scholarly journals Subthalamic and Striatal Neurons Concurrently Process Motor, Limbic, and Associative Information in Rats Performing an Operant Task

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 2042-2058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Teagarden ◽  
George V. Rebec
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Data ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
Anatomical Evidence ◽  
Do So

Although the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is commonly assumed to be a relay for striatal (STR) output, anatomical evidence suggests the two structures are connected in parallel, raising the possibility that parallel STN and STR firing patterns mediate behavioral processes. The STR is known to play a role in associative and limbic processes, and although behavioral studies suggest that the STN may do so as well, evaluation of this hypothesis is complicated by a lack of pertinent STN physiological data. We recorded concurrent STN and STR firing patterns in rats learning an operant nose-poke task. Both structures responded in similar proportions to task events including instructive cues, discriminative nose-pokes, and sucrose reinforcement. Neuronal responses to reinforcement comprised phasic excitations preceding reinforcement and inhibitions afterward; the inhibition was attenuated when reinforcement was absent. Reinforcement responses occurred more frequently during later training sessions in which discriminative action was required, suggesting that responses were context-dependent. Nose-pokes were typically preceded by excitations; there also was a nonsignificant trend toward inhibition encoding correct nose-pokes. Sustained changes in firing rate coinciding with specific task events suggested that both nuclei were encoding behavioral sequences; this is the first report of such behavior in the STN. Our findings also reveal complex STN responses to reinforcement. Thus both STN and STR neurons show concurrent involvement in motor, limbic, and associative processes.

scholarly journals A Smart Contract-based Access Control Architecture for Telemedicine During Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hideyat zerga ◽  
Asma AMRAOUI ◽  
badr BENMAMMAR
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Distributed Services ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fundamental Requirement ◽  
Do So

Abstract In the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic that is currently a major global public health issue, social distancing has been imposed to prevent the massive transmission, thus doctors in hospitals have turned to telemedicine in order to be able to monitor their patient notably those suffering from chronic diseases. To do so, patients need to share their physiological data with doctors. In order to share this data safely, prevent malicious users from tampering with it and protect the privacy of patients, access control becomes a fundamental requirement. In order to set up a real-time (Internet of Thing) IoT enabled healthcare system (HS) scenario like telemedicine, Fog computing (FC) seems to be the best solution comparing to Cloud computing since it provides low latency, highly mobile and geo-distributed services and temporary storage. In this paper, the focus is on access control in the telemedicine systems. Our proposal is based, on one hand, the concept of Fog computing to ensure the distributed aspect needed in the monitoring of patient health remotely; and on the other hand Blockchain (BC) smart contracts, in order to provide a dynamic, optimized and self-adjusted access control.

scholarly journals Medium spiny neurons activity reveals the discrete segregation of mouse dorsal striatum

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Alegre-Cortés ◽  
María Sáez ◽  
Roberto Montanari ◽  
Ramon Reig
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Extracellular Recordings ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Sensory Activity ◽  
Fast Oscillations ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

Behavioral studies differentiate the rodent dorsal striatum (DS) into lateral and medial regions; however, anatomical evidence suggests that it is a unified structure. To understand striatal dynamics and basal ganglia functions, it is essential to clarify the circuitry that supports this behavioral-based segregation. Here, we show that the mouse DS is made of two non-overlapping functional circuits divided by a boundary. Combining in vivo optopatch-clamp and extracellular recordings of spontaneous and evoked sensory activity, we demonstrate different coupling of lateral and medial striatum to the cortex together with an independent integration of the spontaneous activity, due to particular corticostriatal connectivity and local attributes of each region. Additionally, we show differences in slow and fast oscillations and in the electrophysiological properties between striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. In summary, these results demonstrate that the rodent DS is segregated in two neuronal circuits, in homology with the caudate and putamen nuclei of primates.

scholarly journals Striatal action-value neurons reconsidered

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotem Elber-Dorozko ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Do So ◽  
Value Representation

