Influence of water temperature on oxygen uptake by swimming rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Baker ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neutral Water

Oxygen uptake and rectal temperature of ten rats forced to swim to exhaustion or for 45 min in cold, hot, and thermoneutral water were measured during swimming. In 20 C water rats swam for 12.6 min and had a final rectal temperature of 26.9 C. In 42 C water the mean swimming time was 14.1 min and the final rectal temperature was 42.6 C. All rats swam for 45 min in water of 37 C, and the final rectal temperature was not different from the preswim temperature. Oxygen uptake during swimming in 37 C water rose and stabilized at a rate of about three times basal in a pattern suggesting that the swimming work was moderate. Animals swimming in cold and hot water were exhausted before their oxygen uptakes stabilized, but the increasing oxygen uptakes during the early parts of these swims were similar to that in neutral water. It appeared that while the metabolic rate was adjusted to the level of work and was not greatly affected by severe changes in body temperature, alterations in body temperature profoundly influenced the duration of work in the hot or cold environments. exercise and thermal stress; exercise metabolism Submitted on March 23, 1964

Studies on the adaptability of three breeds of sheep to a tropical environment modified by altitude IV. Role of the fleece in thermoregulation in German Merino ewes

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
R. B. Symington
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Body Temperature Regulation ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

The influence of fleece on thermoregulation in German Merino ewes was investigated in Rhodesia. Comparative heat tolerances of Persian Blackhead, indigenous Native and shorn and unshorn Merino ewes were obtained during the hottest month of the year in Northern Rhodesia. The main thermolytic responses in unshorn, partially shorn and completely shorn Merino ewes were measured at 7.0 a.m.; 10.0 a.m.; 1.0 p.m. and 4.0 p.m. during April in Southern Rhodesia.1. Unshorn Merino ewes showed more and shorn Merino ewes less effective body temperature regulation than Persian or Native ewes. High heat tolerance in unshorn Merinos was due primarily to insulation by the fleece and not to more efficient physiological thermolysis than in hair breeds. No ewe showed signs of undue thermal stress and feed intake was not affected by heat.2. Increases in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between 7.0 a.m. and 1.0 p.m. of Merinos in Southern Rhodesia were related inversely to fleece length. Body temperature did not differ significantly at 1.0 p.m. owing to differential rates of increase in respiratory rate.3. Magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in skin temperature was also related inversely to fleece length. Partially shorn ewes, however, began with and maintained highest skin temperature through the heat of the day. In all groups skin temperature fell after 10.0 a.m. although ambient temperature continued to rise. This fall could not be attributed to sweating since moisture secretion declined simultaneously.

XI.—An Investigation into the Effects of Seasonal Changes on Body Temperature

1913 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 110-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutherland Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Temperature Curve ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
June July

SummaryMonthly observations, extending over one year, were made on the rectal temperature of 114 domestic fowls (Gallus gallus, ♀) and records from forty-one of these were obtained for two years. Six different breeds were used, each located in a separate pen, all under similar conditions, and the mean temperatures for each group were plotted out to form an annual temperature curve. It was found that—1. The lowest temperatures occur in December, January, and February, and the highest in June, July, and August, corresponding in a general way with the temperature of the external air.2. Barometric pressure does not appear to have any influence on the body temperature of the hen.3. The curve of egg-production does not coincide with the annual temperature curve, the former reaching its highest level in April and May, the latter in June, July, and August.If we compare the mean rectal temperature at two periods of the year when the external or weather conditions are approximately the same (April-May and September-October), but when the vitality of the birds, as indicated by the curve of egg-production, moulting, etc., is at a maximum and minimum respectively, we find that the figures are practically identical. This would seem to show that cyclical bodily changes have little effect on body temperature as compared with outside influences.

scholarly journals Respon Fisiologis dan Kualitas Susu Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein pada Musim Kemarau Panjang di Dataran Tinggi

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Elmy Mariana ◽  
Didik Nurul Hadi ◽  
Nur Qoim Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRAK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respon fisiologi, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Frisian Holstein pada akhir musim kemarau panjang di Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole, Lembang, Bandung.  Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Parameter mikroklimat yang diamati antara lain adalah temperatur lingkungan, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan angin, radiasi sinar matahari dalam kandang dan Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Respon fisiologis yang diamati meliputi suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung. Nilai rerata THI (73.93±5.51) menunjukkan sapi perah berada dalam kondisi  stress ringan. Nilai rerata dari suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung secara berurutan 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13 ±3.00 dan 79.74±6.19. Nilai rerata persentase bahan kering, lemak dan protein susu secara berurutan 10,19 ± 0,72, 2,14 ± 0,38 dan 2,50 ± 0,32. Temperatur lingkungan yang tinggi  mempengaruhi respon fisiologis antara lain peningkatan denyut jantung yang lebih tinggi dari normal dan kualitas susu yang lebih rendah.   (Physiological responses and milk qualities of holstein friesian during long dry season at high altitude)ABSTRACT. The objectives of this study were to evaluate physiological responses and milk qualities of dairy cows in Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole West Bandung at the end of long dry season. Samples were determined by using purposive sampling method. Microclimate parameters  were included  ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, solar radiation and temperature-humidity index (THI). Physiological responses consisted of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. The mean value of THI (73.93±5.51) showed that dairy cows suffered by heat stress. The mean value of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13±3.00 and 79.74±6.19 consecutively. The average percentage value of dry matter, fat and protein content in milk were 10.19±0.72, 2.14±0.38 and 2.50±0.32. High ambient temperature and low relative humidity affected physiological responses such as pulse rate that higher than normal,  and  lower milk yield.

