scholarly journals Assessment of discomfort in gallstone-bearing mice: a practical example of the problems encountered in an attempt to recognize discomfort in laboratory animals

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Beynen ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
A. P. M. G. Bertens ◽  
R. Havenaar ◽  
A. P. M. Hesp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Individual Mouse ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

In order to obtain practical experience on the recognition, assessment and evaluation of discomfort in laboratory animals, the degree of discomfort was studied in gallstone-free and gallstone-bearing mice. Out of nine parameters to which scores were assigned per individual mouse, only the response to palpation of the right hypochondrium was found to score significantly higher in gallstone-bearing mice. That is, the incidence of squeaking and the magnitude of muscular contractions were significantly higher in these animals compared with the gallstone-free mice. The stance of the gallstone-bearing mice also tended to be abnormal, although the difference between gallstone-free and gallstone-bearing animals did not reach statistical significance. Although this study does not prove unequivocally that the induction of gallstones per se causes discomfort or pain in mice, we tentatively conclude that it does. We feel that this should be taken into account in any projected work in which gallstone induction in animals may occur. There was considerable between-assessor variation in the assignment of scores to the variables used to assess discomfort, including the response to palpation. It is concluded that the selection of parameters and the experience and/or attitude of the assessor are critically important when the magnitude of discomfort, if any, is assessed in experimental animals.

scholarly journals Review. Anticoagulant Therapy in Sepsis. The Importance of Timing

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ecaterina Scarlatescu ◽  
Dana Tomescu ◽  
Sorin Stefan Arama
Keyword(s):  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Coagulation Activation ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Patient Heterogeneity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Selection Of Patients ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Sepsis associated coagulopathy is due to the inflammation-induced activation of coagulation pathways concomitant with dysfunction of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems, leading to different degrees of haemostasis dysregulation. This response is initially beneficial, contributing to antimicrobial defence, but when control is lost coagulation activation leads to widespread microvascular thrombosis and subsequent organ failure. Large clinical trials of sepsis-related anticoagulant therapies failed to show survival benefits, but posthoc analysis of databases and several smaller studies showed beneficial effects of anticoagulants in subgroups of patients with early sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. A reasonable explanation could be the difference in timing of anticoagulant therapy and patient heterogeneity associated with large trials. Proper selection of patients and adequate timing are required for treatment to be successful. The time when coagulation activation changes from advantageous to detrimental represents the right moment for the administration of coagulation-targeted therapy. In this way, the defence function of the haemostatic system is preserved, and the harmful effects of overwhelming coagulation activation are avoided.

scholarly journals Perioperative observations of different bypass modes of a right coronary system based on instantaneous blood flow during the operation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Zhao ◽  
Chun Fu ◽  
Li-xue Zhang ◽  
Guo-dong Zhang ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Right Coronary Artery ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Grafting ◽  
Sequential Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background: With the ageing of China's population, the incidence and mortality of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is increasing year by year, which brings a heavy burden to the family and society [1]. We aimed to analyse the strategy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the right coronary artery and to compare the haemodynamic characteristics of the sequential grafts with those of single grafts and to observe the patency rate of those grafts for one week after the operation.Methods: A total of 242 patients (178 men, mean age 62.6±8.8 years) underwent right coronary artery bypass grafting in our hospital from October 2016 to January 2019. The blood flow (Q, ml/min), pulsatility index (PI) and related parameters of the grafts were measured and recorded by TTFM during the CABG. The patency of the grafts was evaluated by coronary computed tomography (CT) for one week after the operation. Results: The most common material used for the graft in the right coronary system of CABG is the greater saphenous vein (92.3%), followed by the radial artery (5.5%) and the internal mammary artery (1.9%). The highest frequency target of the right coronary artery is the posterior descending artery (PDA) (47.6%), followed by the right main coronary artery (RCA) (29.1%) and the posterior branch of the left ventricle (PL) (23.3%). The proportion of single grafts was the highest for the right coronary artery in CABG (178 cases, 67.9%), followed by a graft of the PDA-PL (42 cases, 16.0%) and other sequential grafts among the different coronary artery systems (including the system of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex (LCX)). Whether there were sequential grafts of the PDA-PL or other sequential grafts among the different systems of the coronary artery, the instantaneous flow of a group of sequential grafts was higher than that of a single graft, and the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the flow between the groups of sequential grafts (P = 0.410). Diastolic flow (DF) in the group of sequential grafts of the right coronary system was better than that in the non-sequential group (P < 0.001), and the difference had statistical significance. There was no significant difference between the DF of the groups of the other system of sequential grafts and that of the right coronary sequential grafts. Coronary artery CT suggested that there were 11 cases of poorly developing grafts or stenosis and occlusion a week after the operation, and those phenomenon mainly occurred in the group with a single graft. There was only one case that was occluded in the group of other systems of sequential grafts, and statistically significant differences existed between the two groups (P < 0.01).Conclusions: In our centre, the most common form of CABG in the right coronary artery system is a non-sequential vein bridge to the PDA. Whether there are sequential grafts of the PDA-PL or other sequential grafts among the different coronary artery systems, the instantaneous flow of a group of sequential grafts is higher than that of a single graft. DF in the group of sequential grafts of the right coronary system was better than that in the non-sequential group.

