Cavernous Hemangioma-Like Kaposi Sarcoma: Histomorphologic Features and Differential Diagnosis

Aim. Cavernous hemangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma is a rare morphologic type of Kaposi sarcoma. So far there are no cases in the literature defining the histological features of this morphologic spectrum in detail. In this study we presented two classical-type cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma cases with histologic findings resembling cavernous hemangioma in company with clinical and histopathological data.Cases. One hundred and eighty-five classical-type cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma lesions in 79 patients were assessed retrospectively in terms of histopathological features. Findings of two cases showing features of cavernous hemangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma whose clinical data could be accessed were presented in accompany with the literature data. Both cases were detected to have bluish-purple, protruded, irregularly bordered cutaneous lesions. Histopathological examination revealed a lesion formed by cavernous hemangioma-like vascular structures organized in a lobular pattern that became dilated and filled with blood. Typical histological findings of early-stage KS, consisting of mononuclear inflammation, extravasated erythrocytes, and a few immature vascular structures in superficial dermis, were observed. All cases were serologically HIV-1 negative. A positive reaction with HHV-8, CD31, CD34, and D2-40 monoclonal antibodies was identified at both cavernous hemangioma-like areas and in immature vascular structures.Results. Cavernous hemangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma is a rare Kaposi sarcoma variant presenting with diagnostic challenges, that may be confused with hemangioma. As characteristic morphological features may not be observed in every case, it is important for diagnostic purposes to show immunohistochemical HHV-8 positivity in this variant.

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Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) with formation of nodal and distant metastases in a dog: a case report

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/109/2009-vetmed ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 387-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Fictum ◽

M. Skoric ◽

K. Segesova ◽

P. Borska

Keyword(s):

Mycosis Fungoides ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Distant Metastases ◽

Cutaneous Lymphoma ◽

Round Cell ◽

Cutaneous Lesions ◽

Inflammatory Infiltration ◽

Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽

Superficial Dermis ◽

Generalized Lymphadenopathy

The presented case describes an interesting manifestation of epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with formation of nodal and distant metastases in an 8-year-old cocker spaniel. Cutaneous lesions included multiple hypotrichous to alopetic foci, scales, erythematous plaques and multiple cutaneous nodules, often with superficial ulceration. The lesions were present predominantly on the neck, thorax, abdomen and hind legs. Clinically, the dog showed lethargy and there was an inappetence and a mild dyspnoe. Subsequent findings were generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, pallor of mucous membranes and tachycardia. Smear impression of cutaneous nodules contained degenerated neutrophils with phagocytized cocci and macrophages. Cytological examination of nodules (FNA) showed a predominantly round cell population, with a compound of histiocytoid cells mixed with cells of inflammatory infiltration. Histopathological examination of the skin was performed. There was infiltrate of large neoplastic round cells in the superficial and deep dermis, morphologically resembling histiocytes. In some tissue sections the neoplastic infiltrate was present only in the superficial dermis, composed of medium-sized lymphocytes with hyperchromatic round, oval to indented nuclei 1.5 red cells in diameter and a small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Focal exulceration, formation of Pautrier’s microabscesses in epidermis, and in some sections subepidermal and intraepidermal vesiculopustules and intraepidermal vesicles were present. Neoplastic infiltrate was CD3, CD18 and vimentin positive. Examination for CD79 and CD117 was negative. MHC II positivity was found only focally in cells of inflammatory infiltration in superficial dermis. Diagnosis of epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) was carried out. The response to the therapy of the disease was poor and the dog died two months after diagnosis. Necropsy revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, several white, fat-like nodules in heart muscle, lungs, esophagus and stomach, and mild hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Multiple white disseminated foci were found in the spleen. Histopathological examination showed round cell, CD3 positive neoplastic infiltrate in heart, lungs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, esophagus and stomach, morphologically corresponding with neoplastic infiltrate found in skin.

