Secondhand Smoke Exposure, Restless Sleep, and Sleep Duration in Adolescents

Purpose. To examine whether secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with restless sleep and/or nighttime sleep duration among adolescents.Methods. Data were analyzed from 1,592 adolescents who completed an internet-delivered survey as part of the British Columbia Adolescent Substance Use Survey cohort study. Ordinal logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations between frequency of SHS exposure in the past month and frequency of restless sleep and nighttime sleep duration, respectively.Results. SHS exposure was significantly positively associated with restless sleep and significantly negatively associated with sleep duration. In fully adjusted models, compared with students who reported never being exposed to SHS in the past month, students who reported a low, medium, or high frequency of SHS exposure were 1.53, 1.76, and 2.51 times as likely, respectively, to report more frequent restless sleep (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.08–2.16;OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.22–2.53;OR=2.51, 95% CI 1.59–3.98). With regard to sleep duration, as frequency of SHS exposure increased by one category, nighttime sleep duration during the week and weekend decreased by 4 minutes (B=-0.06, 95%CI=-0.01–-0.11) and 6 minutes (B=-0.09, 95%CI=-0.03–-0.14), respectively.Conclusions. This study suggests that frequency of SHS exposure has a significant dose-response relationship with restless sleep and sleep duration in adolescents.

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Associations between parent-reported and objectively measured sleep duration and timing in infants at age 6 months

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa217 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mirja Quante ◽

Benjamin Hong ◽

Tayla von Ash ◽

Xinting Yu ◽

Emily R Kaplan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Low Income ◽

Sleep Onset ◽

Sleep Diary ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Night Sleep ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

Nighttime Sleep

Abstract Study Objectives To compare the estimates of sleep duration and timing from survey, diary, and actigraphy in infants at age 6 months, overall and by select demographics and other factors. Methods In total, 314 infants participating in the Rise & SHINE (Sleep Health in Infancy & Early Childhood study) cohort in Boston, MA, USA, wore an actigraph on their left ankle for 7 days. Parents concurrently completed a sleep diary and the expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Concordance between parent-reported and objective sleep estimates was assessed using Bland–Altman plots, Spearman’s rank correlations, intraclass correlations, and linear regression models. Results Mean infant age was 6.4 (0.6 SD) months; 51% were female and 42% were Non-Hispanic white. Mean total sleep duration using actigraphy was 526 (67 SD) minutes per night, 143 (42 SD) minutes per day, and 460 (100 SD) minutes during the longest nighttime sleep period. Relative to actigraphy, parent-completed survey and diary overestimated total day (by 29 and 31 minutes, respectively) and night sleep duration (67 and 43 minutes, respectively) and underestimated the longest sleep (58 minutes), with the highest agreement for sleep onset and offset timing (differences < 30 minutes). There was a tendency toward greater bias among short- and long-sleeping infants. Self-reporting bias for diary-measured longest nighttime sleep and total night sleep duration was higher in infants of parents reporting a problem with their baby’s night awakenings and in low-income families, respectively. Conclusions Our findings underscore the need to be cautious when comparing findings across studies using different sleep assessment methods.

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Setting-Specific and Symptom-Specific Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16071249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1249

Author(s):

Xiaohua Ye ◽

Jingya Huang ◽

Liang Xia ◽

Xiaojun Xu ◽

Xiao Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Dose Response ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Negative Binomial Regression ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Dose Response Relationship ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Shs Exposure ◽

