scholarly journals Mechanism of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Gandhi ◽  
Andrey Y. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Oxygen Species

Biological tissues require oxygen to meet their energetic demands. However, the consumption of oxygen also results in the generation of free radicals that may have damaging effects on cells. The brain is particularly vulnerable to the effects of reactive oxygen species due to its high demand for oxygen, and its abundance of highly peroxidisable substrates. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the redox state of the cell, either by overproduction of reactive oxygen species, or by dysfunction of the antioxidant systems. Oxidative stress has been detected in a range of neurodegenerative disease, and emerging evidence from in vitro and in vivo disease models suggests that oxidative stress may play a role in disease pathogenesis. However, the promise of antioxidants as novel therapies for neurodegenerative diseases has not been borne out in clinical studies. In this review, we critically assess the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a crucial player in common neurodegenerative disease and discuss the source of free radicals in such diseases. Furthermore, we examine the issues surrounding the failure to translate this hypothesis into an effective clinical treatment.

scholarly journals The essential iron-sulfur protein Rli1 is an important target accounting for inhibition of cell growth by reactive oxygen species

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (18) ◽  
pp. 3582-3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alawiah Alhebshi ◽  
Theodora C. Sideri ◽  
Sara L. Holland ◽  
Simon V. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sulfur Protein ◽  
Iron Sulfur Protein ◽  
Cellular Components

Oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is linked to degenerative conditions in humans and damage to an array of cellular components. However, it is unclear which molecular target(s) may be the primary “Achilles’ heel” of organisms, accounting for the inhibitory action of ROS. Rli1p (ABCE1) is an essential and highly conserved protein of eukaryotes and archaea that requires notoriously ROS-labile cofactors (Fe-S clusters) for its functions in protein synthesis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ROS toxicity is caused by Rli1p dysfunction. In addition to being essential, Rli1p activity (in nuclear ribosomal-subunit export) was shown to be impaired by mild oxidative stress in yeast. Furthermore, prooxidant resistance was decreased by RLI1 repression and increased by RLI1 overexpression. This Rlip1 dependency was abolished during anaerobicity and accentuated in cells expressing a FeS cluster–defective Rli1p construct. The protein's FeS clusters appeared ROS labile during in vitro incubations, but less so in vivo. Instead, it was primarily55FeS-cluster supply to Rli1p that was defective in prooxidant-exposed cells. The data indicate that, owing to its essential nature but dependency on ROS-labile FeS clusters, Rli1p function is a primary target of ROS action. Such insight could help inform new approaches for combating oxidative stress–related disease.

scholarly journals Elesclomol-induced increase of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species impairs glioblastoma stem-like cell survival and tumor growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariachiara Buccarelli ◽  
Quintino Giorgio D’Alessandris ◽  
Paola Matarrese ◽  
Cristiana Mollinari ◽  
Michele Signore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis mainly due to recurrence and therapeutic resistance. It has been widely demonstrated that glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells endowed with stem-like properties is responsible for tumor maintenance and progression. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that GSCs contribute to GBM-associated neovascularization processes, through different mechanisms including the transdifferentiation into GSC-derived endothelial cells (GdECs). Methods In order to identify druggable cancer-related pathways in GBM, we assessed the effect of a selection of 349 compounds on both GSCs and GdECs and we selected elesclomol (STA-4783) as the most effective agent in inducing cell death on both GSC and GdEC lines tested. Results Elesclomol has been already described to be a potent oxidative stress inducer. In depth investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying GSC and GdEC response to elesclomol, confirmed that this compound induces a strong increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both GSCs and GdECs ultimately leading to a non-apoptotic copper-dependent cell death. Moreover, combined in vitro treatment with elesclomol and the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) enhanced the cytotoxicity compared to TMZ alone. Finally, we used our experimental model of mouse brain xenografts to test the combination of elesclomol and TMZ and confirmed their efficacy in vivo. Conclusions Our results support further evaluation of therapeutics targeting oxidative stress such as elesclomol with the aim of satisfying the high unmet medical need in the management of GBM.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Restrains Reactive Oxygen Species-Associated Pulmonary Fibrosis via Targeting Nrf2-Nox4 Redox Balance

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (05) ◽  
pp. 1113-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ying Peng ◽  
Lin An ◽  
Ning-Yuan Sun ◽  
Yi Ma ◽  
Xiao-Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Matrix Deposition