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A Series of Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma (Mediterranean/Classical Type): Case Presentations and Short Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2018.354 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 1688-1693

Author(s):

Ivanka Temelkova ◽

Michael Tronnier ◽

Ivan Terziev ◽

Uwe Wollina ◽

Ilia Lozev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Local Treatment ◽

Kaposi Sarcoma ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Classical Type ◽

Wide Range ◽

Two Samples

BACKGROUND: Kaposi’s sarcoma was first described in 1872 by Moritz Kaposi. To date, it is considered a malignant disease is originating from the endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessels believed to be infected with HHV-8. The current classification defines four major epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma: classical, endemic, AIDS-associated, and iatrogenic. CASE REPORT: A 90-year-old male is presented with multiple plaques- and tumour-shaped brown-violet formations located on an erythematous-livid base in the area of both feet and both shanks. Two samples were taken from the lesions on the skin of the shanks, with histopathological examination and the subsequent immunohistochemistry showing Kaposi’s sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: Kaposi sarcoma is a disease that causes difficulties both in diagnostic and therapeutic respect. The only sure way to determine the correct diagnosis is immunohistochemical staining with the anti-HHV8 antibody. Despite the wide range of systematic and local treatment options, there is still no unified algorithm and a unified strategy for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

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Spinal Kaposi sarcoma presenting without cutaneous manifestations

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi-07/11/558 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 558-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ibrahim Omeis ◽

Ashley L. Siems ◽

William Harrington ◽

Livette S. Johnson ◽

Sylvie Destian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Kaposi Sarcoma ◽

Lumbosacral Spine ◽

Cutaneous Lesions ◽

Cutaneous Manifestations ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Additional Imaging ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Time Of Presentation

✓ Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is one of the most common tumors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which characteristically presents with cutaneous lesions. The authors report a rare case of spinal KS with no cutaneous manifestation in a 32-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with abdominal pain. A computed tomography scan revealed incidental lesions in his lumbar spine, and additional imaging studies revealed numerous lesions in the lumbosacral spine and pelvis. An open biopsy was performed, and histopathological examination of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of KS. At the time of presentation, the patient had no skin lesion or any other manifestation indicative of KS. The authors suggest that in HIV-positive patients who present with spinal lesions, KS should be included in the differential diagnosis.

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Rapid Disease Progression in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men Is Negatively Correlated with Peripheral Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Counts at the Early Stage of Primary Infection

Journal of Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1007/s10875-011-9556-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 882-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wenqing Geng ◽

Xuejie Fan ◽

Yingying Diao ◽

Hualu Cui ◽

Hong Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cell ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Primary Infection ◽

Early Stage ◽

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell ◽

Rapid Disease Progression ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv 1

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Clinical Prognosis of Patients with Early-Stage Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease: Contribution of HIV-1 RNA and T Lymphocyte Subset Quantitation

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/166.7.571 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 166 (7) ◽

pp. 571-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

◽

Arthur E. Brown ◽

Matthew J. Dolan ◽

Nelson L. Michael ◽

Susan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Early Stage ◽

Lymphocyte Subset ◽

Hiv Disease ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

T Lymphocyte Subset

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Emergence of Nanotechnology to Fight HIV Sexual Transmission: The Trip of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer to Possible Pre-Clinical Trials

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21249403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

pp. 9403

Author(s):

Ignacio Relaño-Rodríguez ◽

Maria Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Vaginal Mucosa ◽

Carbosilane Dendrimer ◽

Anti Hiv

Development of new, safe, and effective microbicides to prevent human immunodeficiency virus HIV sexual transmission is needed. Unfortunately, most microbicides proved ineffective to prevent the risk of HIV-infection in clinical trials. We are working with G2-S16 polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer (PCD) as a new possible vaginal topical microbicide, based on its short reaction times, wide availability, high reproducibility, and quantitative yields of reaction. G2-S16 PCD exerts anti-HIV activity at an early stage of viral replication, by blocking gp120/CD4/CCR5 interaction, and providing a barrier against infection for long periods of time. G2-S16 PCD was stable at different pH values, as well as in the presence of seminal fluids. It maintained the anti-HIV activity against R5/X4 HIV over time, did not generate any type of drug resistance, and retained the anti-HIV effect when exposed to semen-enhanced viral infection. Importantly, G2-S16 PCD did not modify vaginal microbiota neither in vitro or in vivo. Histopathological examination did not show vaginal irritation, inflammation, lesions, or damage in the vaginal mucosa, after administration of G2-S16 PCD at different concentrations and times in female mice and rabbit animal models. Based on these promising data, G2-S16 PCD could become a good, safe, and readily available candidate to use as a topical vaginal microbicide against HIV.

