scholarly journals Decision-Making, Errors, and Confidence in the Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2359-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls ◽  
Fabian Grabenhorst ◽  
Gustavo Deco
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Continuous Scale

To provide a fundamental basis for understanding decision-making and decision confidence, we analyze a neuronal spiking attractor-based model of decision-making. The model predicts probabilistic decision-making with larger neuronal responses and larger functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses on correct than on error trials because the spiking noise-influenced decision attractor state of the network is consistent with the external evidence. Moreover, the model predicts that the neuronal activity and the BOLD response will become larger on correct trials as the discriminability Δ I increases and confidence increases and will become smaller as confidence decreases on error trials as Δ I increases. Confidence is thus an emergent property of the model. In an fMRI study of an olfactory decision-making task, we confirm these predictions for cortical areas including medial prefrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex implicated in choice decision-making, showing a linear increase in the BOLD signal with Δ I on correct trials, and a linear decrease on error trials. These effects were not found in a control area, the orbitofrontal cortex, where reward value useful for the choice is represented on a continuous scale but that is not implicated in the choice itself. This provides a unifying approach to decision-making and decision confidence and to how spiking-related noise affects choice, confidence, synaptic and neuronal activity, and fMRI signals.

scholarly journals Confidence-Related Decision Making

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Insabato ◽  
Mario Pannunzi ◽  
Edmund T. Rolls ◽  
Gustavo Deco
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Attractor Network ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Integrate And Fire ◽  
The Brain ◽  
High Firing

Neurons have been recorded that reflect in their firing rates the confidence in a decision. Here we show how this could arise as an emergent property in an integrate-and-fire attractor network model of decision making. The attractor network has populations of neurons that respond to each of the possible choices, each biased by the evidence for that choice, and there is competition between the attractor states until one population wins the competition and finishes with high firing that represents the decision. Noise resulting from the random spiking times of individual neurons makes the decision making probabilistic. We also show that a second attractor network can make decisions based on the confidence in the first decision. This system is supported by and accounts for neuronal responses recorded during decision making and makes predictions about the neuronal activity that will be found when a decision is made about whether to stay with a first decision or to abort the trial and start again. The research shows how monitoring can be performed in the brain and this has many implications for understanding cognitive functioning.

The Relationship of Three Cortical Regions to an Information-Processing Model

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson ◽  
Yulin Qin ◽  
V. Andrew Stenger ◽  
Cameron S. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Response Hand ◽  
Equation Solving ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Relationship Of

This research tests a model of the computational role of three cortical regions in tasks like algebra equation solving. The model assumes that there is a left parietal region-of-interest (ROI) where the problem expression is represented and transformed, a left prefrontal ROI where information for solving the task is retrieved, and a motor ROI where hand movements to produce the answer are programmed. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of an abstract symbolmanipulation task was performed to articulate the roles of these three regions. Participants learned to associate words with instructions for transforming strings of letters. The study manipulated the need to retrieve these instructions, the need to transform the strings, and whether there was a delay between calculation of the answer and the output of the answer. As predicted, the left parietal ROI mainly reflected the need for a transformation and the left prefrontal ROI the need for retrieval. Homologous right ROIs showed similar but weaker responses. Neither the prefrontal nor the parietal ROIs responded to delay, but the motor ROI did respond to delay, implying motor rehearsal over the delay. Except for the motor ROI, these patterns of activity did not vary with response hand. In an ACT-R model, it was shown that the activity of an imaginal buffer predicted the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response of the parietal ROI, the activity of a retrieval buffer predicted the response of the prefrontal ROI, and the activity of a manual buffer predicted the response of the motor ROI.

scholarly journals Effects of Age on Prestimulus Neural Activity Predictive of Successful Memory Encoding: An fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Song Liu ◽  
Joshua D Koen ◽  
Michael D Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Left Angular Gyrus

Abstract Prestimulus subsequent memory effects (SMEs)—differences in neural activity preceding the onset of study items that are predictive of later memory performance—have consistently been reported in young adults. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment investigated potential age-related differences in prestimulus SMEs. During study, healthy young and older participants made one of two semantic judgments on images, with the judgment signaled by a preceding cue. In test phase, participants first made an item recognition judgment and, for each item judged old, a source memory judgment. Age-invariant prestimulus SMEs were observed in left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and right subgenual cortex. In each case, the effects reflected lower blood oxygen level dependent signal for later recognized items, regardless of source accuracy, than for unrecognized items. A similar age-invariant pattern was observed in left orbitofrontal cortex, but this effect was specific to items attracting a correct source response compared to unrecognized items. In contrast, the left angular gyrus and fusiform cortex demonstrated negative prestimulus SMEs that were exclusive to young participants. The findings indicate that age differences in prestimulus SMEs are regionally specific and suggest that prestimulus SMEs reflect multiple cognitive processes, only some of which are vulnerable to advancing age.

