PENERAPAN LOGIC MODEL DAN PENGANGGARAN BERBASIS KINERJA DALAM PERATURAN PENGANGGARAN

ABSTRACT This study purposes to reveal the logic model in regulation, particularly in preparation Work and Budget Planning of Ministry/Agency (RKAKL). This paper builds logic model follows Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Phillips (2013). The result shows logic model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips are reffered in broad outline but they difference in structure and terminology of logic model elements. This difference is important to know because it can affect the clarity of the logical relationship of input-activity-output-outcome-impact so that the final results of a program are achieved. This study captures the development of logic model in buget regulation on period 2010 – 2018. ABSTRAK Tujuan kajian ini mengungkap logic model dalam peraturan penganggaran, khususnya petunjuk penyusunan Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Kementerian Negara/Lembaga (RKAKL). Pengungkapan kajian ini menggunakan tahapan membangun logic model berdasarkan model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips (2013). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa logic model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips diacu sebagai gambaran besar saja tetapi ada perbedaan dalam struktur dan terminologi elemen-elemen logic model. Perbedaan tersebut penting diketahui karena dapat berpengaruh terhadap kejelasan hubungan kasualitas input-activity-output-outcomeimpact yang logis sehingga hasil akhir suatu program tercapai. Kajian ini merupakan upaya memotret perkembangan logic model dalam peraturan penganggaran tahun 2010-2018.

Always-On Sub-Microwatt Spiking Neural Network Based on Spike-Driven Clock- and Power-Gating for an Ultra-Low-Power Intelligent Device

This paper presents a novel spiking neural network (SNN) classifier architecture for enabling always-on artificial intelligent (AI) functions, such as keyword spotting (KWS) and visual wake-up, in ultra-low-power internet-of-things (IoT) devices. Such always-on hardware tends to dominate the power efficiency of an IoT device and therefore it is paramount to minimize its power dissipation. A key observation is that the input signal to always-on hardware is typically sparse in time. This is a great opportunity that a SNN classifier can leverage because the switching activity and the power consumption of SNN hardware can scale with spike rate. To leverage this scalability, the proposed SNN classifier architecture employs event-driven architecture, especially fine-grained clock generation and gating and fine-grained power gating, to obtain very low static power dissipation. The prototype is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS and occupies an area of 1.99 mm2. At 0.52 V supply voltage, it consumes 75 nW at no input activity and less than 300 nW at 100% input activity. It still maintains competitive inference accuracy for KWS and other always-on classification workloads. The prototype achieved a power consumption reduction of over three orders of magnitude compared to the state-of-the-art for SNN hardware and of about 2.3X compared to the state-of-the-art KWS hardware.

Synaptic plasticity-dependent competition rule influences memory formation

Memory is supported by a specific collection of neurons distributed in broad brain areas, an engram. Despite recent advances in identifying an engram, how the engram is created during memory formation remains elusive. To explore the relation between a specific pattern of input activity and memory allocation, here we target a sparse subset of neurons in the auditory cortex and thalamus. The synaptic inputs from these neurons to the lateral amygdala (LA) are not potentiated by fear conditioning. Using an optogenetic priming stimulus, we manipulate these synapses to be potentiated by the learning. In this condition, fear memory is preferentially encoded in the manipulated cell ensembles. This change, however, is abolished with optical long-term depression (LTD) delivered shortly after training. Conversely, delivering optical long-term potentiation (LTP) alone shortly after fear conditioning is sufficient to induce the preferential memory encoding. These results suggest a synaptic plasticity-dependent competition rule underlying memory formation.

Quantitative relations between transient BOLD responses, cortical energetics, and impulse firing in different cortical regions

The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging signal arises as a consequence of changes in blood flow (cerebral blood flow) and oxygen usage (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) that in turn are modulated by changes in neuronal activity. Much attention has been given to both theoretical and experimental aspects of the energetics but not to the neuronal activity. Here we use our previous theory relating the steady-state BOLD signal to neuronal activity and amalgamate it with the standard dynamic causal model (DCM, Friston) theory to produce a quantitative model relating the time-dependent BOLD signal to the underlying neuronal activity. Unlike existing treatments, this new theory incorporates a nonzero baseline activity in a completely consistent way and is thus able to account for both positive and negative BOLD signals. It can reproduce a wide variety of experimental BOLD signals reported in the literature solely by adjusting the neuronal input activity. In this way it provides support for the claim that the main features of the signals, including poststimulus undershoot and overshoot, are principally a result of changes in neuronal activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A previous model relating the steady-state blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal to neuronal activity, both above and below baseline, is extended to account for transient BOLD signals. This allows for a detailed investigation of the role neuronal activity can play in such signals and also encompasses poststimulus undershoot and overshoot. A wide variety of experimental BOLD signals are reproduced solely by adjusting the neuronal input activity, including recent results regarding the BOLD signal in patients with schizophrenia.

