Acclimation to decompression sickness in rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Montcalm-Smith ◽  
R. M. McCarron ◽  
W. R. Porter ◽  
R. S. Lillo ◽  
J. T. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nonsignificant Trend ◽  
Sham Exposure ◽  
Rapid Decompression ◽  
Two Phases

Protection against decompression sickness (DCS) by acclimation to hyperbaric decompression has been hypothesized but never proven. We exposed rats to acclimation dives followed by a stressful “test” dive to determine whether acclimation occurred. Experiments were divided into two phases. Phase 1 rats were exposed to daily acclimation dives of hyperbaric air for 30 min followed by rapid decompression on one of the following regimens: 70 ft of seawater (fsw) for 9 days (L70), 70 fsw for 4 days (S70), 40 fsw for 9 days (L40), 40 fsw for 4 days (S40), or unpressurized sham exposure for 9 days (Control). On the day following the last exposure, all were subjected to a “test” dive (175 fsw, 60 min, rapid decompression). Both L70 and S70 rats had significantly lower incidences of DCS than Control rats (36% and 41% vs. 62%, respectively). DCS incidences for the other regimens were lower than in Control rats but without statistical significance. Phase 2 used the most protective regimen from phase 1 (L70); rats were exposed to L70 or a similar regimen with a less stressful staged decompression. Another group was exposed to a single acclimation dive (70 fsw/30 min) on the day before the test dive. We observed a nonsignificant trend for the rapidly decompressed L70 dives to be more protective than staged decompression dives (44% vs. 51% DCS incidence). The single acclimation dive regimen did not provide protection. We conclude that protection against DCS can be attained with acclimating exposures that do not themselves cause DCS. The deeper acclimation dive regimens (70 fsw) provided the most protection.

Oxygen radicals in capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Airway Constriction ◽  
Respiratory Compliance ◽  
Maximal Expiratory Flow ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Phases

The role of oxygen radicals in capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction was investigated using scavengers of the radicals. A total of 48 guinea pigs weighing 293 +/- 7 g were employed in this study, which consisted of two phases. In phase 1, 35 anesthetized paralyzed animals were divided into five groups: group 1A, control (n = 6); group 1B, chronic dimethylthiourea (DMTU, n = 12); group 1C, acute DMTU (n = 6); group 1D, superoxide dismutase (n = 4); and group 1E, catalase (n = 7). All animals were injected with capsaicin (16 micrograms/kg iv), and changes in respiratory compliance and maximal expiratory flow rate were used as indicators of bronchoconstriction. The capsaicin injection caused a marked airway spasm that was significantly ameliorated by chronic DMTU pretreatment, but no amelioration was noted with the other treatments. An additional study for group 1C was performed using a double dose of DMTU. Again no amelioration was found. In phase 2, 13 animals were divided into two groups: group 2A, substance P (SP, n = 7) and group 2B, chronic DMTU + SP (n = 6). There was no significant difference in SP-induced bronchoconstriction between animals in these two groups. These data suggest that capsaicin-induced airway constriction is modulated by oxygen radicals which may augment mainly on the biosynthesis and/or axonal transport of tachykinins.

scholarly journals Technical efficiency and economic viability of different cattle identification methods allowed by the Brazilian traceability system

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Marcos Aurelio Lopes ◽  
Lucio Violin Junqueira ◽  
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn ◽  
Andreia Alves Demeu ◽  
Marilane Das Dores Silva
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Electronic Database ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Cost

We aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency and economic viability of the implementation and use of four cattle identification methods allowed by the Brazilian traceability system. The study was conducted in a beef cattle production system located in the State of Mato Grosso, from January to June 2012. Four identification methods (treatments) were compared: T1: ear tag in one ear and ear button in the other ear (eabu); T2: ear tag and iron brand on the right leg (eaib); T3: ear tag in one ear and tattoo on the other ear (eata); and T4: ear tag in one ear and electronic ear tag (eael) on the other. Each treatment was applied to 60 Nelore animals, totaling 240 animals, divided equally into three life stages (calves, young cattle, adult cattle). The study had two phases: implementation (phase 1) and reading and transfer of identification numbers to an electronic database (phase 2). All operating expenses related to the two phases of the study were determined. The database was constructed, and the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® 17.0 software. Regarding the time spent on implementation (phase 1), conventional ear tags and electronic ear tags produced similar results, which were lower than those of hot iron and tattoo methods, which differed from each other. Regarding the time required for reading the numbers on animals and their transcription into a database (phase 2), electronic ear-tagging was the fastest method, followed by conventional ear tag, hot iron and tattoo. Among the methods analyzed, the electronic ear tag had the highest technical efficiency because it required less time to implement identifiers and to complete the process of reading and transcription to an electronic database and because it did not exhibit any errors. However, the cost of using the electronic ear-tagging method was higher primarily due to the cost of the device.