Effect of Bundling and High Environmental Temperature on Neonatal Body Temperature

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
Tina L. Cheng ◽  
J. Colin Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective. The effect of bundling and ambient heat on newborn body temperature has not been systematically studied. It was hypothesized that bundling and warm environments can elevate the newborn's temperatures to the range that would prompt clinical concern of neonatal sepsis. Methods. Twenty well, term newborns more than 1 day old were assigned to the control group (one blanket; 24.0°C room) or the experimental group (five blankets and hat; 26.6°C room). Continuous rectal probe temperatures were monitored over a 2½hour period. Results. There were 8 control and 12 experimental newborns. The mean change in rectal temperature after 2½ hours was -0.04°C (SD ± 0.23) in control newborns and + 0.56°C (SD ± 0.12) in the treatment group (P < .0001, t test). Temperatures in the treatment group rose, after an initial half-hour lag, at a linear rate of 0.27°C per hour without a plateau. Two newborns reached 38.0°C, a rectal temperature that may raise concern of infection. Conclusions. Bundling and warm environments can elevate newborn body temperature to the "febrile" range in this age group. Physicians treating neonates with elevated temperature should ask about bundling and environmental conditions to differentiate endogenous from exogenous "fevers."

Effect of conditioning on exercise-induced hyperthermia and post-exercise cooling in dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Baker ◽  
M.S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Exercise Induced

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of conditioning and hypoxia on rectal and gastrointestinal temperature changes in dogs exercising at cold ambient temperature. Six Alaskan Husky sled dogs, each in a physically conditioned and unconditioned state, were used in the prospective study. Dogs in peak physical condition were run untethered on a treadmill under normoxic and hypoxic conditions of 20 and 12.5% environmental oxygen concentration, respectively, on separate days. After undergoing a deconditioning period of four months, the same dogs were run again under the same environmental conditions of 20 and 12.5% O2. Body temperature measurements were obtained via digital rectal thermometer and ingestible gastrointestinal thermistor at baseline, every 5 min for 30 min of exercise, and for 15 min following cessation of exercise. Under hypoxic conditions, peak gastrointestinal temperature was lower in conditioned vs unconditioned dogs. Gastrointestinal cooling was faster in conditioned dogs under normoxic conditions only. There was no difference in the peak rectal temperature, or rate of rectal temperature cooling in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. 3 of 6 (50%) of the conditioned dogs reached a plateau temperature after approximately 20 to 25 min. This was observed less frequently when the dogs were unconditioned. Gastrointestinal and rectal temperatures reacted differently to exercise depending on conditioning or environmental oxygen concentration and this suggests that they cannot be used interchangeably to assess body temperature. Under these conditions, conditioning had no effect on rectal temperature. Presence of a plateau effect of rectal or gastrointestinal temperature may demonstrate a thermoregulatory balance of heat production and heat loss and may be a helpful measure in assessing individual dogs’ level of conditioning with regard to resistance to thermal stress.

Red cell electrolyte distribution and its possible significance in zebu cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Respiratory Effort ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYTwo breeds of zebu viz. Hariana and Sahiwal were examined for the possible existence of red cell K+ polymorphism. All the animals examined appeared to be LK type. However, red cell K+ concentration varied rather widely between 7 and 50 m-equiv/1. Within the major LK type three distinct subtypes, tentatively designated as low low (LLK), medium low (MLK) and high low (HLK) were observed. The mean red cell K+ concentration in the various subtypes in the same order were 12·5, 19·5 and 38·0 m-equiv/1 respectively. LLK animals were significantly more frequent in the Sahiwal than in the Hariana breed. The possible genetic basis of the occurrence of these subtypes within the major LK type is discussed.LLK animals had significantly higher pcv, Hb and RBC, than MLK animals. The WBC and plasma protein values were also higher, though not significantly, in the former group. In addition, animals of the LLK subtype showed consistently lower rectal temperature at comparable levels of respiratory effort under conditions of thermal stress than MLK animals.