scholarly journals Frequency-specific alterations of the resting-state BOLD signals in nocturnal enuresis: an fMRI Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Zheng ◽  
Jiawei Sun ◽  
Yating Lv ◽  
Mengxing Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Nocturnal Enuresis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Right

AbstractResting state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of nocturnal enuresis have focused primarily on regional metrics in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 Hz. However, it remains unclear how local metrics show in sub-frequency band. 129 children with nocturnal enuresis (NE) and 37 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were diagnosed by the pediatricians in Shanghai Children’s Medical Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, according to the criteria from International Children's Continence Society (ICCS). Questionnaires were used to evaluate the symptoms of enuresis and completed by the participants. In this study, fALFF, ReHo and PerAF were calculated within five different frequency bands: typical band (0.01–0.08 Hz), slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), slow-3 (0.073–0.198 Hz), and slow-2 (0.198–0.25 Hz). In the typical band, ReHo increased in the left insula and the right thalamus, while fALFF decreased in the right insula in children with NE. Besides, PerAF was increased in the right middle temporal gyrus in these children. The results regarding ReHo, fALFF and PerAF in the typical band was similar to those in slow-5 band, respectively. A correlation was found between the PerAF value of the right middle temporal gyrus and scores of the urinary intention-related wakefulness. Results in other bands were either negative or in white matter. NE children might have abnormal intrinsic neural oscillations mainly on slow-5 bands.

scholarly journals Electrochemical carbon fiber-based technique for simultaneous recordings of brain tissue PO2, pH, and extracellular field potentials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Hosford ◽  
Jack A. Wells ◽  
Isabel N. Christie ◽  
Mark Lythgoe ◽  
Julian Millar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Electrochemical Detection ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Carbon Fiber Electrodes ◽  
Tissue Po2 ◽  
Fast Cyclic Voltammetry

AbstractA method for simultaneous electrochemical detection of brain tissue PO2 (PtO2) and pH changes together with neuronal activity using a modified form of fast cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber electrodes is described. This technique has been developed for in vivo applications and recordings from discrete brain nuclei in experimental animals. The small size of the carbon fiber electrode (⍰7μm, length <100μm) ensures minimal disruption of the brain tissue and allows recordings from small brain areas. Sample rate (up to 4 Hz) is sufficient to resolve rapid changes in PtO2 and pH that follow changes in neuronal activity and metabolism. Rapid switching between current and voltage recordings allows combined electrochemical detection and monitoring of extracellular action potentials. For simultaneous electrochemical detection of PtO2 and pH, two consecutive trapezoidal voltage ramps are applied with double differential-subtraction of the background current. This enables changes in current caused by protons and oxygen to be detected separately with minimal interference between the two. The profile of PtO2 changes evoked by increases in local neuronal activity recorded using the described technique was similar to that of blood oxygen level dependent responses recorded using fMRI. This voltammetric technique can be combined with fMRI and brain vessel imaging to study the metabolic mechanisms underlying neurovascular coupling response with much greater spatial and temporal resolution than is currently possible.

scholarly journals Saccade Preparation Signals in the Human Frontal and Parietal Cortices

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton E. Curtis ◽  
Jason D. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Active State ◽  
External Representation ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
Saccade Preparation

Our ability to prepare an action in advance allows us to respond to our environment quickly, accurately, and flexibly. Here, we used event-related functional MRI to measure human brain activity while subjects maintained an active state of preparedness. At the beginning of each trial, subjects were instructed to prepare a pro- or antisaccade to a visual cue that was continually present during a long and variable preparation interval, but to defer the saccade's execution until a go signal. The deferred saccade task eliminated the mnemonic component inherent in memory-guided saccade tasks and placed the emphasis entirely on advance motor preparation. During the delay while subjects were in an active state of motor preparedness, the blood oxygen level–dependent signal in the frontal cortex showed 1) a sustained elevation throughout the preparation interval; 2) a linear increase with increasing delay length; 3) a bias for contra- rather than ipsiversive movements; 4) greater activity when the specific metrics of the planned saccade were known compared with when they were not; and 5) increased activity when the saccade was directed toward an internal versus an external representation (i.e., anticue location). These findings support the hypothesis that both the human frontal and parietal cortices are involved in the spatial selection and preparation of saccades.

