scholarly journals Striatal action-value neurons reconsidered

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotem Elber-Dorozko ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Do So ◽  
Value Representation

AbstractIt is generally believed that during economic decisions, striatal neurons represent the values associated with different actions. This hypothesis is based on a large number of studies, in which the neural activity of striatal neurons was measured while the subject was learning to prefer the more rewarding action. Here we show that these publications are subject to at least one of two critical confounds and that most are subject to both. First, we show that even weak temporal correlations in the neuronal data may result in an erroneous identification of action-value representations. We demonstrate this by erroneously identifying action-value representations, both in simulations and in the neural activity recorded in unrelated experiments. Second, we show that the experiments and analyses designed to dissociate action-value representation from the representation of other decision variables cannot do so. Specifically, we show that neurons representing policy may be erroneous identified as representing action-values. We suggest different solutions to identifying action-value representation that are not subject to these confounds. Applying one of these solutions to previously identified action-value neurons in the basal ganglia we fail to detect action-value representations there. Thus, we conclude that the claim that striatal neurons encode action-values must await new experiments and analyses.

scholarly journals Striatal action-value neurons reconsidered

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotem Elber-Dorozko ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Do So ◽  
Value Representation

It is generally believed that during economic decisions, striatal neurons represent the values associated with different actions. This hypothesis is based on studies, in which the activity of striatal neurons was measured while the subject was learning to prefer the more rewarding action. Here we show that these publications are subject to at least one of two critical confounds. First, we show that even weak temporal correlations in the neuronal data may result in an erroneous identification of action-value representations. Second, we show that experiments and analyses designed to dissociate action-value representation from the representation of other decision variables cannot do so. We suggest solutions to identifying action-value representation that are not subject to these confounds. Applying one solution to previously identified action-value neurons in the basal ganglia we fail to detect action-value representations. We conclude that the claim that striatal neurons encode action-values must await new experiments and analyses.

scholarly journals Robust and distributed neural representation of action values

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Shin ◽  
Yunsil Jang ◽  
Soyoun Kim ◽  
Hoseok Kim ◽  
Xinying Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Surrogate Data ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Serial Correlations ◽  
Action Value ◽  
The Brain

Studies in rats, monkeys, and humans have found action-value signals in multiple regions of the brain. These findings suggest that action-value signals encoded in these brain structures bias choices toward higher expected rewards. However, previous estimates of action-value signals might have been inflated by serial correlations in neural activity and also by activity related to other decision variables. Here, we applied several statistical tests based on permutation and surrogate data to analyze neural activity recorded from the striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. The results show that previously identified action-value signals in these brain areas cannot be entirely accounted for by concurrent serial correlations in neural activity and action value. We also found that neural activity related to action value is intermixed with signals related to other decision variables. Our findings provide strong evidence for broadly distributed neural signals related to action value throughout the brain.

SPECT-Befunde bei Hemiparkinson-Syndrom mit 99mTc-HMPAO

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neumann ◽  
H. Baas ◽  
R. Hefner ◽  
G. Hör
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
The Body ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao ◽  
Do So

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease often begin on one side of the body and continue to do so as the disease progresses. First SPECT results in 4 patients with hemiparkinsonism using 99mTc-HMPAO as perfusion marker are reported. Three patients exhibited reduced tracer uptake in the contralateral basal ganglia One patient who was under therapy for 1 year, showed a different perfusion pattern with reduced uptake in both basal ganglia. These results might indicate reduced perfusion secondary to reduced striatal neuronal activity.

Pakistan’s Development: Successes, Failures, and Future Tasks (Presidential Remarks)

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 321-331
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Golden Jubilee ◽  
Freedom Movement ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Do So

It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 13th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Society. I consider it a great privilege to do so as this Meeting coincides with the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the state of Pakistan, a state which emerged on the map of the postwar world as a result of the Muslim freedom movement in the Indian Subcontinent. Fifty years to the date, we have been jubilant about it, and both as citizens of Pakistan and professionals in the social sciences we have also been thoughtful about it. We are trying to see what development has meant in Pakistan in the past half century. As there are so many dimensions that the subject has now come to have since its rather simplistic beginnings, we thought the Golden Jubilee of Pakistan to be an appropriate occasion for such stock-taking.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal Plastic Changes in Experimental L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Ghiglieri ◽  
Vincenza Bagetta ◽  
Valentina Pendolino ◽  
Barbara Picconi ◽  
Paolo Calabresi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Da Receptors ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

In Parkinson’s disease (PD), alteration of dopamine- (DA-) dependent striatal functions and pulsatile stimulation of DA receptors caused by the discontinuous administration of levodopa (L-DOPA) lead to a complex cascade of events affecting the postsynaptic striatal neurons that might account for the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Experimental models of LID have been widely used and extensively characterized in rodents and electrophysiological studies provided remarkable insights into the inner mechanisms underlying L-DOPA-induced corticostriatal plastic changes. Here we provide an overview of recent findings that represent a further step into the comprehension of mechanisms underlying maladaptive changes of basal ganglia functions in response to L-DOPA and associated to development of LID.

