associated with endurance training.

Regulation of muscle glycogen phosphorylase activity following short-term endurance training

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. E328-E335 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chesley ◽  
G. J. Heigenhauser ◽  
L. L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation (hormonal, substrate, and allosteric) of muscle glycogen phosphorylase (Phos) activity and glycogenolysis after short-term endurance training. Eight untrained males completed 6 days of cycle exercise (2 h/day) at 65% of maximal O2 uptake (Vo2max). Before and after training subjects cycled for 15 min at 80% of Vo2max, and muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained at 0 and 30 s, 7.5 and 15 min, and 0, 5, 10, and 15 min of exercise. Vo2max was unchanged with training but citrate synthase (CS) activity increased by 20%. Muscle glycogenolysis was reduced by 42% during the 15-min exercise challenge following training (198.8 +/- 36.9 vs. 115.4 +/- 25.1 mmol/kg dry muscle), and plasma epinephrine was blunted at 15 min of exercise. The Phos a mole fraction was unaffected by training. Muscle phosphocreatine utilization and free Pi and AMP accumulations were reduced with training at 7.5 and 15 min of exercise. It is concluded that posttransformational control of Phos, exerted by reductions in substrate (free Pi) and allosteric modulator (free AMP) contents, is responsible for a blunted muscle glycogenolysis after 6 days of endurance training. The increase in CS activity suggests that the reduction of muscle glycogenolysis was due in part to an enhanced mitochondrial potential.

Control Points To Reduce Movement of Central Nervous System Tissue during Beef Slaughter

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
J. L. Aalhus ◽  
R. D. Thacker ◽  
I. L. Larsen ◽  
J. C. Roberts ◽  
M. A. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Central Nervous System Tissue ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Disease Variant

ABSTRACT Consumption of central nervous system tissue (CNST) from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is thought to cause the human neurological disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. To identify points of cross-contamination of beef carcasses with CNST, 55 young beef cattle were slaughtered and processed through a federally inspected multispecies abattoir. The objectives of this study were to evaluate CNST spread following the placement of a plug in the penetration site of the skull after captive bolt stunning, to evaluate cross-contamination of carcasses before and after splitting, to compare the effects of hot water pasteurization (84°C for 10 s) versus cold water wash (10°C for 30 s) for reducing CNST on the carcass, and to examine other possible sources of cross-contamination in the abattoir. Results indicated that the use of a plastic plug reduced CNST contamination near the bolt penetration site. This study also confirmed that carcass splitting resulted in an increase in CNST contamination at various areas of the carcass. Hot water pasteurization appeared to be an effective means of removing CNST contamination from carcasses in most of the areas sampled.

Changes in body temperature and basal metabolic rate of the ama

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kang ◽  
S. H. Song ◽  
C. S. Suh ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Average Body

Oral temperatures of Korean diving women (ama) were measured before and after diving work in four seasons of the year. Their basal metabolic rate, measured in four seasons, was compared to that of nondiving women who lived in the same community and ate the same diet as the ama. Average oral temperatures declined to 35 C after 70 min of work in summer (water temp., 27 C) and to 33 C after 15 min of work in the winter (water temp., 10 C). Average body temperature, computed from weighted oral and average skin temperatures, declined to 34.6 C in summer and to 30 C in winter. Duration of work periods was determined principally by water temperature, since oral temperature declined at a rate inversely proportional to water temperature. The lower deep body temperatures which the ama endure in winter do, however, prolong their winter work period. The BMR of nondiving women was the same as the Dubois standard throughout the year. However, the BMR of ama varied with the season, ranging from +5 of the Dubois standard in summer to +35 in winter. We conclude that the elevated BMR of ama during the winter is cold adaptation, induced by repeated immersion in cold water. Submitted on November 23, 1962

scholarly journals On the heating and cooling of the body by local application of heat and cold

1922 ◽  
Vol 93 (651) ◽  
pp. 207-212
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Stimulation Of

The object of this enquiry is to find out how much heat can be gained, or cold lost from the body, by the local cooling or warming of a small part, by cooling the hands in a stream of cold water, warming the feet in a hot foot­ bath, or by a foot-warmer. In order to secure the beneficial effect of open windows, the breathing of cool air of low-vapour tension, and stimulation of body metabolism by such air ventilating the clothed and naked parts of the skin, the general heating of rooms by hot-water coils might be replaced by small heaters kept a few degrees above body temperature and locally applied to each individual, and each under the individual’s control. Electric heaters have been used by aeroplanists placed beneath their outer garments. One of us(l) recently published results showing that heating or cooling the hands can effectively heat or cool the whole body. We record further experiments of a like nature.