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by myofibroblast activation, which can be triggered by oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the antifibrotic effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (EASM) on PF and examined the underlying molecular mechanism. EASM suppressed myofibroblast activation with reduced extracellular matrix deposition in the lungs of mice subjected to bleomycin (BLM) challenge, demonstrating the inhibitory effects on PF. EASM positively alleviated oxidative stress by upregulating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and concomitantly downregulating NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in the lungs of BLM-treated mice. This effect was also observed in an in vitro model of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-[Formula: see text]1)-stimulated fibroblast activation. EASM reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in fibroblasts by stabilizing Nrf2 protein with promoting kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) degradation. Nrf2 knockdown in the lungs of BLM-treated mice diminished the inhibitory effects of EASM on fibrosis, providing evidence in vivo to address the unique role of Nrf2. Additionally, EASM inhibited TGF-[Formula: see text]1/Smad3 signaling by downregulating protein kinase C delta (PKC-[Formula: see text] and Smad3 phosphorylation (p-Smad3), which led to suppression of the TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced fibrogenic response. These results indicate that EASM exhibits potent antifibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo, which might be associated with activation of Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of TGF-[Formula: see text]1/Smad3 pathway. Our findings support that EASM may act as an effective antifibrotic remedy for PF.

scholarly journals Azilsartan Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis and Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Activating Nrf2 Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Pan ◽  
Lin Zheng ◽  
Jiawei Fang ◽  
Ye Lin ◽  
Hehuan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Bone Microarchitecture ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Oxygen Species

Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and destruction of the bone microarchitecture, and it commonly occurs in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Overactivation of osteoclasts caused by the inflammatory response or oxidative stress leads to osteoporosis. An increasing number of studies have suggested that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are strongly associated with osteoclastogenesis. As a novel angiotensin (Ang) II receptor blocker (ARB), azilsartan was reported to be associated with the inhibition of intracellular oxidative stress processes. However, the relationship between azilsartan and osteoclastogenesis is still unknown. In this study, we explored the effect of azilsartan on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice. Azilsartan significantly inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis and downregulated the expression of osteoclast-associated markers (Nfatc1, c-Fos, and Ctsk) in vitro. Furthermore, azilsartan reduced RANKL-induced ROS production by increasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mechanistically, azilsartan inhibited the activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways, while Nrf2 silencing reversed the inhibitory effect of azilsartan on MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Consistent with the in vitro data, azilsartan administration ameliorated ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis, and decreased ROS levels in vivo. In conclusion, azilsartan inhibited oxidative stress and may be a novel treatment strategy for osteoporosis caused by osteoclast overactivation.

scholarly journals Chlorella sorokiniana Dietary Supplementation Increases Antioxidant Capacities and Reduces ROS Release in Mitochondria of Hyperthyroid Rat Liver

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Gaetana Napolitano ◽  
Gianluca Fasciolo ◽  
Giovanna Salbitani ◽  
Paola Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Beneficial Effects

The ability of aerobic organisms to cope with the attack of radicals and other reactive oxygen species improves by feeding on foods containing antioxidants. Microalgae contain many molecules showing in vitro antioxidant capacity, and their food consumption can protect cells from oxidative insults. We evaluated the capacity of dietary supplementation with 1% dried Chlorella sorokiniana strain 211/8k, an alga rich in glutathione, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids, to counteract an oxidative attack in vivo. We used the hyperthyroid rat as a model of oxidative stress, in which the increase in metabolic capacities is associated with an increase in the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the susceptibility to oxidative insult. Chlorella sorokiniana supplementation prevents the increases in oxidative stress markers and basal oxygen consumption in hyperthyroid rat livers. It also mitigates the thyroid hormone-induced increase in maximal aerobic capacities, the mitochondrial ROS release, and the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Finally, alga influences the thyroid hormone-induced changes in the factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC1-1) and nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2). Our results suggest that Chlorella sorokiniana dietary supplementation has beneficial effects in counteracting oxidative stress and that it works primarily by preserving mitochondrial function. Thus, it can be useful in preventing dysfunctions in which mitochondrial oxidative damage and ROS production play a putative role.

scholarly journals Approaches for Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress Quantification in Epilepsy

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 990
Author(s):  
Rhoda Olowe ◽  
Sereen Sandouka ◽  
Aseel Saadi ◽  
Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Acute Seizures ◽  
Reliable Methods