The Impact

Few studies have focused on the potential relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and depressive symptoms. This study aimed to explore the potential association between SHS exposure and depressive symptoms and differentiate this association in setting-specific exposure and symptom-specific outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong province of China from September to December 2010 using a multistage sampling method to randomly sample adults aged 18 years and older. SHS exposure was defined as inhalation by non-smokers of the smoke exhaled from smokers for at least 1 day a week in the past 30 days. Depressive symptoms were measured using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. The zero-inflate negative binomial regression models were used to explore the associations between SHS exposure and depressive symptoms. A total of 2771 non-smokers were included in this study, with mean age of 49.6 ± 14.0 years and 70.3% of females. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in participants with SHS exposure than in those without exposure (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.51), and there were similar positive associations for SHS exposure in medical facilities (IRR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.17–1.61) and in schools (IRR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.20–1.77). Notably, there was a monotonically increasing dose-response relationship between frequency of SHS exposure and depressive symptoms. When differentiating this relationship by the dimensions of depressive symptoms, there were similar dose-response relationships for cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms. When differentiating this relationship by sex, only females showed a significant dose-response relationship. Our findings suggest dose-response relationships between SHS exposure and depressive symptoms in sex-specific and symptom-specific manners. Future longitudinal studies are needed to establish the biological mechanisms of the impact of SHS exposure.

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure 7 Years After an Indoor Smoke-Free Law

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117116671390 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 131-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ann W. St. Claire ◽

Michael S. Amato ◽

Raymond G. Boyle ◽

Peter Rode ◽

Ann M. Kinney

Keyword(s):

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Community Settings ◽

Public Places ◽

Public Health Benefit ◽

The Past ◽

Smoke Free Policy ◽

Low Incomes ◽

Random Digit Dial ◽

Shs Exposure

Purpose: To examine locations of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among nonsmokers, 7 years after a statewide smoke-free policy. Design: Data collected via statewide, random digit dial telephone survey. Response rates were 64.7% for landline and 73.5% for cell phone. Setting: Minnesota, 2014. Participants: Representative sample of 7887 nonsmoking adults. Measures: Self-reported locations of SHS exposure and opinions on smoke-free restrictions. Analysis: Descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: A total of 35.5% of nonsmokers reported SHS exposure in the past 7 days. The greatest proportion of exposure occurred in community settings (31.7%) followed by cars (6.9%) and in the home (3.2%). Young adults were more likely to be exposed in a home or car than older adults. Nonsmokers living with a smoker were 39.6 (20.6-75.8) times more likely to be exposed to SHS in their home and 5.3 (4.1-6.8) times more likely to be exposed in a car, compared to those who did not live with a smoker. Conclusion: SHS exposure continues after comprehensive smoke-free policies restricted it from public places. Disparities in exposure rates exist for those who live with a smoker, are young, and have low incomes. Findings suggest the need for additional policies that will have the greatest public health benefit.

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Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: Inconsistency between Self-Response and Urine Cotinine Biomarker Based on Korean National Data during 2009–2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18179284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

pp. 9284

Author(s):

Boram Sim ◽

Myung-Bae Park

Keyword(s):

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Exposure Rate ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Urine Cotinine ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Shs Exposure ◽

Exposure To Secondhand Smoke

This study aimed to estimate the secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure using urinary cotinine (UCo) to prove that the SHS exposure could not be properly assessed by self-reporting (SR). In total, 28,574 nonsmokers aged >19 years were selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2009–2018). First, changes in the annual concentration of UCo were analyzed, and the annual SHS exposure rates were measured based on SR and UCo from 2009 to 2018. Then, the average UCo concentration and UCo-measured SHS exposure rate were confirmed according to the subjects’ characteristics. Finally, factors associated with the UCo-measured SHS exposure rate were identified based on multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that the annual UCo concentrations and self-reported SHS exposure rates dropped significantly over the past decade. In contrast, the UCo-measured SHS exposure rate indicated that >80% of nonsmokers are still exposed to SHS. Moreover, we found vulnerable groups using UCo-measured SHS exposure rate. In particular, the self-reported SHS exposure at home and in workplaces and house type was highly associated with SHS exposure. Thus, these findings indicate that the actual SHS exposure could not be properly assessed by SR and should be verified using a biomarker, such as UCo. Considering that even a short-term exposure can be harmful to health, the goal of the policy should be to keep cotinine concentration as low as possible.

