scholarly journals Statistical Study of Physicochemical Characteristicsof Wastewater in Odogunyan, Lagos, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2010-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Akoteyon ◽  
O. Soladoye
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Study ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater samples collected from Odogunyan area was studied. Samples collected were designated (OWS1-OWS5) representing 5 sampling points and were analyzed for 14 parameters including; (pH, TSS, TDS, Cl, EC, BOD, COD, DO, Pb, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe and Zinc) during the month of September 2009. The mean value obtained for total suspended solid & zinc were above FEPA stipulated tolerance limit in OWS2& OWS5whereas for zinc, it was above the stipulated limit in OWS2, OWS3and OWS5. Cr was not detected except in two locations (i.e. OWS3& OWS5). Although there is no FEPA’s limit for EC, the concentration obtained in OWS2& OWS5were relatively higher than the mean obtained. Mercury and Lead were not detected in all the samples.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Contents in Soils and Cassava Plants from Farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
N. P. Udeh ◽  
A. C. Ikegwuonu ◽  
O. A. Okeke ◽  
C. Obudulu ◽  
K. P. Okafor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Metal Enrichment ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
The Mean

Soil samples and cassava tubers collected from farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka vicinity were analyzed for their heavy metal levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in order to assess their levels of contamination on the environment as a result of excessive fertilizers and automobile emission. Physiochemical properties of the soil samples were determined using standard methods. The soil pH had a mean value of 6.27 ± 0.07, 6.10 ± 0.06 and 6.57 ± 0.03 respectively indicating that the soils were slightly acidic to neutrality. Total organic carbon and nitrate mean values were 105.20 ± 6.20, 95.75 ± 9.57 and 94.6 ± 2.27 and 138.07 ± 12.09, 149.35 ± 14.25 and 149.20 ± 1.17 respectively showing presence of some organic matters. The mean levels of heavy metals in the soil samples were 0.01 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.05 ± 0.03 for lead (Pb), 0.24 ± 0.16, 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.001 ± 0.000 for cadmium (Cd) and 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.010 ± 0.006 and 0.001 ± 0.001 for chromium (Cr). These metals levels were in the abundance trend of Pb>Cd> Cr. The mean metal concentrations obtained in the cassava tubers respectively were 0.001 ± 0.001, 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.005 ± 0.005 for lead (Pb), 0.000 ± 0.000, 0.0003 ± 0.0003 and 0.000 ± 0.000 for cadmium (Cd) and 0.002 ± 0.002, 0.000 ± 0.000 and 0.002 ± 0.002 for chromium (Cr). These metals levels were in the abundance trend of Pb> Cr > Cd. For both the soil and cassava samples, there were no significant variations in the heavy metal concentrations and also in physicochemical parameter except for pH; this showed that there is low heavy metal enrichment in the soils studied. Based on the study, the following heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr) falls within the Codex maximum permissible limits 0.1mg/l or ppm expect soil cadmium in science village which is above the Codex limit. The overall results showed that the farmlands (on soils and cassava tuber) appear to be free from poisoning or some metal enrichment and safe for agricultural purposes and also safe for human health and consumption.

scholarly journals Industrialisation Scenario at Sreepur of Gazipur, Bangladesh and Physico-chemical Properties of Wastewater Discharged from Industries

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Billal Hossain ◽  
Md. Nurul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Shamsul Alam ◽  
Md. Zakir Hossen
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Textile Dyeing ◽  
Wastewater Samples

This study was conducted to explore the present trend and pattern of industrial growth with spatial distribution of industries and seasonal extent of physicochemical characteristics of wastewater at Sreepur of Gazipur, Bangladesh. The wastewater samples were collected from 5 locations in three seasons viz. pre-monsoon, monsoon and dry season. A total of 120 medium to large industries were surveyed, among those 52 were in red category, 53 were in orange-B category, 13 were in orange-A and only 2 were in green category. In 1995, there were only three industries, which gradually increased to a total of 29 in 2005. Among them, 11 were in red category and 18 were in orange-B category. But from 2006-2010, a total 59 industries were developed and most of them were in red and orange-B categories. Similarly, during the period of 2011 to March 2013, a total 16 industries were developed, among them 8 industries were in red and 3 were in orange-B category. Major types of wastewater discharging industries were textile, dyeing, washing and printing. Among the surveyed industries about 33% didn’t have any effluent treatment plant (ETP). The mean value of pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD and TDS of wastewater were 7.28, 2.64, 1.62 mg L-1, 82.0 mg L-1, 217.31 mg L-1 and 1380 mg L-1, respectively during pre-monsoon; 6.7, 1.15, trace, 8.0 mg L-1, 152.4 mg L-1 and 539.58 mg L-1, respectively during monsoon and 7.7, 1.82, 0.74 mg L-1, 48.8 mg L-1, 204.8 mg L-1 and 993.6 mg L-1, respectively during dry season. Average DO concentrations in all seasons and sites were significantly low, while BOD and COD contents were higher in pre-monsoon and dry seasons than the DoE permissible limit. The study concluded that the area is now a hub of polluting industries which are mostly liable to pollute the surrounding environment.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of the hydro-environmental factors and phytoplankton community around waters in Tincan Island, Lagos State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1739-1746
Author(s):  
M.C. Okere ◽  
I.C. Davies ◽  
S.E. Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Phytoplankton Diversity ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