Oxidative stress (OS) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production have been implicated in many neurological pathologies, including acute seizures and epilepsy. Seizure-induced damage has been demonstrated both in vitro and in several in vivo seizure and epilepsy models by direct determination of ROS, and by measuring indirect markers of OS. In this manuscript, we review the current reliable methods for quantifying ROS-related and OS-related markers in pre-clinical and clinical epilepsy studies. We first provide pieces of evidence for the involvement of different sources of ROS in epilepsy. We then discuss general methods and assays used for the ROS measurements, mainly superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radical in in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, we discuss the role of these ROS and markers of oxidative injury in acute seizures and epilepsy pre-clinical studies. The indirect detection of secondary products of ROS such as measurements of DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation will also be discussed. This review also discusses reliable methods for the assessment of ROS, OS markers, and their by-products in epilepsy clinical studies.

scholarly journals Targeting autophagy enhances atezolizumab-induced mitochondria-related apoptosis in osteosarcoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuochao Liu ◽  
Hongyi Wang ◽  
Chuanzhen Hu ◽  
Chuanlong Wu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cells ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

AbstractIn this study, we identified the multifaceted effects of atezolizumab, a specific monoclonal antibody against PD-L1, in tumor suppression except for restoring antitumor immunity, and investigated the promising ways to improve its efficacy. Atezolizumab could inhibit the proliferation and induce immune-independent apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. With further exploration, we found that atezolizumab could impair mitochondria of osteosarcoma cells, resulting in increased release of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome-c, eventually leading to mitochondrial-related apoptosis via activating JNK pathway. Nevertheless, the excessive release of reactive oxygen species also activated the protective autophagy of osteosarcoma cells. Therefore, when we combined atezolizumab with autophagy inhibitors, the cytotoxic effect of atezolizumab on osteosarcoma cells was significantly enhanced in vitro. Further in vivo experiments also confirmed that atezolizumab combined with chloroquine achieved the most significant antitumor effect. Taken together, our study indicates that atezolizumab can induce mitochondrial-related apoptosis and protective autophagy independently of the immune system, and targeting autophagy is a promising combinatorial approach to amplify its cytotoxicity.

scholarly journals Plant Extracts and Reactive Oxygen Species as Two Counteracting Agents with Anti- and Pro-Obesity Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Zielinska-Blizniewska ◽  
Przemyslaw Sitarek ◽  
Anna Merecz-Sadowska ◽  
Katarzyna Malinowska ◽  
Karolina Zajdel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Oxygen Species

Obesity is a complex disease of great public health significance worldwide: It entails several complications including diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular dysfunction and hypertension, and its prevalence is increasing around the world. The pathogenesis of obesity is closely related to reactive oxygen species. The role of reactive oxygen species as regulatory factors in mitochondrial activity in obese subjects, molecules taking part in inflammation processes linked to excessive size and number of adipocytes, and as agents governing the energy balance in hypothalamus neurons has been examined. Phytotherapy is the traditional form of treating health problems using plant-derived medications. Some plant extracts are known to act as anti-obesity agents and have been screened in in vitro models based on the inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and activity of pancreatic lipase methods and in in vivo high-fat diet-induced obesity rat/mouse models and human models. Plant products may be a good natural alternative for weight management and a source of numerous biologically-active chemicals, including antioxidant polyphenols that can counteract the oxidative stress associated with obesity. This review presents polyphenols as natural complementary therapy, and a good nutritional strategy, for treating obesity without serious side effects.

scholarly journals Salvianolic Acid A Protects Against Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Induced by Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 2320-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Zu ◽  
Tingting Zhou ◽  
Ningwei Che ◽  
Xiangwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Salvianolic Acid ◽  
Salvianolic Acid A ◽  
Tnf Α

Background/Aims: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) adversely affects the intestinal mucosa. The major mechanisms of I/R are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is suggested to be an effective antioxidative and antiapoptotic agent in numerous pathological injuries. The present study investigated the protective role of SalA in I/R of the intestine. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury in vivo. In vitro experiments were performed in IEC-6 cells subjected to hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R) stimulation to simulate intestinal I/R. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase levels were measured using biochemical analysis. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining or flow cytometry in vivo and in vitro. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Nrf2 and proteins associated with apoptosis. The mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in vivo and in vitro. Results: Malondialdehyde level and myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels group in intestinal tissue decreased significantly in the SalA pretreatment groups compared to the I/R group. SalA markedly abolished intestinal injury compared to the I/R group. SalA significantly attenuated apoptosis and increased Nrf2/HO-1 expression in vivo and in vitro. However, Nrf2 siRNA treatment partially abrogated the above mentioned effects of SalA in H/R-induced ROS and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that SalA ameliorated oxidation, inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alleviated apoptosis in I/R-induced injury and that these protective effects may partially occur via regulation of the Nrf2/ HO-1 pathways.

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