Antagonist surface electromyogram decomposition and the case of the missing motor units

Reece & Herda (2021) reported that an antagonist muscle exhibited an organized motor unit (MU) recruitment scheme during isometric elbow flexion contractions. This control scheme, however, differed from the typical MU control scheme in that MU firing rates did not change between force levels (40% and 70% MVC) in the triceps brachii when it acted as an antagonist to isometric elbow flexion. Here we suggest technological considerations with evidence that may have affected these findings. Additionally, we highlight how this paper offers a promising starting point from which further insight into antagonist MU behaviour can be gathered non-invasively, and suggest future research directions to improve our understanding of MU activity of antagonist muscles in the upper limb.

The Shift to Gamification in Education: A Review on Dominant Issues

Journal of Educational Technology Systems ◽

10.1177/0047239520917629 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 113-137

Author(s):

Kingsley Ofosu-Ampong

Keyword(s):

Education Research ◽

Information Systems ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Research Activities ◽

Starting Point ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Game Elements ◽

The Impact

This article examines gamification literature on education since 2011. Using highlighted themes from Kirriemuir and McFarlane’s review on games and education as a starting point, the study identified 32 published papers. Furthermore, the study evaluated and identified previous conceptual and methodological approaches for evaluating gamification in education research. Using the identifying themes, the study discusses the development and use of gamification in education (Theme I), the application of gamification in education (Theme II), and the impact of gamification in education (Theme III) and propose that there is increased gamification and game elements research activities bridging the idea of gamified information systems in education and offering interesting opportunities for future research. The study concludes with future research directions for gamification in education.

Building Trust for Smart Connected Devices: The Challenges and Pitfalls of TrustZone

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21020520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 520

Author(s):

Nikolaos Koutroumpouchos ◽

Christoforos Ntantogian ◽

Christos Xenakis

Keyword(s):

Critical Appraisal ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Building Trust ◽

Starting Point ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Shed Light

TrustZone-based Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) have been utilized extensively for the implementation of security-oriented solutions for several smart intra and inter-connected devices. Although TEEs have been promoted as the starting point for establishing a device root of trust, a number of published attacks against the most broadly utilized TEE implementations request a second view on their security. The aim of this research is to provide an analytical and educational exploration of TrustZone-based TEE vulnerabilities with the goal of pinpointing design and implementation flaws. To this end, we provide a taxonomy of TrustZone attacks, analyze them, and more importantly derive a set of critical observations regarding their nature. We perform a critical appraisal of the vulnerabilities to shed light on their underlying causes and we deduce that their manifestation is the joint effect of several parameters that lead to this situation. The most important ones are the closed implementations, the lack of security mechanisms, the shared resource architecture, and the absence of tools to audit trusted applications. Finally, given the severity of the identified issues, we propose possible improvements that could be adopted by TEE implementers to remedy and improve the security posture of TrustZone and future research directions.

Systematic Map of the Social Impact Assessment Field

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11154106 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 4106 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ricardo J. Bonilla-Alicea ◽

Katherine Fu

Keyword(s):

Impact Assessment ◽

English Language ◽

Social Impact ◽

Future Research ◽

Social Impact Assessment ◽

Systematic Map ◽

Research Directions ◽

Online Databases ◽

Starting Point ◽

Social impact assessment (SIA) provides a methodology for defining, monitoring and employing measures to demonstrate the benefits and/or harms created for target communities through evidence of social outcomes and impacts. Although a recent increase in the number of applications is seen, SIA lacks consensus in its methodology, which increases ambiguity and complicates the generalization of any results obtained from individual studies. The objectives of this study are to investigate the methodology of SIA in order to define trends, state of the art, limitations, knowledge gaps, and to recommend future research directions. This study employs a systematic mapping to determine the methods available to perform SIA, and more importantly to identify a set of fundamental challenges faced by practitioners using SIA. Articles are searched through online databases, and are limited to the English language. A total of 81 articles published between 2009 and 2019 were selected, of which 49 included a case study application. A total of 12 fundamental challenges were identified, based upon the screened articles, which serve as a starting point for future research directions to further enhance the SIA methodology.

Emotions in strategic leadership: A Literature review and theoretical modelling for future research directions

International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior ◽

10.1108/ijotb-20-03-2017-b002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (03) ◽

pp. 311-340

Author(s):

Alicia Ohlsson ◽

Gerry Larsson

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

Literature Review ◽

Theoretical Modelling ◽

Strategic Leadership ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Organizational Framing ◽

Grounded Theory Method ◽

Starting Point ◽

AbstractThe aim was to explore the existing literature on emotion and strategic leadership in a systematic review and to synthesize it into a theoretical model. A literature review on emotion in connection to strategic leadership was undertaken. After adhering to the search strategy and exclusion criteria, 46 peer-reviewed texts consisting of articles and relevant book chapters remained. The texts were analyzed according to the grounded theory method (GTM) to generate a new theoretical model and a core variable was identified, organizational emotion shaping. The model attempts to show how the interaction of individual and organizational framing factors with the strategic leader's tasks and challenges lead to emotion shaping internal and external of the organization. Suggestions for future research were formed and suggestions of practical implications were given. This literature review and theoretical integration offers a starting point for potential areas of further exploration.

Servant Leadership Styles and Strategic Decision Making - Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science ◽

The Essence of Followership

10.4018/978-1-5225-4996-3.ch006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 148-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sajjad Nawaz Khan ◽

Abdul Halim Busari ◽

Siti Mariam Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Future Research ◽

Research Topics ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Research Directions ◽

Starting Point ◽

Good Starting Point ◽

Constructionist Approach ◽

Role Based

Followership is an emerging field of research in the current era. This chapter reviews followership literature and provides future research directions. This review is based on two theoretical frameworks of followership, namely role-based approach and constructionist approach. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a cursory review of followership research conducted in the last two decades. This chapter is a good starting point for novice researchers who want to pursue research in followership and leadership. In relations to future research directions, research topics that could be investigated in the light of leadership and followership are proposed.