The phytoplankton diversity, pigment, abundance and distribution in relation to physico-chemical parameters were studied from four stations for a period of five months (May – September 2018) and were analysed using standard procedures. Rainfall was highest (329.5 mm) in September and lowest (142.7 mm) in July. The total suspended solid (TSS) had a mean value of 63.10±12.81 mg/L and the total dissolved solids (TDS) had the highest value of 15189 mg/L in May which was not significantly different around the sampling points {P > 0.05}. The pH and nitrate level recorded had a mean value of 7.25±0.33 and 3.11±1.33 mg/L respectively. Microscopic identification revealed a total of 129 species belonging to 62 genera, 22 families and five divisions in the following order of specie abundance: Bacillariophyceae (65 taxa) > Cyanophyceae (27 taxa) > Chlorophyta (20 taxa) > Dinophyceae (10 taxa) > Euglenophyceae (7 taxa). The high dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa observed was indicative of organic pollution. The range of community structure indices were as follows: Margalef Index (0.1406 – 5.295) and Shannon – Weiner Index (0.02644 - 0.4979). The relatively high nutrient status favours the high abundance of phytoplankton which is understood to be deleterious to the ecosystem. Municipal wastes must be treated or recycled before discharge and a continuous environmental surveillance is required to maintain the biological integrity of this area. Keywords: Phytoplankton, Physicochemical Parameters, Nutrient Status and Tincan Island

scholarly journals Assessment of eutrophication and nitrogen and phosphorus carrying capacity before and after removing pen culture (2013–2018) in Lake Changhu, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Li ◽  
Tingbing Zhu ◽  
Yongfeng He ◽  
Xingbing Wu ◽  
Yongjiu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inform Decision Making ◽  
Trophic Level Index

Abstract In this study, the eutrophication levels and nitrogen and phosphorus carrying capacities of Lake Changhu in Jingzhou city, Hubei province, China, were measured using the trophic level index (TLI) and Dillon model. The measurements were taken before (2013 and 2015) and after (2017 and 2018) the removal of pen aquaculture from the lake. The lake was divided into three districts: Lake Haizihu, Mahongtai Channel and Lake Dahu. The results showed total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorophyll a (Chl-a), and total suspended solid (TSS) values were significantly higher in 2017 than in the other years. The Lake Haizihu district was predicted to be more seriously polluted than the other districts. In the sediment, the organic matter, STN (TN in sediment) and STP (TP in sediment) contents increased from 2013 to 2018. The mean TLI values ranged from 62.99 to 78.93 in the studied years, and the eutrophication level was highest in 2017. According to the Dillon model, when the target water quality was level III (GB 3838 − 2002, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 2002), the remaining TN and TP loading capacities were − 1470.72 t/a and − 182.74 t/a, respectively, in 2015, and 320.03 t/a and − 111.14 t/a, respectively, in 2018. The study provide valuable information about the actual water conditions of Lake Changhu, which will help to inform decision-making for the management of water environments.

scholarly journals Water quality assessment of Nwangele river in Imo State, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
pp. 01-05 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anudike Joseph ◽  
Duru Majesty ◽  
Uhegbu Friday
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Imo State

Water quality assessment of Nwangele river was undertaken using standard methods. Water samples were drawn from upstream, midstream and downstream of the river and assessed for quality. Results obtained for physicochemical characteristics showed pH (4.83±.0.01-5.00±0.31), total solid (200.00±2.40-613.19±1.10 mg/L), and total suspended solid (49.98±0.11-399.04±2.09 mg/L). Heavy metals found in the river water were iron (0.132±0.01- 0.144±0.02 mg/L), zinc (0.034±0.02- 0.044±0.02 mg/L), mercury (0.004±0.001- 0.011±0.00 mg/L), lead (0.008±0.00- 0.016±0.00 mg/L) and cadmium (0.03±0.01- 0.011±0.00 mg/L). Microbiological studies on the river revealed the presence of Klebsieilla sp., Vibro sp., Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., Escherichia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Shigella sp., Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., and Enterobacter sp as bacterial isolates with high total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC), total coliform count (TCC), Salmonella-shigella count (SSC), and total viable count (TVC). Nwangele River water is acidic, with high total suspended solid, phosphate and microbial loads. It is therefore advisable to purify water from the river before consumption. This study has assessed the water quality of Nwangele river in Imo State, Nigeria