Different Food Odors Control Brain Connectivity in Impulsive Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benito de Celis-Alonso ◽  
Silvia S. Hidalgo-Tobón ◽  
Eduardo Barragán-Pérez ◽  
Eduardo Castro-Sierra ◽  
Pilar Dies-Suárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Food Odors ◽  
And Control

Background: Impulsivity is a complex multi-dimensional combination of behaviors which include: ineffective impulse control, premature decision-making and inability to delay gratification. Objective: The aim of this work was to explore how food odor perception and its emotional value is affected in impulsive children. Methods: Here we compared two cohorts of impulsive and control children with ages between 10 and 16 years. Both groups underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which foodrelated odor-cues were presented to all of them. Results: Differences in regions of blood oxygen level dependent activation, as well as connectivity, were calculated. Activations were significant for all odors in the impulsive group in the temporal lobe, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, medial cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, precentral, para-hippocampal and calcarine cortices. Conclusion: Connectivity results showed that the expected emotional reward, based on odor perceived and processed in temporal lobes, was the main cue driving responses of impulsive children. This was followed by self-consciousness, the sensation of interaction with the surroundings and feelings of comfort and happiness, modulated by the precuneus together with somatosensory cortex and cingulum. Furthermore, reduced connectivity to frontal areas as well as to other sensory integration areas (piriform cortex), combined to show different sensory processing strategies for olfactory emotional cues in impulsive children. Finally, we hypothesize that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in modulating decision-making for impulsive children.

Distinct Neural Correlates for Volitional Generation and Inhibition of Saccades

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Reuter ◽  
Christian Kaufmann ◽  
Julia Bender ◽  
Thomas Pinkpank ◽  
Norbert Kathmann
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Supplementary Eye Fields ◽  
Reflexive Saccades ◽  
Saccade Generation

The antisaccade task has proven highly useful in basic and clinical neuroscience, and the neural structures involved are well documented. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that mediate task performance are not yet understood. An event-related fMRI study was designed to dissociate the neural correlates of two putative key functions, volitional saccade generation and inhibition of reflexive saccades, and to investigate their interaction. Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a task that required (a) to initiate saccades volitionally, either with or without a simultaneous demand to inhibit a reflexive saccade; and (b) to inhibit a reflexive saccade, either with or without a simultaneous demand to initiate a saccade volitionally. Analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes confirmed a major role of the frontal eye fields and the supplementary eye fields in volitional saccade generation. Inhibition-related activation of a specific fronto-parietal network was highly consistent with previous evidence involved in inhibitory processes. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of specific brain activation during combined generation and inhibition demands, suggesting that the neural processing of generation and inhibition in antisaccades is independent to a large extent.

scholarly journals Quantitative relations between transient BOLD responses, cortical energetics, and impulse firing in different cortical regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Bennett ◽  
L. Farnell ◽  
W. G. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Input Activity

The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging signal arises as a consequence of changes in blood flow (cerebral blood flow) and oxygen usage (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) that in turn are modulated by changes in neuronal activity. Much attention has been given to both theoretical and experimental aspects of the energetics but not to the neuronal activity. Here we use our previous theory relating the steady-state BOLD signal to neuronal activity and amalgamate it with the standard dynamic causal model (DCM, Friston) theory to produce a quantitative model relating the time-dependent BOLD signal to the underlying neuronal activity. Unlike existing treatments, this new theory incorporates a nonzero baseline activity in a completely consistent way and is thus able to account for both positive and negative BOLD signals. It can reproduce a wide variety of experimental BOLD signals reported in the literature solely by adjusting the neuronal input activity. In this way it provides support for the claim that the main features of the signals, including poststimulus undershoot and overshoot, are principally a result of changes in neuronal activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A previous model relating the steady-state blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal to neuronal activity, both above and below baseline, is extended to account for transient BOLD signals. This allows for a detailed investigation of the role neuronal activity can play in such signals and also encompasses poststimulus undershoot and overshoot. A wide variety of experimental BOLD signals are reproduced solely by adjusting the neuronal input activity, including recent results regarding the BOLD signal in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Task-Evoked BOLD Responses Are Normal in Areas of Diaschisis After Stroke

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien A. Fair ◽  
Abraham Z. Snyder ◽  
Lisa Tabor Connor ◽  
Binyam Nardos ◽  
Maurizio Corbetta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
Word Stem Completion

Objective. Cerebral infarction can cause diaschisis, a reduction of blood flow and metabolism in areas of the cortex distant from the site of the lesion. Although the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal is increasingly used to examine the neural correlates of recovery in stroke, its reliability in areas of diaschisis is uncertain. Design. The effect of chronic diaschisis as measured by resting positron emission tomography on task-evoked BOLD responses during word-stem completion in a block design fMRI study was examined in 3 patients, 6 months after a single left hemisphere stroke involving the inferior frontal gyrus and operculum. Results. The BOLD responses were minimally affected in areas of chronic diaschisis. Conclusions. Within the confines of this study, the mechanism underlying the BOLD signal, which includes a mismatch between neuronally driven increases in blood flow and a corresponding increase in oxygen use, appears to be intact in areas of chronic diaschisis.

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