scholarly journals Perioperative observation and study of blood flow of different bypass form in right coronary artery bypass grafting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Zhao ◽  
Chun Fu ◽  
Li-xue Zhang ◽  
Guo-dong Zhang ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Right Coronary Artery ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Grafting ◽  
Artery Bypass Grafting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: With the aging of China's population, the incidence and mortality of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) are increasing year by year, which brings a heavy burden to the family and society [1]. To analyse the strategy of Coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) in right coronary artery. To compare hemodynamic characteristics of the sequential grafts with those of single grafts and observe the patency rate of those grafts for one week after-operation.Methods: A total of 242 patients (178 male, mean age 62.6±8.8 years ) underment the right coronary artery bypass grafting in our hospital from October 2016 to January 2019 were collected. The blood flow (Q, ml/min) and pulsatility index (PI) and related parameters of grafts are measured and recorded by TTFM in CABG.The patency of grafts were evaluated by coronary computed tomography(CT) for one week after operation.Results: The most common material of graft in right coronary system of CABG is great saphenous vein(92.3%), followed by the radial artery and internal mammary artery. The highest frequency target of right coronary artery is posterior descending artery (PDA)(47.6%),followed by the Right main coronary artery (RCA )(29.1%) and Posterior branch of left ventricle (PL)(23.3%).The proportion of single graft is the largest in right coronary artery in CABG(178 cases，67.9%),followed by the proportion of the graft of PDA-PL (42cases，16.0%) and other sequential grafts among the different coronary artery system (including the system of Left anterior descending artery (LAD) and Left Circumflex (LCX)).The research shows that whether the sequential grafts of PDA-PL or with other sequential grafts among the different system of coronary artery the instantaneous flow of group of sequential grafts is higher than that of single graft, and the difference has statistical significance (P < 0.01) .But there was no statistical difference of the flow between groups of sequential grafts (P = 0.410).Diastolic flow (DF) in the group of sequential grafts of right coronary system is better than that in non-sequential group (P < 0.001), and the difference has statistical significance. There was no statistical difference between the DF of groups of other system of sequential grafts and that of right coronary sequential grafts .Coronary artery CT suggests that there was 11 cases existing poor development grafts or stenosis and occlusion in week after operation,and those phenomenon mainly occurred in the group of a single graft.There was only one case which be occluded in the group of other systems of sequential grafts, and statistically significant difference existed between two groups (P < 0.01).Conclusions: The most common form of CABG in right coronary artery system is non-sequential vein bridge to PDA in our center. Whether the sequential grafts of PDA-PL or other sequential grafts among the different coronary artery system the instantaneous flow of group of sequential grafts is higher than that of single graft. DF in the group of sequential grafts of right coronary system is better than that in non-sequential group.

scholarly journals “Mysterious power of harmony...”: lessons of a simulation type in L.V. Shamrey’s scientific and methodological works

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
L.V. Derbentseva
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Literature Teaching ◽  
Literary Education ◽  
Content Selection ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of the article is to present the scientific and methodological ideas of Professor L.V. Shamrey’s, ScD in Education. The article focuses on the issues of modern lessons of Literature; the issues, related to the general and philological culture of the teacher, their professional skills to plan and structure one’s activities, rethink the goals and objectives of teaching in accordance with modern requirements. The article includes information on the all-Russian conference “Literary work in the context of artistic culture” (Nizhny Novgorod), dedicated to the memory of L.V. Shamrey. The article includes a substantial review of her monograph “The role of image-associative thinking in the development of the school pupil reader”. Describing the scientific direction headed by L.V. Shamrey, the author dwells in detail on the difference between the lessons of a simulation type and traditional literature lessons. The difference entails imagery as a principle of structuring educational activities, increased emotiveness, careful selection of content, higher complexity of tasks and accuracy of wording. In the article special attention is paid to the staged structure and organization of the lessons of a simulation type including the “birth” of an idea expressed in a metaphorical form, concept, principles of content selection, and description of the course of the lesson. Theoretically based ideas are supported by some examples of lessons from the practical experience of L.V. Shamrey’s. By way of conclusion, the author deduces that the introduction of the lessons of a simulation type into the literature teaching process is not a rejection of the traditional classical lesson. It’s an enrichment of the teacher’s professional culture which has a huge impact on the development of literary education in school and a certain degree of students’ freedom of reflection over the read piece of art.

scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics of the Conal Coronary Artery

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Stankovic ◽  
Milica Jesic
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Surgical Revascularization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Morphometric Characterization

The right conal (conus) artery either presents as the first ventricular branch of the right coronary artery (RCA) or arises directly from the aorta, in which case, it is considered the third coronary artery (TCA). Morphometric characterization of this artery is important for interpretation of coronarography, surgical revascularization of myocardium and embryological interpretations. Eight out of 23 hearts presented the TCA (34.8%). The difference in the frequency of the TCA between the sexes was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). In all the specimens, the ostium of the TCA was to the left of and superior to the ostium of the RCA. The supernumerary (third) coronary artery formed Vieussens' arterial ring in 50% of the cases with the TCA, while the conal branch of the RCA formed the anastomosis with the conal branch at a higher frequency (63% of the cases). The ratio of external diameters of the RCA and TCA was 2.84 ±0.78, while the ratio of external diameters of the RCA and its conal branch was 2.61±0.74. The difference in the ratios was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). There were no findings indicating that the presence of the TCA could be detrimental or advantageous when compared to the classical coronary scheme (right and left coronary arteries originating from the aortic sinuses). Based solely on the TCA's morphological features, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the presence of the TCA per se, is associated with a known clinical or disease state.

scholarly journals OCENA DYMORFIZMU PŁCIOWEGO WSKAŹNIKA DŁUGOŚCI PALCÓW (2D:4D)

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Mularczyk ◽  
Angelika Ziętek-Czeszak ◽  
Zbigniew Ziętek
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Fourth Finger ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Finger Length Ratio

Introduction: Studies on many populations have shown that the length of the second finger (2D) compared to the fourth (4D), expressed as the finger length ratio (2D:4D), might be characteristic for sexual dimorphism. It was also found that the values of 2D:4D differ significantly between examined populations. It is thought that the value of 2D:4D is determined in early foetal life under the influence of genetic factors and the strong influence of sex hormones. It has been proven that the values of 2D:4D are related to, for instance, sexual orientation, and artistic and sporting ability. Recently, increasing interest in the clinical significance of finger length ratio in the diagnosis of somatic and mental disorders has been observed. For example, it was found that values of 2D:4D in individuals suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia or autism were significantly lower compared to healthy subjects. The aim of the study was to determine sexual dimorphism in finger length ratio among representatives of the Polish population.Materials and methods: The study group comprised 115 people (57 females and 58 males). Anthropometric measurements were taken from the second and fourth finger of the right and left hands – from the point of dactylion (da) to pseudophalangion (pph) using analogue callipers. We calculated the significance of differences in 2D:4D between males and females separately for the right and left hands.Results: In both hands mean 2D:4D values were lower in males than in females. The difference in the right hand reached the statistical significance level with p < 0.05.Conclusions: Among the subjects from the examined population the 2D:4D ratio shows trends characteristic for sexual dimorphism.

scholarly journals The right hand second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship with body composition indicators among young population

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydeep Majumder ◽  
Bhavani S. Bagepally
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Waist Hip Ratio ◽  
Box Plots ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Objective: Study examined 2D:4D among young adults with an attempt to explore its relation to body composition indicators and somatotyping in Indian population. Methods: 317 participants (190 women; 19-40 years), were examined for digit lengths, height, weight, skinfold thicknesses at various regions, and circumferences of chest, waist, hip, thigh and calf. Body somatotyping were calculated from measurements. Body composition indicators were compared among gender and whole study group between participants with 2D:4D<1 and 2D:4D>1. Results: Height, weight, arm circumference and BMI were significantly higher among women with 2D:4D<1 as compared to 2D:4D>1; further mesomorphy enhanced with lowered 2D:4D. 3D scatter plot for percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and 2D:4D showed increased body fat with increase in 2D:4D among men. Positive relation emerged between waist-hip ratio and 2D:4D, revealing significant fat deposition at the waist-hip region among women. Statistical analysis used: Two tailed independent sample t test was used to analyze the difference in parameters between men and women. The statistical significance level of p<0.05 was considered significant. Scatter plots were drawn with fitted lines for estimated means with marginal box plots. Conclusion: Although gender is differentiated based on anthropometric characteristics and 2D:4D, digit ratio may have a modest role in understanding the body composition indicators in terms of association between lower 2D:4D with male type pattern of anthropometric indicators even among young Indian women.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.10903Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 78-84

scholarly journals Analisis Performa Rasio Kompresi Pada Metode Differensiasi ASCII Dan Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Tommy Tommy ◽  
Rosyidah Siregar ◽  
Amir Mahmud Husein ◽  
Mawaddah Harahap ◽  
Ferdy Riza
Keyword(s):  
Data Compression ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Compression Method ◽  
Differentiation Method ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Input Character