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics and Composition of Three Morphotypes ofCyperus esculentusTubers and Tuber Oils

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souleymane Bado ◽  
Patrice Bazongo ◽  
Gouyahali Son ◽  
Moe Thida Kyaw ◽  
Brian Peter Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Tuber characteristics and nutrient composition of three morphotypes ofCyperus esculentustubers and tuber oils were determined. The mean value for length and width of the tuber and one thousand dried tuber weights ranged from 0.98 to 1.31 cm, 0.90 to 1.19 cm, and 598 to 1044 g, respectively. Tubers displayed high level of starch (30.54–33.21 g 100 g−1), lipid (24.91–28.94 g 100 g−1), and sucrose (17.98–20.39 g 100 g−1). The yellow tubers had significantly higher content in lipid compared to black ones. Levels of ascorbic acid, tocopherol, andβ-carotene of the three morphotypes differed significantly. Yellow ones (morphotypes 1 and 2) were the richest in tocopherol and the poorest inβ-carotene. Saturated fatty acid content of morphotype 2 was significantly lower than that of morphotypes 1 and 3. Morphotype 3 had the significantly lowest PUFA content compared to morphotypes 1 and 2. Morphotype 1 was found to be richer in Ca, Cu, and Mn contents. Al, Mg, P, S, and Si were most abundant in morphotype 2. Morphotype 3 had the highest content of Cl, K, and Zn.

Bio-Treatment of Brewery Effluent Using Enzymes

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 774-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Aisien ◽  
G.A. Oyakhilomen ◽  
E.T. Aisien
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Brewery Wastewater ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid ◽  
Brewery Effluent

The feasibility of treating brewery effluent using bio-catalysts (enzymes) was investigated. Carbohydrase, lipase, protease and a mixture enzyme made of carbohydrate and lipase were used. Brewery wastewater samples were collected and analyzed for 96 hrs, at intervals of 12 hrs. The physiochemical properties: biological oxygen demand BOD, chemical oxygen demand COD, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid TDS, pH, phosphorus (PO4), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), total hydrocarbon (THC) were determined using APHA standard method of analysis. The concentrations of the physiochemical properties of the brewery effluent decreased with increasing biodegradation time, for the various enzymes used. However, the different enzymes gave different percentage reductions of each of the physiochemical properties. The order of percentage reduction for the enzyme systems is mixed enzyme > carbohydrase > lipase > protease > control. Hence, the mixed enzyme gave the best results of 90%, 90%, 50%, 100%, 91.6% and 100% reductions for COD, BOD, TSS, NH4-N, PO4 and THC, respectively after 96 hrs. of biotreatment. However, the control gave the least percentage reductions of 6.9%, 5.3%, 16.4%, 7.1%, 5.8% and 50.0% for COD, BOD5, TSS, PO4, NH4-N, and THC respectively.

scholarly journals Proximate and physicochemical composition of oil palm empty fruit bunch

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 026-032
Author(s):  
Mina Grace Asoka ◽  
Gideon Orkwagh Abu ◽  
Obioma Kenechukwu Agwa
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Physicochemical Composition

Agro-waste management generates worries to most developing countries and the menace needs to be curbed to reduce pollution. This study investigated the Proximate and Physicochemical composition of Oil Palm Empty fruit bunch. Samples collected were oven dried, grinded and analytical methods were carried out adopting AOAC 2005 (Association of official Analytical Chemists) test methods. The proximate analysis of the EFB revealed it to be a poor source of lipid (3.75 ± 0.01) but with a high fibre content (67.0 ± 1.19). The results showed concentrations of ash (6.87 ± 0.11), carbohydrate (12.3 ± 0.95), moisture (5.13 ± 0.24) and protein (4.87 ± 0.01). The physicochemical characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch is reported that pH had mean of 5.81±0.22, while temperature, total suspended solid, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, salinity, nitrate and sulphate had mean of 28.14 ± 0.02, 5.09 ± 0.02, 53.15 ± 0.03, 26.61 ± 0.015, 19.97±0.03, 14.65 ± 0.05, and 4.94 ± 0.02 respectively. More so, phosphate had mean of 17.55 ± 0.04, while ammonia, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, magnesium and calcium had mean of 0.04 ± 0.01, 2.86 ± 0.01, 1.58 ± 0.02, 2.55 ± 0.02, 1.05 ± 0.01 and 3.77 ± 0.01 respectively. The Proximate and Physicochemical composition of the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in this study demonstrates the efficiency of utilizing and application of this byproduct in various processes to help combat waste management issues in the environment.

