Carotid Body Inflammation: Role in Hypoxia and in the Anti-inflammatory Reflex

Physiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Iturriaga ◽  
Rodrigo Del Rio ◽  
Julio Alcayaga
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Emergent evidence indicates that the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors may sense systemic inflammatory molecules, and is an afferent-arm of the anti-inflammatory reflex. Moreover, a pro-inflammatory milieu within the CB is involved in the enhanced CB chemosensory responsiveness to oxygen following sustained and intermittent hypoxia. In this review, we focus on the physio-pathological participation of CBs in inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis and intermittent hypoxia.

Disordered haematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease: a focus on myelopoiesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (17) ◽  
pp. 1889-1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Dragoljevic ◽  
Marit Westerterp ◽  
Camilla Bertuzzo Veiga ◽  
Prabhakara Nagareddy ◽  
Andrew J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Cantos ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Proliferative Advantage

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) are primarily caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. Atherogenesis is mainly driven by recruitment of leucocytes to the arterial wall, where macrophages contribute to both lipid retention as well as the inflammatory milieu within the vessel wall. Consequently, diseases which present with an enhanced abundance of circulating leucocytes, particularly monocytes, have also been documented to accelerate CVD. A host of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesteraemia, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been shown to alter myelopoiesis to exacerbate atherosclerosis. Genetic evidence has emerged in humans with the discovery of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), resulting in a disordered haematopoietic system linked to accelerated atherogenesis. CHIP, caused by somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), consequently provide a proliferative advantage over native HSPCs and, in the case of Tet2 loss of function mutation, gives rise to inflammatory plaque macrophages (i.e. enhanced interleukin (IL)-1β production). Together with the recent findings of the CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) trial that revealed blocking IL-1β using Canakinumab reduced CV events, these studies collectively have highlighted a pivotal role of IL-1β signalling in a population of people with atherosclerotic CVD. This review will explore how haematopoiesis is altered by risk-factors and inflammatory disorders that promote CVD. Further, we will discuss some of the recent genetic evidence of disordered haematopoiesis in relation to CVD though the association with CHIP and suggest that future studies should explore what initiates HSPC mutations, as well as how current anti-inflammatory agents affect CHIP-driven atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals The Role of TNF-α induced MSCs on Suppressive Inflammation by Increasing TGF-β and IL-10

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Putra ◽  
Fatkhan Baitul Ridwan ◽  
Allisha Irwaniyanti Putridewi ◽  
Azizah Retno Kustiyah ◽  
Ken Wirastuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Groups ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Suppressive Phenotype ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may serve as immunoregulators by producing various anti-inflammatory molecules. Under sufficient level of TNF-α, MSCs become activated and adopt immune-suppressive phenotype (MSCs type-2) by releasing various anti-inflammatory molecule including TGF-β and IL-10. However, the ability of MSC itself to produce IL-10 under TNF-α stimulation and the correlation of TGF-β production of MSCs to IL-10 level remains to be elucidated. AIM: In this study, MSCs were activated with various TNF-α doses to determine the increase of IL-10 and TGF-β level as well as its correlation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study used post-test only control group design, by using 3 study groups, consist of 1 control (C) and 2 treatments (T) (TNF-α = 5 and 10 ng/mL) with triplicate induced in MSC for 24 hours, then the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were measured by using ELISA assay. RESULTS: The results of this study showed a significant increase of TGF-β and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05) at TNF-α 5 and 10 ng/mL dose of TNF-α. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between TGF-β and IL-10 level on 5 and 10 ng/mL dose TNF-α treatment. CONCLUSION: Based on our study, we conclude that the 5 ng/mL dose of TNF-α is a sufficient dose for MSCs to suppress the inflammatory milieu. The higher increase of TGF beta is due to the controlled inflammation by IL-10.

scholarly journals Adipokines in obesity and metabolic diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Giammanco ◽  
Herbert R. Marini ◽  
Socrate Pallio ◽  
Manfredi Marco Giammanco ◽  
Giovanni Tomasello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines that regulate important physiological functions. Growing studies have highlighted that these bioactive molecules may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Adipokines exert systemic metabolic effects and independent activity on numerous cells of the cardiovascular system, including cardiomyocytes and vascular cell walls. Adiponectin shows anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activity on blood vessels. Conversely, resistin is endowed with pro-inflammatory effects and stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, thus promoting the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Leptin plays an important role in cardiac remodeling and blood pressure regulation through the activation of the sympathetic system. Obesity is a pathological condition associated with hypertrophy of white adipose tissue, which stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory adipokines while, it reduces the production of anti-inflammatory adipokines. The delicate balance among the production of pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules generated by adipose tissue affects, not only the development of metabolic complications associated with obesity, but also the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, adipokines may be regarded as potential agents of clinical interest in the treatment of a wide range of metabolic disorders and as potential biomarkers useful for early detection of metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Anti-Hyperalgesic Properties of Menthol and Pulegone