scholarly journals La Gestion du Risque de Micro-crédit: La Nécessité du Diagnostic Financier: Cas de la PME MIGEG Microfinance S.A.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Lucas Pony
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Financial Lever ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Gestion Du Risque

The reduction of the losses related to credit outstanding payment is very necessary in the micro finance institutions in general, and the SME of micro finance MIGEG* S.A in particular. Here, we carried out a study concerning the management of micro credits risk which result to losses due to non-refund. The method that was proposed in this study is that of the financial diagnosis which operates in two phases. The first phase involves the use of the data collected during the interview to analyze the morality of the customer (Phase 1), while the second phase involves the use of the financial and accounting quantitative data to analyze the financial health of the customer (Phase 2).The diagnosis method considered is that of Dupont which allows us to considerably reduce the percentage of credits outstanding payment. Consequently, it also helps to improve the company’s funds. The proposed method will help the managers to detect the risks of application for credit. The bank will thus grant only the credit bonds related to the highest refunds. This, however, will further lead to the following results: For MIGEG S.A to be viable, it must insist on the ratio of the assets. This refers to the sales of the credits to promote refunds without risk. On the other hand, MIGEG S.A will insist on the ratio of the financial lever, debt and assets, in order to promote the prefinancing of the risk credits. Therefore, it will help to avoid credits related to the guarantees such as the land certificate, inheritance etc.

Psychiatry Transcript Annotation: Process Study and Improvements

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Sridhar ◽  
Nazmul Kazi ◽  
Indika Kahanda ◽  
Bernadette McCrory
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Annotation Process ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Two Phases

Background: The demand for psychiatry is increasing each year. Limited research has been performed to improve psychiatrist work experience and reduce daily workload using computational methods. There is currently no validated tool or procedure for the mental health transcript annotation process for generating “gold-standard” data. The purpose of this paper was to determine the annotation process for mental health transcripts and how it can be improved to acquire more reliable results considering human factors elements. Method: Three expert clinicians were recruited in this study to evaluate the transcripts. The clinicians were asked to fully annotate two transcripts. An additional five subjects were recruited randomly (aged between 20-40) for this pilot study, which was divided into two phases, phase 1 (annotation without training) and phase 2 (annotation with training) of five transcripts. Kappa statistics were used to measure the inter-rater reliability and accuracy between subjects. Results: The inter-rater reliability between expert clinicians for two transcripts were 0.26 (CI 0.19 to 0.33) and 0.49 (CI 0.42 to 0.57), respectively. In the pilot testing phases, the mean inter-rater reliability between subjects was higher in phase 2 with training transcript (k= 0.35 (CI 0.052 to 0.625)) than in phase 1 without training transcript (k= 0.29 (CI 0.128 to 0.451)). After training, the accuracy percentage among subjects was significantly higher in transcript A (p=0.04) than transcript B (p=0.10). Conclusion: This study focused on understanding the annotation process for mental health transcripts, which will be applied in training machine learning models. Through this exploratory study, the research found appropriate categorical labels that should be included for transcripts annotation, and the importance of training the subjects. Contributions of this case study will help the psychiatric clinicians and researchers in implementing the recommended data collection process to develop a more accurate artificial intelligence model for fully- or semi-automated transcript annotation.

scholarly journals Removal of organic matter from pre-treated domestic sewage in anaerobic biological reactor by a combined system of electrolytic and biological aerobic treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ariela Araujo Fonseca ◽  
Yovanka Pérez Ginoris ◽  
Norma Mendes Pinheiro Gontijo ◽  
Marco Antonio Almeida de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Organic Matter Removal ◽  
Electrolytic Process ◽  
Two Phases