Influence of water temperature on oxygen uptake by swimming rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Baker ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neutral Water

Oxygen uptake and rectal temperature of ten rats forced to swim to exhaustion or for 45 min in cold, hot, and thermoneutral water were measured during swimming. In 20 C water rats swam for 12.6 min and had a final rectal temperature of 26.9 C. In 42 C water the mean swimming time was 14.1 min and the final rectal temperature was 42.6 C. All rats swam for 45 min in water of 37 C, and the final rectal temperature was not different from the preswim temperature. Oxygen uptake during swimming in 37 C water rose and stabilized at a rate of about three times basal in a pattern suggesting that the swimming work was moderate. Animals swimming in cold and hot water were exhausted before their oxygen uptakes stabilized, but the increasing oxygen uptakes during the early parts of these swims were similar to that in neutral water. It appeared that while the metabolic rate was adjusted to the level of work and was not greatly affected by severe changes in body temperature, alterations in body temperature profoundly influenced the duration of work in the hot or cold environments. exercise and thermal stress; exercise metabolism Submitted on March 23, 1964

The effect of winter swimming on body's external temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Anna M. Bach ◽  
Dariusz Dziarkowski ◽  
Szymon Gawrych ◽  
Tetiana Yermakova
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Average Body

Background and Study Aim. The main aim was to compare the changes in external body temperature of students who gave in an immersion of winter swimming. Material and Methods. The study group consisted of 15 students, including 7 males and 8 females. The average age of the subjects was 22.4+1.12 years. The group was tested by measuring outer body temperature at 30 spots across their bodies by using a FLUXE 64 MAX pyrometer. Afterwards, subjects entered ice-cold water for 3 minutes. Immediately after leaving the water the second temperature measurements at the same 30 spots were conducted, and the third measurements were done 15 minutes after leaving the water. After 15 days of testing the comparison was made: temperature values from before and after the immersion. Results. The students showed significantly higher average body temperature values before the testing (34.96°C ± 2.21 to 21.85 ± 3.68) and the lowest after the testing (29.86°C ± 4.91 to 6.26°C ± 1.04). The highest difference in average temperatures was obtained in the measurement of the left lower leg - front, the examination before and after (20.73°C), and the lowest in the measurement of the right hand - palm side, the examination after and 15 minutes after (0.19°C). Conclusions. Winter swimming is becoming an increasingly popular sport activity. Conducted research shows the positive influence of winter swimming on human body and organism. The presented research should be further continued in order to learn more about the influence of cold on human body.

Faster heart rate and muscular oxygen uptake kinetics in type 2 diabetes patients following endurance training

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Koschate ◽  
Uwe Drescher ◽  
Christian Brinkmann ◽  
Klaus Baum ◽  
Thorsten Schiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Binary Sequences ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Cardiorespiratory kinetics were analyzed in type 2 diabetes patients before and after a 12-week endurance exercise-training intervention. It was hypothesized that muscular oxygen uptake and heart rate (HR) kinetics would be faster after the training intervention and that this would be detectable using a standardized work rate protocol with pseudo-random binary sequences. The cardiorespiratory kinetics of 13 male sedentary, middle-aged, overweight type 2 diabetes patients (age, 60 ± 8 years; body mass index, 33 ± 4 kg·m−2) were tested before and after the 12-week exercise intervention. Subjects performed endurance training 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days. Pseudo-random binary sequences exercise protocols in combination with time series analysis were used to estimate kinetics. Greater maxima in cross-correlation functions (CCFmax) represent faster kinetics of the respective parameter. CCFmax of muscular oxygen uptake (pre-training: 0.31 ± 0.03; post-training: 0.37 ± 0.1, P = 0.024) and CCFmax of HR (pre-training: 0.25 ± 0.04; post-training: 0.29 ± 0.06, P = 0.007) as well as peak oxygen uptake (pre-training: 24.4 ± 4.7 mL·kg−1·min−1; post-training: 29.3 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.004) increased significantly over the course of the exercise intervention. In conclusion, kinetic responses to changing work rates in the moderate-intensity range are similar to metabolic demands occurring in everyday habitual activities. Moderate endurance training accelerated the kinetic responses of HR and muscular oxygen uptake. Furthermore, the applicability of the used method to detect these accelerations was demonstrated.

Aerobic Exercise Supplemented With Muscular Endurance Training Improves Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1376-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Farrell ◽  
David J. Lantis ◽  
Carl J. Ade ◽  
Greg S. Cantrell ◽  
Rebecca D. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation

Effect of small vs large muscle mass endurance training on maximal oxygen uptake in organ transplanted recipients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alessio del Torto ◽  
Carlo Capelli ◽  
Roberto Peressutti ◽  
Adriana di Silvestre ◽  
Ugolino Livi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Maximal Cardiac Output ◽  
Leg Cycling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Muscle

Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) is impaired in heart (HTx), kidney (KTx), and liver (LTx) transplanted recipients and the contribution of the cardiovascular, central, and peripheral (muscular) factors in affecting V̇O2max improvement after endurance training (ET) has never been quantified in these patients. ET protocols involving single leg cycling (SL) elicit larger improvements of the peripheral factors affecting O2 diffusion and utilization than the double leg (DL) cycling ET. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of SL-ET vs DL-ET on V̇O2max. We determined the DL-V̇O2max and maximal cardiac output before and after 24 SL-ET vs DL-ET sessions on 33 patients (HTx = 13, KTx = 11 and LTx = 9). The DL-V̇O2max increased by 13.8% ± 8.7 (p < 0.001) following the SL-ET, due to a larger maximal O2 systemic extraction; meanwhile, V̇O2max in DL-ET increased by 18.6% ± 12.7 (p < 0.001) because of concomitant central and peripheral adaptations. We speculate that in transplanted recipients, SL-ET is as effective as DL-ET to improve V̇O2max and that the impaired peripheral O2 extraction and/or utilization play an important role in limiting V̇O2max in these types of patients. Novelty: SL-ET increases V̇O2max in transplanted recipients because of improved peripheral O2 extraction and/or utilization. SL-ET is as successful as DL-ET to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness in transplanted recipients. The model of V̇O2max limitation indicates the peripheral factors as a remarkable limitation to the V̇O2max in these patients.

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