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The Differential Diagnosis of Hypopigmented Mycosis Fungoides and Vitiligo With Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Preliminary Study

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2020.609404 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Huaxu Liu ◽

Leilei Wang ◽

Yan Lin ◽

Xiaofeng Shan ◽

Min Gao

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Mycosis Fungoides ◽

Early Stage ◽

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Dark Space ◽

Superficial Dermis ◽

Melanin Contents

Objective: To investigate the role of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in the differential diagnosis of hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) and vitiligo.Methods: Cases with persistent hypopigmented patches, suspicious of early stage vitiligo, or HMF were imaged with RCM. The melanin contents and inflammatory conditions of the epidermis and superficial dermis of the lesions were compared with the same layers of the adjacent skin, and then, the imaged lesions were biopsied and analyzed by histology.Results: 15 cases were enrolled in this study, and based on the RCM findings, there was just slight or moderate reduction of melanin but no melanin absence in the basal cell layer of HMF lesions. The finding of monomorphous weakly refractile, oval to round cells on the basis of vesicle-like dark space was clearly elucidated in the epidermis of the lesions by RCM, which indicates the Pautrier's microabscesses on histopathology. Among those 15 cases, 13 cases were identified as HMF, and the other two cases were vitiligo, based on RCM findings, which were confirmed by histology analysis.Conclusions: The RCM findings correlated well with histology results in the screening of HMF, which indicates the RCM is an important tool in the early detection and differential diagnosis of HMF.

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Number of HIV-1 founder variants is determined by the recency of the source partner infection

Science ◽

10.1126/science.aba5443 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 369 (6499) ◽

pp. 103-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ch. Julián Villabona-Arenas ◽

Matthew Hall ◽

Katrina A. Lythgoe ◽

Stephen G. Gaffney ◽

Roland R. Regoes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Partner Characteristics ◽

Infection Stage ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Founder Strain

During sexual transmission, the high genetic diversity of HIV-1 within an individual is frequently reduced to one founder variant that initiates infection. Understanding the drivers of this bottleneck is crucial to developing effective infection control strategies. Little is known about the importance of the source partner during this bottleneck. To test the hypothesis that the source partner affects the number of HIV founder variants, we developed a phylodynamic model calibrated using genetic and epidemiological data on all existing transmission pairs for whom the direction of transmission and the infection stage of the source partner are known. Our results suggest that acquiring infection from someone in the acute (early) stage of infection increases the risk of multiple–founder variant transmission compared with acquiring infection from someone in the chronic (later) stage of infection. This study provides the first direct test of source partner characteristics to explain the low frequency of multiple–founder strain infections.

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Dermoid cyst with a congenital sinus tract over the left sternoclavicular joint: a case report and literature review

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060520934984 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 030006052093498

Author(s):

Wenli Chang ◽

Yang Ding ◽

Ying Yan ◽

Ning Wei ◽

Huijie Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Dermoid Cyst ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Early Stage ◽

Surgical Excision ◽

Sinus Tract ◽

Sternoclavicular Joint ◽

Common Type ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Resonance Imaging

Dermoid cysts are rare benign tumors that arise from ectopic epiblastic inclusions and account for 0.4% to 1.5% of all tumors. They are usually 1 to 5 cm in size and composed of a pasty semisolid material. The orbital dermoid cyst is the most common type. Dermoid cysts can also occur in the spinal cord, ovaries, and pancreas. We encountered a 24-year-old man with a dermoid cyst over the left sternoclavicular joint. He reported intermittent secretion of a white tofu-like exudate from an underlying congenital sinus tract since birth. The secretion had turned hemorrhagic for the last month and had been accompanied by progressive swelling and pruritus for 1 week. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed characteristics of a dermoid cyst, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The patient underwent surgical excision of the cyst under local anesthesia. The incision healed well with no postoperative complications. Considering that a dermoid cyst has the potential to become infected or progress into squamous cell carcinoma, its removal at an early stage is suggested. Few reports in the literature have described a dermoid cyst that secretes hemorrhagic contents from a congenital sinus tract. We present this case to provide a reference for clinicians.

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