Equity and certainty in contract law

Acta Juridica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 141-176
Author(s):  
F Brand
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
High Court ◽  
Contractual Relationships ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Court Of Appeal ◽  
Do So

The role of abstract values such as equity and fairness in our law of contract has been the subject of controversy for a number of years. In 2002 the Supreme Court of Appeal took the position that these values do not constitute self-standing grounds for interfering with contractual relationships. Despite this being consistently maintained by the SCA in a number of cases, some High Court judges deviated from this position on the basis that they were permitted to do so by some minority judgments and obiter dicta in the Constitutional Court. The uncertainty thus created has fortunately now been removed by the judgment of the Constitutional Court in Beadica v The Trustees for the Time being of the Oregon Trust.

VIII.—High-Level Terraces in Norway

1877 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Dakyns
Keyword(s):  
Physical Geography ◽  
The Press ◽  
Scientific Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Do So

In the summer of 1872 I visited Norway, and wrote the following brief notice of certain high-level terraces immediately on my return to England, but kept it back that I might first consult some papers on Norwegian terraces that had appeared in the closing numbers of “Scientific Opinion”; these I was not able to meet with for so long a time that I gave up the idea of sending my notice to the press. I am now induced to do so, because I see that the subject of the parallel roads of Glenroy still occupies the attention of geologists, and it may induce some one next summer to examine minutely the Dovre terraces and sand-heaps and their relation to the physical geography of the district. I was merely able to make a flying visit to them, which I delayed my party to do, because they caught my eye so forcibly, as we were driving along the valley.

Toxæmia in the Etiology of Mental Disease. a Discussion opened

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (202) ◽  
pp. 434-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Association ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

Dr. Clouston said that when he suggested toxæmia to the secretary as a suitable subject for a discussion at this meeting he had not intended to be the first speaker, because his object was to bring out more fully the views of the younger members who had recently committed themselves so strongly to the toxæmic and bacterial etiology of insanity, and so to get light thrown on some of the difficulties which he and others had felt in applying this theory to many of their cases in practice. It was not that he did not believe in the toxic theory as explaining the onset of many cases, or that he under-rated its importance, but that he could not see how it applied so universally or generally as some of the modern pathological school were now inclined to insist on. He knew that it was difficult for those of the older psychological and clinical school to approach the subject with that full knowledge of recent bacteriological and pathological doctrine which the younger men possessed, or to breathe that all-pervading pathological atmosphere which they seemed to inhale. He desired to conduct this discussion in an absolutely non-controversial and purely scientific spirit. To do so he thought it best to put his facts, objections, and difficulties in a series of propositions which could be answered and explained by the other side. He thought it important to define toxæmia, but should be willing to accept Dr. Ford Robertson's definition of toxines, viz., “Substances which are taken up by the (cortical nerve) cell and then disorder its metabolism.” He took the following extracts from his address at the Cheltenham meeting of the British Association (1) as representing Dr. Ford Robertson's views and the general trend of much investigation and hypothesis on the Continent.

scholarly journals Everything You Always Wanted to Know about β3-AR * (* But Were Afraid to Ask)

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Schena ◽  
Michael J. Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Novel Therapeutic ◽  
Do So

The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is by far the least studied isotype of the beta-adrenergic sub-family. Despite its study being long hampered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models and inter-species differences, a substantial body of literature on the subject has built up in the last three decades and the physiology of β3-AR is unraveling quickly. As will become evident in this work, β3-AR is emerging as an appealing target for novel pharmacological approaches in several clinical areas involving metabolic, cardiovascular, urinary, and ocular disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances regarding β3-AR signaling and function and summarize how these findings translate, or may do so, into current clinical practice highlighting β3-AR’s great potential as a novel therapeutic target in a wide range of human conditions.

The Gathering of A Community: The British-born of San Francisco in 1852 and 1872

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Burchell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Incomplete Picture ◽  
Do So

Studies of the Massachusetts communities of Newburyport and Boston have revealed a high rate of geographical mobility for their populations, in excess of what had been previously thought. Because of the difficulty in tracing out-migrants these works have concentrated on persisters, though to do so is to give an incomplete picture of communal progress. Peter R. Knights in his study of Boston between 1830 and 1860 attempted to follow his out-migrants but was only able to trace some 27 per cent of them. The problem of out-migration is generally regarded as being too large for solution through human effort, but important enough now to engage the computer. What follows bears on the subject of out-migration, for it is an analysis of where part of the migrating populations of the east went in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, namely to San Francisco.

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