Handbook of Research on Competency-Based Education in University Settings - Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development ◽

The Challenge of CBE Programs

10.4018/978-1-5225-0932-5.ch005 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 92-115

Author(s):

Julie Uranis ◽

Tanja Bibbs

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Competency Based Education ◽

Education Leaders ◽

Starting Point ◽

Competency Based ◽

Higher Education Leaders ◽

Programs Of Study

Using the student lifecycle as a framework, the authors explore the administrative and technological considerations pertaining to competency-based education (CBE). The goal of this chapter is to familiarize readers with the administrative issues surrounding the development of CBE programs. While the chapter is not all-inclusive, it should serve as a starting point for higher education leaders interested in CBE, especially those lacking the resources to develop a program outside existing governance, policies, and systems. This chapter may serve as a guide for institutional leaders working through the administrative challenges related to CBE programs. The authors address aspects of recruitment, marketing, pre-admission support, admissions, advising, orientation, registration, billing, programs of study, access to institutional resources, transcripts, and key performance indicators. The chapter concludes with future research directions as well as solutions and recommendations.

Multi-attribute Auctions

Best Practices for Online Procurement Auctions ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-636-5.ch009 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 133-149

Author(s):

Kholekile L. Gwebu ◽

Jing Wang

Keyword(s):

Critical Assessment ◽

Future Research ◽

Theoretical Studies ◽

Research Directions ◽

Current State ◽

Starting Point ◽

Single Attribute ◽

Auction Mechanisms ◽

Experimental And Theoretical Studies

This chapter highlights the promise and importance of reverse multi-attribute auctions (RMAA). It outlines the major benefits of RMAAs over other traditional auction mechanisms, such as reverse single attribute auctions, and then presents a structured and critical assessment of the current state of RMAA research. The intention of this chapter is not only to review both experimental and theoretical studies that have been conducted on RMAAs, but also to provide a starting point and specific recommendations for future research directions on RMAAs.

Modelling, Measuring, and Visualising Community Resilience: A Systematic Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12197896 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 7896 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hoang Long Nguyen ◽

Rajendra Akerkar

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Community Resilience ◽

Future Research ◽

Multiple Perspectives ◽

Research Directions ◽

Starting Point ◽

Research Questions ◽

The Impact ◽

Complete Process

The concept of community resilience receives much attention in studies and applications due to its ability to provide preparedness against hazards, to protect our life against risks, and to recover to stable living conditions. Nevertheless, community resilience is complex, contextual, multifaceted, and therefore hard to define, recognise, and operationalise. An essential advantage of having a complete process for community resilience is the capacity to be aware of and respond appropriately in times of adversity. A three-step process constituting of modelling, measurement, and visualisation is crucial to determine components, to assess value, and to represent information of community resilience, respectively. The goal of this review is to offer a general overview of multiple perspectives for modelling, measuring, and visualising community resilience derived from related and emerging studies, projects, and tools. By engaging throughout the entire process, which involves three sequential steps as we mentioned above, communities can discover important components of resilience, optimise available local and natural resources, and mitigate the impact of impairments effectively and efficiently. To this end, we conduct a systematic review of 77 different literature records published from 2000 to 2020, concentrating on five research questions. We believe that researchers, practitioners, and policymakers can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances as well as to sharpen their future research directions.

Asian Conceptualizations of Leadership: Progresses and Challenges

Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior ◽

10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-045307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 233-256

Author(s):

R. Takeuchi ◽

A.C. Wang ◽

J.L. Farh

Keyword(s):

Social Exchange ◽

Leadership Style ◽

Future Research ◽

Paternalistic Leadership ◽

Research Directions ◽

Implicit Leadership ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Starting Point ◽

Contingency Approach

By investigating broadly a contingency approach and implicit leadership theoretical perspectives with a multilevel lens as a starting point, this review highlights the potential for Asian conceptualizations of leadership. More specifically, by highlighting the important contingent role national culture plays in influencing leadership effectiveness, we review Asian conceptualizations of leadership that exist (e.g., paternalistic leadership style, paternalism, and guanxi in the leadership setting) in the literature and the findings that have been found in a relatively selective manner. This also allows us to advance the notion of a culturally contingent leadership perspective by developing the notion of hierarchical social exchange and various modalities associated with such a relationship. By so doing, this review enables us to underscore the advantages as well as challenges associated with Asian conceptualizations of leadership as well as future research directions that need to be undertaken to more firmly establish their utility to general leadership literature.

Northern Cordillera geology: a synthesis of research from the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program, British Columbia and Yukon

10.4095/326050 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J J Ryan ◽

A Zagorevski

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Geological Survey ◽

Future Research ◽

Individual Activity ◽

Future Directions ◽

Research Directions ◽

Starting Point ◽

Significant Research ◽

Good Starting Point ◽

Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 610 summarizes some significant research results and future directions from twelve years of field-based research in the northern Cordillera. The Bulletin presents five distinct, stand-alone, thematic sections: 'Oceanic terranes'; 'Pericratonic Yukon-Tanana terrane'; 'Cordilleran magmatism'; 'Overlap assemblages'; and 'Geophysical characteristics'. These papers are not intended to provide an exhaustive summary of all research that was carried out over the course of GEM; however, these themes, along with individual activity results, provide a good starting point for evaluating future research directions in the northern Cordillera.