Biological processes are the most widespread methods for wastewater treatment. However, they are limited in their ability to degrade toxic and refractory pollutants, contaminants that electrochemical processes can remove. Therefore, this research explored the possibility of treating sewage by an anaerobic biological process followed by an aerobic system integrated to an electrolytic process. Three sequential batch reactors were operated in an automated way. Each of three reactors represented a process: aerobic biological treatment (BR); electrolytic treatment (ER); and a combination of both, the bio electrolytic reactor (BER). Two phases were ran with different electrodes: (Phase 1) stainless steel and (Phase 2) graphite. The electric current was varied from 0.001 to 0.100 A. COD, TS, SS, turbidity, and the zooplankton community were monitored. The highest organic matter removal efficiencies were 86%, 79% and 87% for BR, ER and BER, respectively. The best weekly BER efficiencies for COD removal were 90% and 98%, with current densities of 0.27 A/m2 (Phase 1) and 0.05 A/m2 (Phase 2). The main conclusions about bio electrolytic process were: (1) it did not achieve organic matter removal high enough to justify its application; (2) inert electrodes are the more indicated; and (3) the zooplankton community was affected by the electric current.

scholarly journals Developing a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation: the Clubhouse model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Mutschler ◽  
Jen Rouse ◽  
Kelly McShane ◽  
Criss Habal-Brosek
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Psychosocial Rehabilitation ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Realist Evaluation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Clubhouse Model ◽  
Two Phases

Background Psychosocial rehabilitation is a service that supports recovery from mental illness by providing opportunities for skill development, self-determination, and social interaction. One type of psychosocial rehabilitation is the Clubhouse model. The purpose of the current project was to create, test, and refine a realist theory of psychosocial rehabilitation at Progress Place, an accredited Clubhouse. Method Realist evaluation is a theory driven evaluation that uncovers contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes, in order to develop a theory as to how a program works. The current study involved two phases, encompassing four steps: Phase 1 included (1) initial theory development and (2) initial theory refinement; and Phase 2 included (3) theory testing and (4) refinement. Results The data from this two-phase approach identified three demi-regularities of recovery comprised of specific mechanisms and outcomes: the Restorative demi-regularity, the Reaffirming demi-regularity, and the Re-engaging demi-regularity. The theory derived from these demi-regularities suggests that there are various mechanisms that produce outcomes of recovery from the psychosocial rehabilitation perspective, and as such, it is necessary that programs promote a multifaceted, holistic perspective on recovery. Conclusions The realist evaluation identified that Progress Place promotes recovery for members. Additional research on the Clubhouse model should be conducted to further validate that the model initiates change and promotes recovery outcomes.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing International Board Certified Lactation Consultants to Continue Advancing Practice Beyond Certification: A Multinational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolyn Vaughan ◽  
Anne McMurray ◽  
Mary Sidebotham ◽  
Jennifer Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Lifelong Learners ◽  
Lactation Consultant ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
Lactation Consultants ◽  
Two Phases

Background:Certification as a lactation consultant is based on practitioners having achieved a standard of knowledge indicative of their competence to practice by passing a psychometric examination. The underpinning principle of recertification programs is to support clinicians to become lifelong learners by progressively enhancing and advancing their knowledge and skills in line with contemporary evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that influence International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to advance their practice.Method:A mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 included focus groups, interviews, and participants’ demographic data. Phase 2 comprised of an online questionnaire to IBCLCs. This approach was designed to provide a comprehensive qualitative understanding of the IBCLCs’ experiences, which was then triangulated with quantitative data from a significantly larger population of IBCLCs in Phase 2.Results:The findings are described in themes and subthemes. Participants in phase 2 (n = 3,946) reported being intrinsically motivated (93.3%, n = 3,631) and committed to providing evidence-based guidance and optimal care to support breastfeeding mothers. They identified various sources of continuing education, although attendance at conferences, peer support, and reflective sessions were the most common approaches to enhancing knowledge. They recognized that it was through extension of knowledge that they were able to advance their practice.Conclusion:This article identifies strategies that the managers, educators, and certification bodies can adopt to support the IBCLCs in continuing to advance their practice, which will ultimately improve breastfeeding outcomes for mothers.

scholarly journals Improving eye health using a child-to-child approach in Bariadi, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ving F. Chan ◽  
Hasan Minto ◽  
Eden Mashayo ◽  
Kovin S. Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Two Phases