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Hilfiger ◽  
Zélie Triaux ◽  
Christophe Marcic ◽  
Eléa Héberlé ◽  
Fathi Emhemmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Context: Menthol, the main monoterpene found in Mentha piperita L. (M. piperita) is known to modulate nociceptive threshold and is present in different curative preparations that reduce sensory hypersensitivities in pain conditions. While for pulegone, a menthol-like monoterpene, only a limited number of studies focus on its putative analgesic effects, pulegone is the most abundant monoterpene present in Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi (C. nepeta), a plant of the Lamiaceae family used in traditional medicine to alleviate rheumatic disorders, which counts amongst chronic inflammatory diseases.Objectives: Here, we analyzed the monoterpenes composition of C. nepeta and M. piperita. We then compared the putative anti-hyperalgesic effects of the main monoterpenes found, menthol and pulegone, in acute inflammatory pain conditions.Methods:C. nepeta and M. piperita extracts were obtained through pressurized liquid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of menthol or pulegone was evaluated by measuring the secretion of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) from LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. The in vivo anti-hyperalgesic effects of menthol and pulegone were tested on a rat inflammatory pain model.Results: Pulegone and menthol are the most abundant monoterpene found in C. nepeta (49.41%) and M. piperita (42.85%) extracts, respectively. In vitro, both pulegone and menthol act as strong anti-inflammatory molecules, with EC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.2 and 1.5 ± 0.1 mM, respectively, and exert cytotoxicity with EC50 values of 6.6 ± 0.3 and 3.5 ± 0.2 mM, respectively. In vivo, 100 mg/kg pulegone exerts a transient anti-hyperalgesic effect on both mechanical (pulegone: 274.25 ± 68.89 g, n = 8; vehicle: 160.88 ± 35.17 g, n = 8, p &lt; 0.0001), thermal heat (pulegone: 4.09 ± 0.62 s, n = 8; vehicle: 2.25 ± 0.34 s, n = 8, p &lt; 0.0001), and cold (pulegone: 2.25 ± 1.28 score, n = 8; vehicle: 4.75 ± 1.04 score, n = 8, p = 0.0003). In a similar way, 100 mg/kg menthol exerts a transient anti-hyperalgesic effect on both mechanical (mechanical: menthol: 281.63 ± 45.52 g, n = 8; vehicle: 166.25 ± 35.4 g, n = 8, p &lt; 0.0001) and thermal heat (menthol: 3.65 ± 0.88 s, n = 8; vehicle: 2.19 ± 0.26 s, n = 8, &lt;0.0001).Conclusion: Here, we show that both pulegone and menthol are anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic monoterpenes. These results might open the path towards new compound mixes to alleviate the pain sensation.

Heparin and proteoglycans as anti-inflammatory drugs

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
D. J. Tyrrell ◽  
C. P. Page
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

SummaryEvidence continues to accumulate that the pleiotropic nature of heparin (beyond its anticoagulant potency) includes anti-inflammatory activities at a number of levels. It is clear that drugs exploiting these anti-inflammatory activities of heparin may offer exciting new therapeutic applications to the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Thiophene-Based Compounds with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Ryldene Marques Duarte da Cruz ◽  
Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Junior ◽  
Natália Barbosa de Mélo ◽  
Luciana Scotti ◽  
Rodrigo Santos Aquino de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Tiaprofenic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Biological Target ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Privileged Structures

Rheumatoid arthritis, arthrosis and gout, among other chronic inflammatory diseases are public health problems and represent major therapeutic challenges. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prescribed clinical treatments, despite their severe side effects and their exclusive action in improving symptoms, without effectively promoting the cure. However, recent advances in the fields of pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and chemoinformatics have provided valuable information and opportunities for development of new anti-inflammatory drug candidates. For drug design and discovery, thiophene derivatives are privileged structures. Thiophene-based compounds, like the commercial drugs Tinoridine and Tiaprofenic acid, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. The present review provides an update on the role of thiophene-based derivatives in inflammation. Studies on mechanisms of action, interactions with receptors (especially against cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX)), and structure-activity relationships are also presented and discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of thiophene-based compounds as privileged structures for the design and discovery of novel anti-inflammatory agents. The studies reveal important structural characteristics. The presence of carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides, as well as methyl and methoxy groups, has been frequently described, and highlights the importance of these groups for anti-inflammatory activity and biological target recognition, especially for inhibition of COX and LOX enzymes.

scholarly journals Curcumin and Freshwater Clam Extracts Alleviate the Progression of Osteoarthritis by Reducing Synovial Inflammation and Allowing Cartilage Regeneration

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Chiao-Hsu Ke ◽  
Chia-Hui Hsu ◽  
Yu-Ling Lin ◽  
Wei-Hsiang Huang ◽  
Hsin-Pei Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Research Society ◽  
Infrapatellar Fat Pad ◽  
Freshwater Clam ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disorder and is accompanied by numerous pain symptoms. With increased age, individuals develop a chronic inflammatory status, and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as mediators contribute to the progression of OA. However, no desirable remedies have been completely able to inhibit OA progression or safely provide effective symptomatic relief. Natural component extracts or dietary-derived compounds are widely used for anti-inflammatory diseases. Curcumin and freshwater clam extract (FCE) have been proven as functional foods that are able to regulate immune systems. This study demonstrated that curcumin and FCE had synergistic effects on alleviating the progression of OA by assuaging inflammation and repairing the cartilage within the joints. After consumption of curcumin and FCE, the severity of synovitis was quantified by the infrapatellar fat pad inflammation scoring system and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Significant improvement and articular cartilage regeneration were noted. Moreover, once the inflammation within the joints was reduced, the animals redistributed their body weight on the OA-induced hindlimb. In summary, curcumin and FCE possess desirable anti-inflammatory and repair functions, suggesting their potential as alternative remedies in the management of OA or other inflammatory diseases.

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