scholarly journals Electrical Characterization of Proposed Transpositional Acupoints on the Urinary Bladder Meridian in a Rat Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jung Han ◽  
Sang-Jun Park ◽  
Kwang-sup Soh ◽  
Hyoun-Seok Myoung ◽  
Kyoung-Joung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Bladder Meridian ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Specific electrical characteristicsof acupointswere investigated on the urinary bladder (BL) meridian in 14 rats. BL acupointsand non-acupoints on the back were selected and their electrical voltages were measured by using aSPACsystem.The mean voltages of each point or each line were statistically analyzed by using the ANOVA test.The BL meridian showed voltages higher than those of the reference line (P<.05). Bilateral 1st BL lines presented higher voltages than bilateral 2nd BL lines (P<.05). Most BL acupoints had voltageshigher than those for the corresponding reference points (P<.05). In particular, theright BL16 exhibited the biggest difference from the reference point, followed by the left extra BL point-2, the right BL27, the left BL17, and theleft BL45. Additionally, the distributions of neurofilamentsfor several points were investigated by using immunohistochemistry. There was a trend for the BL acupoints to have larger numbers of neurofilaments than the reference points, and that trend seemed to be directly proportional to the difference in voltage between the points.In conclusion, BL acupoints on the back in ratsexhibited specific electric and histologic characteristics. Therefore, those acupointsmay be utilized to investigate the efficacy of acupuncturewith laboratory animals.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PERIODIC CYLINDRICAL SUBSURFACE DEFECTS BY PULSED FLASH THERMOGRAPHY

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550032 ◽  
Author(s):  
GORAN DIKIĆ ◽  
LJUBIŠA TOMIĆ ◽  
VESNA DAMNJANOVIĆ ◽  
BOJAN MILANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Flux ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Nonuniform Heating ◽  
Temperature Peak ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Temperature Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subsurface Defects

A characterization of cylindrical periodic subsurface defects of different sizes by means of pulsed thermography is presented in the paper. To ensure a uniform thermal flux distribution, the test samples were heated in lab conditions using two photographic flashes. Surface temperature was intentionally recorded at an angle to the normal of the sample surface. Recorded temperatures were compared with simulated temperatures and the differences in temperature peak values and temperature peak positions were noted. The thermal image was transformed based on known positions of four noncollinear points, in order to cancel out errors resulting from image recording at an angle. The uniformity of surface heating and the effect of the positions of the defects on the results were tested by means of a simulation model. The positions did not affect defect characterization. It was also found that in spite of nonuniform heating, if the reference points were selected properly, the difference in temperature contrast was negligible.

Echocardiographic determination of valid zero reference levels in supine and lateral positions

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
LL Kee ◽  
JS Simonson ◽  
NA Stotts ◽  
P Skov ◽  
NB Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrium ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Proper Position ◽  
External Reference ◽  
External Point ◽  
The Right

BACKGROUND: The phlebostatic axis--the junction of the fourth intercostal space and the midpoint of the anterior-posterior diameter--has been accepted as a reliable external reference point for the mid-right and mid-left atrium. Acceptance of this reference point is based upon research conducted in 1945 that measured venous pressures in the hands of subjects positioned with the head of the bed raised to different levels. The validity of this reference point for intracardiac pressure measurements in supine or laterally positioned patients has not been established. PURPOSE: To determine the validity of the phlebostatic axis in the supine and lateral positions. METHODS: To determine validity in the supine position, we compared the distance from the phlebostatic axis to a fixed external point (the bed surface) and the distance from the right and left atria in the supine position to this same fixed external point. The distances from the right and left atria to the bed surface were determined with echocardiography and were used as the standard for the proper position of external reference points. To determine the validity of the phlebostatic axis in lateral positions, we compared the distances from the right atrium and left atrium to the bed surface in the supine position with those distances in different lateral positions. RESULTS: We analyzed the data of 25 normal, healthy subjects. The study findings show that the phlebostatic axis is a valid reference point for the right atrium, and the phlebostatic axis and midanterior-posterior diameter are valid reference points for the left atrium in the supine position. However, neither is a valid external reference point in the lateral positions. Pressure measurements obtained when patients are in the lateral positions are not accurate. There remains a need to develop valid methods of accurate pressure measurements in various body positions.

scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics of the Conal Coronary Artery

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Stankovic ◽  
Milica Jesic
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Surgical Revascularization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Morphometric Characterization

The right conal (conus) artery either presents as the first ventricular branch of the right coronary artery (RCA) or arises directly from the aorta, in which case, it is considered the third coronary artery (TCA). Morphometric characterization of this artery is important for interpretation of coronarography, surgical revascularization of myocardium and embryological interpretations. Eight out of 23 hearts presented the TCA (34.8%). The difference in the frequency of the TCA between the sexes was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). In all the specimens, the ostium of the TCA was to the left of and superior to the ostium of the RCA. The supernumerary (third) coronary artery formed Vieussens' arterial ring in 50% of the cases with the TCA, while the conal branch of the RCA formed the anastomosis with the conal branch at a higher frequency (63% of the cases). The ratio of external diameters of the RCA and TCA was 2.84 ±0.78, while the ratio of external diameters of the RCA and its conal branch was 2.61±0.74. The difference in the ratios was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). There were no findings indicating that the presence of the TCA could be detrimental or advantageous when compared to the classical coronary scheme (right and left coronary arteries originating from the aortic sinuses). Based solely on the TCA's morphological features, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the presence of the TCA per se, is associated with a known clinical or disease state.

Electrical Characterization of Silicon - Nickel Iron Oxide Heterojunctions

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (41-42) ◽  
pp. 2241-2248
Author(s):  
James N. Talbert ◽  
Samuel R. Cantrell ◽  
Md. Abdul Ahad Talukder ◽  
Luisa M. Scolfaro ◽  
Wilhelmus J. Geerts
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Density Functional Theory Calculations ◽  
Oxygen Flow ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
P Type

ABSTRACTThe electrical properties of Radio Frequency Sputtered NiFeO and NiO films deposited on n and p-type Silicon is investigated for two different oxygen flows. Rectifying properties for Ni0.8Fe0.2O1+ α on n-Si showed Iforward/Ireverse &gt;10,000 for α&gt;0 and Iforward/Ireverse &gt;50 for α&lt;0. Both types of devices have opposite forward biases. Results suggest that NiFeO sputtered at high oxygen flow is p-type. For NiO and NiFeO on p-Si no strong rectifying properties were observed. The specific contact resistivity of Pt/Ni0.9Fe0.1O1+ α (α&gt;0) was estimated from the difference between the two and four-point probe resistances (0.0007 ± 0.0003 Ω cm2). Using density functional theory calculations, density of state and charge density plots were obtained for systems modelled after experiment, showing that states introduced by O vacancies in NiFeO are localized and prefer locations near Ni explaining the observed hysteresis effects in the IV curves of devices sputtered at low oxygen flow.

scholarly journals A new heterotropic vascularized model of total urinary bladder transplantation in a rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Jundziłł ◽  
Henryk Witmanowski ◽  
Ewa Żary-Sikorska ◽  
Jan Adamowicz ◽  
Magdalena Bodnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Transitional Epithelium ◽  
New Approach ◽  
India Ink ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis study developed a new procedure of urinary bladder transplantation on a rat model (n = 40). Heterotopic urinary bladder transplantation (n = 10) in the right groin vessels was performed. Direct urinary bladder examination, microangiography, histological analysis, and India ink injection were performed to evaluate the proposed method's functionality. Observation time was four weeks. One week after the procedure, the graft survival rate was 80%, two urinary bladders were lost due to anastomosis failure. The rest of the grafts survived two weeks without any complications. Lack of transitional epithelium or smooth muscle layer loss and lack of inflammatory process development were observed. This study was performed in order to obtain the necessary knowledge about urinary bladder transplantation. The proposed technique offers a new approach to the existing orthotropic models.