Purpose: Vision Champions (VC) are children trained to perform simple eye health screening and share eye health messages among their community. Our objectives were to assess the ability of VC in identifying and referring children and the community with refractive error and obvious ocular disease and to assess the change in knowledge and practice of eye healthseeking behaviour of the community 3 months after the introduction of the Vision Champion Programme.Methods: We purposively sampled 600 households and interviewed 1051 participants in two phases with a close-ended questionnaire. The numbers of children screened, referred by the VC and those who attended the Vision Centre were recorded. The percentage of people who answered the questions correctly were compared between Phase 1 (P1) and Phase 2 (P2).Results: The VC shared their eye health messages with 6311 people, screened 7575 people’s vision and referred 2433 people for further care. The community were more aware that using eye ointment not prescribed by doctors (P1 = 58.96% vs. P2 = 72.75%) can lead to blindness. Participants were more aware that they should not administer eye drops in stock (P1 = 44.18% vs. P2 = 61.37%) or received from a friend or relative (P1 = 53.23% vs. P2 = 72.35%) if their eyes are red and painful.Conclusion: Children have the potential to effectively share eye health messages and conduct simple vision screening for their families and peers. Efforts are needed to sensitise the community to improve the referral or follow-up rate.

The new Myopic Traction Maculopathy Staging System

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212093059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Parolini ◽  
Michele Palmieri ◽  
Alessandro Finzi ◽  
Gianluca Besozzi ◽  
Angela Lucente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Hole ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Macular Detachment ◽  
Myopic Traction Maculopathy ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Stage 1

Purpose: To describe a comprehensive OCT-based classification of myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). Methods: Two hundred eighty-one eyes with MTM (visited from 2006 to 2018), were retrospectively reviewed for age, best-corrected-visual-acuity (BCVA), axial length (AL), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and wide-field color fundus-photographs. The study was divided in two Phases. Phase 1: MTM types were categorized with OCT and correlated with age and BCVA. The type of staphyloma was described. Phase 2: the evolution of MTM was studied evaluating at least three OCT exams of each eye taken at different timings (interval between each exam: 1–10 years). Results: Phase 1: We identified, four MTM retinal stages (1. Inner/Outer Maculoschisis; 2. Predominantly outer Maculoschisis; 3. Maculoschisis-Macular Detachment; 4. Macular Detachment) and three foveal stages (a. Normal fovea; b. Inner Lamellar-Macular-Hole; c. Full-Thickness-Macular-Hole). Outer-Lamellar-Macular-Holes and epiretinal abnormalities were associated findings. Stages 1 to 2 were younger than stages 3 to 4 ( p < 0.05). BCVA in stages 1, 2 was similar, and higher than stages 3, 4 ( p < 0.02). About 14% of eyes had no staphyloma, 73% of eyes had staphyloma type 1 or 2. MTM stages were not correlated with AL. Phase 2: The retina could change in time from stage 1 to 4, or the fovea could change from stage a to c. Mean evolution time from stage 1 to 2, stage 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 were 20, 12, 3 months, respectively. BCVA decreased over time as stages increased ( p = 0.47). Conclusion: The MSS Table displays a new classification, the natural evolution, and practical insights for the management of MTM.

Oxygen delivery rate and sufficiency of oxygenation during ECMO in newborn baboons

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
J. D. Cornish ◽  
D. R. Gerstmann ◽  
D. M. Null ◽  
M. D. Smith ◽  
T. J. Kuehl
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Serum Lactate ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
O2 Extraction ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Right ◽  
O2 Delivery

Minimum acceptable O2 delivery (DO2) during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains to be defined in a newborn primate model. The right atrium, carotid artery, and femoral artery were cannulated, and the ductus arteriosus, aorta, and pulmonary artery ligated in neonatal baboons (Papio cynocephalus) under a combination of ketamine, diazepam, and pancuronium. The internal jugular vein was also cannulated retrograde to the level of the occipital ridge. We measured hemoglobin, pH, arterial and venous PO2 (both from the pump circuit and from the cerebral venous site), serum lactate and bicarbonate concentrations, and pump flow, and we calculated hemoglobin saturations, (DO2), O2 consumption (VO2), systemic O2 extraction, and cerebral O2 extraction. Six baboons were studied during each of two phases of the experiment. In the first, flow rates were varied sequentially from 200 to 50 ml.kg-1.min-1 with saturation maximized. In the second, flow was maintained at 200 ml.kg-1.min-1 and saturation was reduced sequentially from 100 to 38%. VO2 fell significantly below baseline at a flow rate of 50 ml.kg-1.min-1 and a DO2 of 8 +/- 2 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1 in phase 1 and at DO2 of 12 +/- 5 in phase 2. Both systemic and cerebral O2 extraction rose significantly at a flow of 100 ml.kg-1.min-1 and DO2 of 17 +/- 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 in phase 1, whereas neither rose with decreasing DO2 in phase 2. In fact, cerebral extraction fell significantly DO2 of 16 +/- 6 ml.kg-1.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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