It is generally believed that during economic decisions, striatal neurons represent the values associated with different actions. This hypothesis is based on studies, in which the activity of striatal neurons was measured while the subject was learning to prefer the more rewarding action. Here we show that these publications are subject to at least one of two critical confounds. First, we show that even weak temporal correlations in the neuronal data may result in an erroneous identification of action-value representations. Second, we show that experiments and analyses designed to dissociate action-value representation from the representation of other decision variables cannot do so. We suggest solutions to identifying action-value representation that are not subject to these confounds. Applying one solution to previously identified action-value neurons in the basal ganglia we fail to detect action-value representations. We conclude that the claim that striatal neurons encode action-values must await new experiments and analyses.

scholarly journals Sequence Learning is Preserved in Individuals with Cerebellar Degeneration when the Movements are Directly Cued

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1302-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Cerebellar Function ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Important Constraint ◽  
Behavioral Studies

Cerebellar pathology is associated with impairments on a range of motor learning tasks including sequence learning. However, various lines of evidence are at odds with the idea that the cerebellum plays a central role in the associative processes underlying sequence learning. Behavioral studies indicate that sequence learning, at least with short periods of practice, involves the establishment of effector-independent, abstract spatial associations, a form of representation not associated with cerebellar function. Moreover, neuroimaging studies have failed to identify learning-related changes within the cerebellum. We hypothesize that the cerebellar contribution to sequence learning may be indirect, related to the maintenance of stimulus–response associations in working memory, rather than through processes directly involved in the formation of sequential predictions. Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with cerebellar pathology were impaired in learning movement sequences when the task involved a demanding stimulus–response translation. When this translation process was eliminated by having the stimuli directly indicate the response location, the cerebellar ataxia group demonstrated normal sequence learning. This dissociation provides an important constraint on the functional domain of the cerebellum in motor learning.

Intertwined Facets of Subjective Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Droit-Volet
Keyword(s):  
Internal Clock ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Do So

For decades, researchers in the behavioral sciences have studied how humans judge time accurately. Now they are looking more closely at the conditions in which they fail to do so and why, with the aim of testing the limits of a potential internal timing system (i.e., an internal clock). Recent behavioral studies have thus focused on time distortions, in particular those caused by emotion. They have also begun to examine the awareness of the passage of time and its relation with the perception of durations in different temporal ranges, from a few seconds to several minutes.

Striatal neuronal responses to scrotal temperature changes and dopaminergic drugs

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. R108-R112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Lin ◽  
B. L. Tsay
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Dopaminergic Receptors ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Afferent Activation ◽  
Thermal Responsiveness

Seventy-nine units in the striatal region were examined in 48 urethan-anesthetized rats. When these units were classified by their thermal responsiveness, proportions of the cold-responsive, warm-responsive, and thermally unresponsive units were 25.4, 35.4, and 39.2%, respectively, of the total units tested. Either microiontophoretically or systemically administered apomorphine (a dopamine agonist) and haloperidol (a dopamine antagonist) affected (inhibited and/or excited) most (86.5-100%) cold-responsive units. In contrast, only a small percentage of the warm-responsive (28.6-43.8%) or thermally unresponsive (0-19.2%) units were affected by both apomorphine and and haloperidol. Furthermore it was found that most (73-100%) cold-responsive units were inhibited by apomorphine but excited by haloperidol; the inhibitory responses of the unit activity induced by apomorphine were antagonized by haloperidol. The reciprocal relationships between apomorphine and haloperidol were not observed in most warm-responsive (76.2-85.7%) or thermally unresponsive (80.8-100%) units. The data demonstrate that many striatal neurons are influenced by thermal afferent activation in the scrotum. The results also provide a neuronal basis for the hypothesis that the dopaminergic receptors located in the cold-responsive neurons of the striatum have effects on metabolic heat production in rats.

scholarly journals Striatal action-value neurons reconsidered

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotem Elber-Dorozko ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Do So ◽  
Value Representation