Task-based Methods and iPad Materials for Active Learning

When Japanese students try task-based group work in their classes, they often rely on their first language. To solve this problem, I asked UK university students to do the same task-based group work, recorded their interactions, and created a model video. Using the video materials, I designed a methodology for teaching group work. The unique points of the method are as follows: First, the students in Japan recorded their own task-based group work with iPads, analyzed it, and compared it to the model video. Second, the students wrote down Japanese expressions they would like to say in English during the discussion and the teacher created an input activity according to their needs. Finally, the students tried the same task with different group members and gave feedback on their communication skills. This paper introduces model video materials and methodology and presents potential implications for future study. 日本人英語学習者が英語でグループ活動を行う際、いまだ日本語が飛び交う傾向が多く、タスク活動の後のプレゼンテーションのみ英語を使用する場合が多い。その問題を解決するため、著者はイギリスの大学にてグループ活動の様子を録画しモデルビデオを作成した。さらにそのビデオ教材を利用してグループ活動のための指導法を作成した。この指導法の特徴は、日本人学習者が自身のグループ活動の様子を動画に録画しモデルビデオと比較分析しフィードバックができること、日本人英語学習者がグループ活動中に「言いたかった英語表現」を提出し、教師が英訳して配布することによって学生のニーズに応えていること、学生が異なるグループのメンバーで再度同じグループ活動を行い、書き起こしをしてフィードバックをしていることである。本稿では、日本人学習者が英語で円滑にグループ活動を行うための教材と教授法を紹介し、英語による円滑なグループ活動を目指す。

Introduction

The Introduction provides a brief overview of the book. The central theme is dopamine-mediated reward-related incentive learning—the acquisition by neutral stimuli of an increased ability to elicit approach and other responses. The brain has multiple memory systems defined as “declarative” and “non-declarative”; incentive learning produces one form of non-declarative memory. Once incentive learning is established it is gradually lost when the rewarding stimulus is no longer available or when dopamine function is reduced. Decreases in dopaminergic neurotransmission may produce inverse incentive learning—the loss by stimuli of their ability to elicit approach and other responses. Dopamine-related diseases including schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and drug abuse involve altered incentive learning. Incentive and inverse incentive learning may occur by the actions of dopamine, adenosine, and endocannabinoids at dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons that have had recent glutamate input. Activity in dopaminergic neurons in humans appears to affect mental experience.

Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Konseling Menyusui

Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam meningkatkan pemberian ASI di Indonesia adalah dengan memberikan konseling menyusui di pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan konseling menyusui di Kota Jambi dengan mengeksplorasi komponen input, activity, output, dan outcome. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif menggunakan strategi studi kasus. Penelitian dilakukan di empat puskesmas Kota Jambi pada bulan Desember 2013 sampai dengan Februari 2014. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi dokumen, observasi pelaksanaan konseling menyusui dan sarana prasarana, wawancara mendalam, serta focus group discussion. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komponen input dan activity kurang optimal seperti kurangnya sumber daya manusia, keterbatasan sarana prasarana, belum ada petunjuk teknis pelaksanaan konseling menyusui, belum ada pemantauan pascapelatihan, kurangnya komitmen personal konselor, belum ada penegasan program, serta lemahnya pengawasan. Komponen output masih kurang baik, terlihat pada belum terdapat data jumlah klien yang diberi konseling menyusui dan jumlah monitoring/supervisi. Komponen outcome menunjukkan bahwa kepuasan klien konseling menyusui kurang. Pelaksanaan konseling menyusui di Kota Jambi masih kurang optimal. Terlihat dari komponen input masih kurang memadai, komponen activity belum berjalan optimal, sedangkan komponen output dan komponen outcome belum mencapai hasil yang diharapkan.The government’s efforts in improving breastfeeding in Indonesia is to provide breastfeeding counseling services in health care especially at primary health care centre. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the implementation of breastfeeding counseling in the City of Jambi by exploring its input, activity, output, and outcomes components. This study was a qualitative research using case study strategy. The study was conducted in four health centers City of Jambi during December 2013 to February 2014. Data were collected through document study, breastfeeding counseling and execution infrastructure observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussion. Data analysis includes transcription, reduction, coding, categorizing, themes, and interpretation of research results. The results showed that the component inputs and activity were not done optimally due to a lack of human resources, infrastructure limitations, unavailability of technical guidelines, non-existence of post training monitoring or supervision, lack of counselor’s personal commitment, lack of program clarity, as well as poor management and supervision of the health department. Aservice output were not also good as indicated by data unavailability of clients served and none of monitoring has been conducted. Outcome component showed that there were still a lack of client satisfaction and resolved breastfeeding problems after acquiring breastfeeding counseling as an conclusion, implementation of breastfeeding counseling in the City of Jambi is still less than optimal, seen from the input components is still inadequate, activity components are not yet optimal, while the outputs and outcomes components not achieving the expected.

Long term functional plasticity of sensory inputs mediated by olfactory learning

Sensory inputs are remarkably organized along all sensory pathways. While sensory representations are known to undergo plasticity at the higher levels of sensory pathways following peripheral lesions or sensory experience, less is known about the functional plasticity of peripheral inputs induced by learning. We addressed this question in the adult mouse olfactory system by combining odor discrimination studies with functional imaging of sensory input activity in awake mice. Here we show that associative learning, but not passive odor exposure, potentiates the strength of sensory inputs up to several weeks after the end of training. We conclude that experience-dependent plasticity can occur in the periphery of adult mouse olfactory system, which should improve odor detection and contribute towards accurate and fast odor discriminations.