scholarly journals Soils Acidity Characterization, Mapping and Lime Recommendation of Jimma Arjo District, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayisa Olana Bulo ◽  
Hailu Shiferaw Desta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Analytical Services ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Soil fertility is one of the major constraints of agricultural production and productivity. Soil fertility atlas shows plant nutrient status and is useful for decision making in fertilizers and other amendments advisory service for farmers. The objectives of this research were to study the farming activity, assess the acidity status of the soils, map and recommend the right amount of lime for acidic soils. Result: A total of 199 soil samples were collected across Jimma Arjo district at 1.5 km grid interval from a depth of 0 - 20 cm for annual and 0 - 50 cm for perennial crops. The total area of the district was 76,574 ha. Soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable acidity (EA) were done at Nekemte Soil Research Center. Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na) were analyzed by wet chemistry analysis at Yara Analytical Services, England. Critical levels adopted by the Ethiopian Soil Information System (EthioSIS) project were used for characterization of the soil properties. Soil reaction (pH) ranged from 4.45 to 6.87 in which 17.1 and 78.4% of the total area was covered by strongly acidic soils and slightly acidic soils, respectively. Agricultural lime (Ag-lime) was required for 17.87% of the total area and 12.63%, 4.36% and 0.88% of the total area require lime at a rate of 0 - 1, 1 - 2, and 2 - 4.1 tons/ha respectively. Conclusion: The highland areas of the district are more populated and there is high pressure on soil, cooler temperature and higher rainfall than lowlands which resulted in soil acidity of the highlands. The magnitude and extent of soil acidity in the area is expanding and liming is very important as an entry point to mitigate further expansion. The observed dependency of the soil acidity on landscape position could be a proxy indicator of the difference in fertility status of the two landscapes.

Impact of Interface Trap Density of SiC-MOSFET in High-Temperature Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 963 ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaroh Sato ◽  
Masahiro Masunaga ◽  
Yuki Mori ◽  
Nobuyuki Sugii ◽  
Akio Shima
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Interface Trap ◽  
Ideal Condition ◽  
Measurement Result ◽  
High Temperature Electronics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

We report the physical and electrical characterization of the inversion layer carrier and the shallow interface trap sites with n-and p-channel SiC-MOSFET in terms of high temperature electronics. This work proposes a physical model that explains the difference between Id-Vg measurement result and calculation result supposing the ideal condition with Pao and Sah double ideal in room temperature. The measurement at 500°C confirmed our model so that inversion carrier were thermally excided, they could not be easily trapped by shallow trap sites, and Id-Vg measurement result approached the ideal condition.

scholarly journals Assessment of discomfort in gallstone-bearing mice: a practical example of the problems encountered in an attempt to recognize discomfort in laboratory animals

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Beynen ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
A. P. M. G. Bertens ◽  
R. Havenaar ◽  
A. P. M. Hesp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Individual Mouse ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

In order to obtain practical experience on the recognition, assessment and evaluation of discomfort in laboratory animals, the degree of discomfort was studied in gallstone-free and gallstone-bearing mice. Out of nine parameters to which scores were assigned per individual mouse, only the response to palpation of the right hypochondrium was found to score significantly higher in gallstone-bearing mice. That is, the incidence of squeaking and the magnitude of muscular contractions were significantly higher in these animals compared with the gallstone-free mice. The stance of the gallstone-bearing mice also tended to be abnormal, although the difference between gallstone-free and gallstone-bearing animals did not reach statistical significance. Although this study does not prove unequivocally that the induction of gallstones per se causes discomfort or pain in mice, we tentatively conclude that it does. We feel that this should be taken into account in any projected work in which gallstone induction in animals may occur. There was considerable between-assessor variation in the assignment of scores to the variables used to assess discomfort, including the response to palpation. It is concluded that the selection of parameters and the experience and/or attitude of the assessor are critically important when the magnitude of discomfort, if any, is assessed in experimental animals.

When Falling Just Short is a Good Thing: The Effect of Past Performance on Improvement

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252110182
Author(s):  
Mariya Burdina ◽  
Scott Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Good Thing ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reference Dependent Preferences

Models of reference-dependent preferences show that an individual’s utility depends on the difference between the outcome and a “neutral” reference point. Our paper investigates how distance from reference points affects future performance. We find that round numbers and personal bests motivate runners and that missing the goal by a small amount improves future performance. For those who achieve their goal, future performance suffers slightly. In empirical analysis, we use an extensive panel of marathon data, which contains a past running history for every runner in our sample and allows us to estimate runners’ ability and experience.

Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
James J. Mangraviti
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Rotation ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

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