scholarly journals Microbial and Physicochemical Qualities of Septic Tank Wastewater: An Evaluation.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi Mirian Oyem ◽  
Hector Henry Oyem ◽  
Emmanuel Esosa Imarhiagbe
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Tank System ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The physicochemical and microbial qualities of septic tank effluent samples from households within the study area were evaluated.  Three replicate samples from Locations A, B, and C representing Agbor, Benin City, and Sapele regions of Delta and Edo States, Nigeria were collected from both the inlet tank (raw sewage) and the outlet chamber (semi-treated sewage) for physicochemical and microbiological analyses using standard methods. Results of the physicochemical analyses showed that pH values ranged from 6.5 – 7.7 across locations and in both the raw and semi-treated samples. Electrical conductivity (EC), Total suspended solid (TSS) and BOD was significantly higher (p>0.05) in the raw sewage (RS) than in the semi-treated (SS), while DO was higher (p>0.05) in the SS in all three locations sampled. Microbial analysis shows that total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) was highest in the RS in two locations. Microbial isolates from wastewater samples included Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger. DO was low at an average of 3.20 and 3.73 mg/L in both chambers of the septic tank. Average BOD5 of 59.4 and 42.8 mg/L and COD average of 206.8 and 153.2 mg/L were reported for the RS and SS chambers. 0.3 was the value of the ratio of BOD5/COD for the RS and SS in the study. This infers that biodegradation was slow and inefficient in the septic tank system, and that modification of the design is recommended to increase retention time in the RS chamber

Composition of cerebral fluids in goats adapted to high altitude

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
V. Fencl ◽  
R. A. Gabel ◽  
D. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Significance Tests ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Central Chemoreceptors ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
State Concentration

Page 510: In the supplementary tabulated data deposited as NAPS Document 03492, there are some misprints and computational inconsistencies in the data on HCO‑3and Cl– fluxes, and a systematic error in the reported transependymal fluxes of lactate at sea level (SL) and at high altitude (HA). These data have been revised, and a corrected version of the supplementary tables has been deposited. Page 511: Data presented in Table 4, giving parameters (±SE) of regressions of transependymal fluxes (y) of HCO‑3and Cl– on the differences in concentrations of these ions between the inflow perfusate and in the goat's CSF (x), should read: Cl– flux at SL: y = (0.39 ± 0.03)x – (0.09 ± 0.22), r = 0.94; at HA: y = (0.40 ± 0.05)x – (0.05 ± 0.26), r = 0.90; both y-intercepts not significantly different from zero; HCO–3 flux at SL: y = (0.37 ± 0.03)x + (0.25± 0.16), r = 0.92, y-intercept not significantly different from zero; at HA: y = (0.44 ± 0.04)x + (2.53 ± 0.26), r = 0.91, y-intercept significantly greater than zero (P<0.001, F test; value of x at y = 0 is –5.8 mmol/kg H2O, with the upper 95% tolerance limit of –4.0 mmol/kg H2O). All the significance tests give the same results as presented in Table 4. Thus the conclusions drawn from the data are unchanged. The mean value (±SE) of the lactate fluxes at SL was –158 ±0.06 μmol/min, and at HL –3.28 ± 0.17 μmol/min (not –0.09 ± 0.04 and –1.47 ± 0.17 μmol/min, respectively, as indicated on page 511). The negative transependymal flux (washout of lactate) at HA was significantly greater than at SL (P<0.005, t test for independent means). It was twice as great at HA than at SL, rather than 16 times higher, as indicated in the Abstract and on page 512. Page 512, column 2, paragraph 1: To interpret the data, it is suggested that"in goats adapted to HA, there exists a steady-state concentration gradient of [HCO‑3]…, with a lower [HCO‑3]in cerebral ISF than in CSF," which "may be, at least in part, owing to a concentration gradient of lactate going in the opposite direction." This interpretation remains unchanged by the correction in lactate fluxes: The mean (±SE) increase in negative transependymal flux (washout) of lactate associated with adaptation to HA was 1.72 ± 0.28 μmol/min, which accounted for 68% of the mean positive transependymal flux of HCO‑3(2.53 ± 0.26 μmol/min, see above) in goats adapted to HA, when the ventriculocisternal system was perfused with fluid having bicarbonate concentration equal to that normally found in the goats'cisternal CSF. Thus, the conclusion that the"the fluid surrounding the central chemoreceptors appears to be more acidic in goats acclimatized to HA than at SL despite the alkalosis in cisternal CSF" continues to be substantiated by the corrected data.

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