Influence of water temperature on heart rate and rectal temperature of swimming rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Baker ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The heart rate and rectal temperature of 12 adult male hooded rats were studied during 10-min swims in water of 37, 20, and 42 C. Both the heart rate and the rectal temperature stabilized in water of 37 C, suggesting that swimming in thermoneutral water is a submaximal exercise for rats. In water of 20 C, rectal temperature and heart rate of swimming animals fell exponentially to 28 C and 251 beats/min, respectively. The relationship of heart rate to rectal temperature in these swimming, cooling animals was not different from that reported in the literature for unanesthetized, inactive, hypothermic rats. It appeared that exercise had no effect on the heart rate of rats when the body temperature was dropping. In water of 42 C the rectal temperature rose exponentially to 42.2 C. The heart rate rose to 521 beats/min at the 8th min of swimming and remained stable thereafter. It is suggested that inadequate cardiac output resulting from severe changes in body temperature may be one factor which limits swimming capacity of small animals in hot and cold water.

scholarly journals Distiller’s dried grain with solubles (Zea mays L) in the diet of sheep reared in the tropical region of Brazil: ingestive behavior and physiological parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1267
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Lúcia Maria Zeoula ◽  
Kallynka Samara Martins Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Regression Equations

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of different levels of distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters. We used four sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 25 ± 2 kg, distributed in a Latin square design, with four periods, and four DDGS inclusion levels (0, 8, 16, and 24%). The sheep were placed in metabolism cages, and received two meals per day. The data on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of the sheep were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the observed differences were tested using regression equations at 5% probability. The inclusion of DDGS levels in sheep diets did not change the time spent on ingestive behavior, such as dry matter intake (DMI), rumination (RUM), resting (RES), water intake (WAI), and other activities (OAC) expressed in minutes. However, during the night period, there was an increase (p < 0.05) in the time spent ruminating in relation to the daytime period. However, there was a reduction (p < 0.05) in the time spent on the activities of RES and WAI of the sheep. The inclusion of DDGS in sheep rations did not change (p > 0.05) the physiological parameters measured. However, we found that the afternoon period influenced (p < 0.05) the physiological parameters evaluated, such as body temperature of the front (BTF), body temperature of the rear (BTR), rectal temperature (RET), and respiratory frequency (REF), which were higher in relation to the values observed in the morning. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 24% of dried distillery grains with solubles in the feeding of sheep in the tropical region of Brazil does not alter the ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of sheep. However, sheep raised in confinement in the tropical region of Brazil spent more time ruminating at night. During the day, sheep spent more time on resting activities and water intake. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment need to be monitored for thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the increase in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment require greater monitoring of thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the elevation of physiological parameters such as rectal temperature and respiratory frequency in this period.

The effect of different housing systems and feeding regimes on the performance and rectal temperature of sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bøe ◽  
J. J. Nedkvitne ◽  
D. Austbø
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe effect of insulated (IN) and uninsulated (UN) buildings on food intake, performance and body temperature of sheep was studied over 4 years. The lowest average monthly temperature was -13·1°C. In the UN the temperature was on average 6-6°C higher than outside but the temperature in the IN remained fairly constant and was close to 10°C. Summarized for all 4 years the roughage intake was proportionately 0·02 higher in the UN than in IN (P > 0·05). There was no effect of treatment on weight gain, but the weight of the fleece was higher in IN than in UN (1·74 kg v. 1·66 kg per sheep). The mean age at first oestrus was 222 days. There was no difference in the length of pregnancy and lambing percentage was 185% in both treatments. The average birth weight was higher for lambs born in UN than IN (5·10 v. 4·95 kg), but the weight at weaning was the same. On only one occasion was the rectal temperature lower for ewes in UN than IN before shearing (38·7°C v. 39·2°C). After shearing no effect of treatment was found except for the 1st year, but in year 2 there was an interaction between plane of nutrition and housing. Results clearly indicated that uninsulated buildings are well suited for sheep.

Metabolic and thermal adaptations from endurance training in hot or cold water

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Young ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
L. Levine ◽  
P. W. Burgoon ◽  
W. A. Latzka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Before And After

Metabolic and thermal adaptations resulting from endurance training in hot vs. cold water were compared. It was hypothesized that training in hot water would have greater effects on muscle glycogen use and blood lactate accumulation during exercise than training in cold water. Eighteen men exercised at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake while immersed in hot (n = 9) or cold water (n = 9) for 1 h, 5 days/wk, for 8 wk. Training in hot water (35 degrees C) potentiated body temperature increases during exercise, and training in cold water (20 degrees C) blunted body temperature increases during exercise. Before and after training, cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory responses and muscle glycogen and blood lactate changes were assessed during a 1-h exercise trial in hot water and, on a separate day using the same intensity, in cold water. Oxygen uptake was similar for all trials, averaging 2.0 +/- 0.1 l/min. It was observed that 1) training reduced glycogen use and lactate accumulation during exercise, with no difference between cold and hot water training groups in the magnitude of this effect; 2) lactate accumulation during exercise was the same in hot water as in cold water; and 3) skin temperature decreased more rapidly during cold-water exercise after than before training, with no difference between cold and hot water training groups in the magnitude of this effect. Thus, exercise-induced body temperature increases are not an important stimulus for glycogen-sparing effects and blunted lactate accumulation associated with endurance training.

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