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Associations between Perceptions and Measures of Weather and Walking, United States—2015

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8398

Author(s):

Susan A. Carlson ◽

Geoffrey P. Whitfield ◽

Ryan T. Davis ◽

Erin L. Peterson ◽

Janet E. Fulton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

National Health Interview Survey ◽

Regression Models ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Measured Temperature ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

The Past ◽

Interview Survey ◽

Promotion Strategies ◽

Specific Temperature

Introduction: Weather can be a barrier to walking. Understanding how perceptions of weather as a barrier and measured temperature are associated with walking can inform monitoring and promotion strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the association between perceptions of weather as a barrier to walking and measured weather with the volume of leisure and transportation walking. Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) assessed participation in and volume of walking (transportation, leisure) in the past week and frequency of reporting weather as a barrier to walking. Data were collected over the entire year. In 2019, we merged month-specific temperature data from the PRISM climate group with individual NHIS records. We examined associations using logistic (participation) and linear regression models (volume). Results: Participation in walking increased as frequency of reporting weather as a barrier to walking decreased, from ‘almost always’ (transportation: 23%, leisure: 42%) to ‘a little of the time’ (transportation: 40%, leisure: 67%). Among adults reporting walking, walking volume increased as frequency of reporting weather as a barrier decreased from ‘almost always’ (transportation: 51 min/week, leisure: 64 min/week) to ‘never’ (transportation: 69 min/week, leisure: 98 min/week). Month-specific temperature was significantly associated with leisure walking with lower participation at the lowest and highest temperature quintiles, although the strength of the association differed by frequency of reporting weather as a barrier. Conclusions: In general, prevalence and volume of leisure and transportation walking decreased as the perception of weather as a barrier increased. Low and high temperature conditions were also associated with leisure walking participation, particularly among adults with increased perceptions of weather as a barrier. Our findings highlight the importance of including strategies to help adults overcome perceived and actual weather-related barriers in walking promotion efforts.

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Abstract 15034: Exposure to Secondhand Smoke is Associated With Increased Left Ventricular Mass

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.15034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Travis M Skipina ◽

Bharathi Upadhya ◽

Elsayed Z Soliman

Keyword(s):

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Nhanes Iii ◽

P Value ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Dose Response Relationship ◽

Serum Cotinine ◽

Lv Mass ◽

Shs Exposure ◽

Exposure To Secondhand Smoke

Background: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), or passive smoking, has been associated with chronic hypertension. However, little is known about the relationship between SHS and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, the most common complication of hypertension and a manifestation of cardiac end-organ damage. Hypothesis: SHS exposure is independently associated with LV mass. Methods: This analysis included 4,982 non-smoker participants (age 60.8±13.6 years, 57.8% women, 77.7% whites) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES-III). Non-smoking was defined by self-report and serum cotinine ≤ 10 ng/dL, a biomarker for tobacco exposure. SHS was defined as serum cotinine level >1 ng/dL. LV mass was estimated using an electrocardiographic model developed and applied in NHANES-III then validated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the cross-sectional association between SHS exposure (vs. no exposure) with estimated LV mass. In similar models, we also examined the associations of LV mass across quartiles of serum cotinine (reference group, 1 st quartile) and in subgroups stratified by race, sex, and hypertension status. Results: About 9.8% (n=489) of the participants were exposed to SHS. Exposure to SHS was associated with an estimated 2.9 gram increase in LV mass, with a dose-response relationship between higher serum cotinine and LV mass ( Table ). These results were consistent in men and women (interaction p-value= 0.31), whites and non-whites (interaction p-value= 0.21), and those with and without hypertension (interaction p-value= 0.88) Conclusion: In a racially diverse sample of non-smokers, SHS is associated with increased LV mass with a dose-response relationship between level of exposure and LV mass. These findings underscore the harmful effect of passive smoking on the cardiovascular system and highlight the need for more restrictions on smoking in public areas.