ASCII differentiation is a compression method that utilizes the difference value or the difference between the bytes contained in the input character. Technically, the ASCII differentiation method can be done using a coding dictionary or using windowing block instead of the coding dictionary. Previous research that has been carried out shows that the ASCII differentiation compression ratio is good enough but still needs to be analyzed on performance from the perspective of the compression ratio of the method compared to other methods that have been widely used today. In this study an analysis of the comparison of the ASCII Difference method with other compression methods such as LZW will be carried out. The selection of LZW itself is done by reason of the number of data compression applications that use the method so that it can be the right benchmark. Comparison of the compression ratio performed shows the results of ASCII differentiation have advantages compared to LZW, especially in small input characters. Whereas in large input characters, LZW can optimize the probability of pairs of characters that appear compared to ASCII differentiation which is glued to the difference values ​​in each block of input characters so that in large size characters LZW has a greater compression ratio compared to ASCII differentiation.

Effect of granulocyte colony–stimulating factor on the cochlear nuclei after creation of a partial nerve lesion: an experimental study in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Ramina Montibeller ◽  
Benjamin Schackmann ◽  
Steffi Urbschat ◽  
Joachim M. K. Oertel
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nerve Lesion ◽  
Cochlear Nuclei ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulating Factor

OBJECTIVEThe risk of injury of the cochlear nerve during angle (CPA) surgery is high. Granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been found in various experimental models of peripheral and CNS injury to have a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. However, to the authors' knowledge, the influence of G-CSF on cochlear nerve regeneration has not been reported. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of G-CSF after a partial cochlear nerve lesion in rats.METHODSA lesion of the right cochlear nerve in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was created using a water-jet dissector with a pressure of 8 bar. In the first group (G-CSF-post), G-CSF was administrated on Days 1, 3, and 5 after the surgery. The second group (G-CSF-pre/post) was treated with G-CSF 1 day before and 1, 3, and 5 days after applying the nerve injury. The control group received sodium chloride after nerve injury at the various time points. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were measured directly before and after nerve injury and on Days 1 and 7 to evaluate the acoustic function of the cochlear nerve. The animals were sacrificed 1 week after the operation, and their brains were fixed in formalin. Nissl staining of the cochlear nuclei was performed, and histological sections were analyzed with a light microscope and an image-processing program. The numbers of neurons in the cochlear nuclei were assessed.RESULTSThe values for Waves 2 and 4 of the BAEPs decreased abruptly in all 3 groups in the direct postoperative measurement. Although the amplitude in the control group did not recover, it increased in both treatment groups. According to 2-way ANOVA, groups treated with G-CSF had a significant increase in BAEP Wave II amplitudes on the right side (p = 0.0401) after the applied cochlear nerve injury. With respect to Wave IV, a trend toward better recovery in the G-CSF groups was found, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In the histological analysis, higher numbers of neurons were found in the G-CSF groups. In the statistical analysis, the difference in the numbers of neurons between the control and G-CSF-post groups reached significance (p = 0.0086). The difference in the numbers of neurons between the control and G-CSF-pre/post groups and between the G-CSF-post and G-CSF-pre/post groups did not reach statistical significance.CONCLUSIONSThe use of G-CSF improved the function of the eighth cranial nerve and protected cochlear nucleus cells from destruction after a controlled partial injury of the nerve. These findings might be relevant for surgery that involves CPA tumors. The use of G-CSF in patients with a lesion in the CPA might improve postoperative outcomes.

Where are All the Products? Are We Really Doing Social Marketing or are We Doing Social Sales?

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Merritt ◽  
Alex Christopoulos ◽  
Allison Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Commercial Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Place Promotion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

In their description of social marketing, Kotler and Zaltman (1971) postulate the difference between marketing and sales. Sales are defined as “finding customers for existing products and convincing them to buy these products,” whereas marketing is described as “discovering the wants of a target audience and then creating the goods and services to satisfy them” (p. 5). The marketing mix and consideration of all its Ps (product, price, place, promotion) is a fundamental contributor to the success of marketing. A successful commercial company would never look to promote a message unless it had a product or service, at the right price, in a convenient location. Despite this knowledge, social marketing projects often focus predominantly, and sometimes solely, on the final P — promotion. This article looks at a selection of the products and services offered in England, debates whether we are doing marketing or sales, and attempts to answer the question Bill Smith posed at the World Social Marketing Conference held in Brighton, England, in September 2008: “Where's the product?”

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