AbstractIt is generally believed that during economic decisions, striatal neurons represent the values associated with different actions. This hypothesis is based on a large number of studies, in which the neural activity of striatal neurons was measured while the subject was learning to prefer the more rewarding action. Here we show that these publications are subject to at least one of two critical confounds and that most are subject to both. First, we show that even weak temporal correlations in the neuronal data may result in an erroneous identification of action-value representations. We demonstrate this by erroneously identifying action-value representations, both in simulations and in the neural activity recorded in unrelated experiments. Second, we show that the experiments and analyses designed to dissociate action-value representation from the representation of other decision variables cannot do so. Specifically, we show that neurons representing policy may be erroneous identified as representing action-values. We suggest different solutions to identifying action-value representation that are not subject to these confounds. Applying one of these solutions to previously identified action-value neurons in the basal ganglia we fail to detect action-value representations there. Thus, we conclude that the claim that striatal neurons encode action-values must await new experiments and analyses.

scholarly journals Mackintosh lecture—: Association and cognition: Two processes, one system

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
IPL McLaren ◽  
Amy McAndrew ◽  
Katharina Angerer ◽  
Rossy McLaren ◽  
Charlotte Forrest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Modes Of Processing ◽  
Do So

This article argues that the dual-process position can be a useful first approximation when studying human mental life, but it cannot be the whole truth. Instead, we argue that cognition is built on association, in that associative processes provide the fundamental building blocks that enable propositional thought. One consequence of this position is to suggest that humans are able to learn associatively in a similar fashion to a rat or a pigeon, but another is that we must typically suppress the expression of basic associative learning in favour of rule-based computation. This stance conceptualises us as capable of symbolic computation but acknowledges that, given certain circumstances, we will learn associatively and, more importantly, be seen to do so. We present three types of evidence that support this position: The first is data on human Pavlovian conditioning that directly support this view. The second is data taken from task-switching experiments that provide convergent evidence for at least two modes of processing, one of which is automatic and carried out “in the background.” And the last suggests that when the output of propositional processes is uncertain, the influence of associative processes on behaviour can manifest.

Instructions, Word Association, and the Hospitalized Psychiatric Patient

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald K. Routh ◽  
William Keller
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patient ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Free Association ◽  
High Scale ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Scale 8 ◽  
Do So

Hospitalized psychiatric patients who had high scores on MMPI Scale 8 were given word-association tests under three instructions, namely, free association, instructions to give the responses most people would give, and instructions to give responses no one else besides themselves would give. These Ss, in contrast to Ss in previous studies selected for either psychiatric hospitalization or high Scale 8 scores alone, failed to produce a significant change in either popular or original responses under “most people” instructions. It is evidently only the combination of psychometrically defined “schizophrenia” and psychiatric hospitalization which predicts the inability to show more conventional associative processes when asked to do so.

scholarly journals Non-visual homing and the current status of navigation in scorpions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Danielle Prévost ◽  
Torben Stemme
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Homing Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

AbstractWithin arthropods, the investigation of navigational aspects including homing abilities has mainly focused on insect representatives, while other arthropod taxa have largely been ignored. As such, scorpions are rather underrepresented concerning behavioral studies for reasons such as low participation rates and motivational difficulties. Here, we review the sensory abilities of scorpions related to navigation. Furthermore, we present an improved laboratory setup to shed light on navigational abilities in general and homing behavior in particular. We tracked directed movements towards home shelters of the lesser Asian scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus to give a detailed description of their departure and return movements. To do so, we analyzed the departure and return angles as well as measures of directness like directional deviation, lateral displacement, and straightness indices. We compared these parameters under different light conditions and with blinded scorpions. The motivation of scorpions to leave their shelter depends strongly upon the light condition and the starting time of the experiment; highest participation rates were achieved with infrared conditions or blinded scorpions, and close to dusk. Naïve scorpions are capable of returning to a shelter object in a manner that is directionally consistent with the home vector. The first-occurring homing bouts are characterized by paths consisting of turns about 10 cm to either side of the straightest home path and a distance efficiency of roughly three-quarters of the maximum efficiency. Our results show that neither chemosensation nor vision, but rather path integration based on proprioception, plays a superior role in the homing of scorpions.

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