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High-Frequency Cochlear Amplifier Dysfunction: A Dominating Contribution to the Cognitive-Ear Link

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2021.767570 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Yao Wang ◽

Xiao Li ◽

Fuxin Ren ◽

Siqi Liu ◽

Wen Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

High Frequency ◽

Regression Models ◽

Pure Tone ◽

Otoacoustic Emission ◽

Cochlear Amplifier ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission ◽

Distortion Product ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Models

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the high-frequency cochlear dysfunction in the cognitive-ear link.Methods: Seventy-four presbycusis patients (PC group) and seventy-one age-, sex-, and education-level matched normal hearing controls (NH group) were recruited in this study. Participants underwent a battery of cognitive tests estimated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), and Trail-Making Test (TMT-A and B), as well as auditory tests including distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), pure tone (PT) thresholds, and speech reception thresholds (SRT). Data were analyzed using the factor analysis, partial correlation analysis, multiple linear regression models, and mediation models.Results: Distortion product otoacoustic emission detection amplitudes and PT thresholds performed worse gradually from low to high frequencies in both the NH and PC groups. High-frequency DPOAE (H-DPOAE) was significantly correlated with cognitive domains in the PC group (AVLT: r = 0.30, p = 0.04; SDMT: r = 0.36, p = 0.01; Stroop: r = –0.32, p = 0.03; TMT-A: r = –0.40, p = 0.005; TMT-B: r = –0.34, p = 0.02). Multiple linear regression models showed that H-DPOAE predicted cognitive impairment effectively for aspects of memory (R2 = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.03 to 1.55), attention (R2 = 0.32, 95% CI, –6.18 to –0.40), processing speed (R2 = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.20 to 1.64), and executive function (TMT-A: R2 = 0.34, 95% CI, –5.52 to 1.03; TMT-B: R2 = 0.29, 95% CI, –11.30 to –1.12). H-DPOAE directly affected cognition and fully mediated the relationship between pure tone average (PTA)/SRT and cognitive test scores, excluding MoCA.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the high-frequency cochlear amplifier dysfunction has a direct predictive effect on the cognitive decline and makes a large contribution to the cognitive-ear link.

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Prevalence and characteristics of secondhand smoke and secondhand vapour exposure among youth

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054265 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 305-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jennifer Ellen Bayly ◽

Debra Bernat ◽

Lauren Porter ◽

Kellie O’Dare ◽

Kelvin Choi

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Past ◽

Shs Exposure ◽

Logistic Regressions

BackgroundIt is well established that secondhand smoke (SHS) is harmful, and concern about the potential dangers associated with secondhand vapour (SHV) (ie, vapour from electronic vapour products, EVP) is growing. The present study examines the prevalence and characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure.MethodsData from youth aged 11–17 who completed the 2016 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (n=58 616) were analysed. Demographics, past 30 day SHS and SHV exposure, environmental factors, cigarette and EVP use status, SHS and SHV harm perceptions, and tobacco susceptibility were assessed. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine characteristics associated with SHS and SHV exposure, and SHS and SHV exposure with tobacco susceptibility.ResultsOverall, 42% of Florida youth reported SHS exposure and 29% reported SHV exposure during the past 30 days. Living in a home where tobacco use was permitted (vs not permitted) was positively associated with SHS (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.57) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.56). Perceived SHS as harmful (vs not harmful) was positively associated with SHS (AOR 1.73) and SHV exposure (AOR 1.97), while perceived SHV as harmful was negatively associated with SHS (AOR 0.86) and SHV exposure (AOR 0.56). SHS and SHV exposure was significantly associated with susceptibility to cigarette and EVP use (AOR 1.40 and 2.08, respectively).ConclusionsAlmost one-third of Florida youth reported SHV exposure. Factors associated with SHS and SHV exposure are somewhat similar, and exposure to SHS and SHV is associated with tobacco susceptibility in youth. Promoting tobacco-free homes is needed to protect youth from SHS and SHV exposure.

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Perceptual and Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Clarity with and Without a Facemask

10.21203/rs.3.rs-731592/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Duy Duong Nguyen ◽

Antonia Chacon ◽

Christopher Payten ◽

Rebecca Black ◽

Meet Sheth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Regression Models ◽

Spectral Characteristics ◽

Mask Condition ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Root Mean Square Amplitude ◽

Acoustic Characteristics ◽

Care Workers ◽

Surgical Masks ◽

Speech Clarity

Abstract Some studies have found that the speech of speakers wearing facemasks has reduced intelligibility. Although it has been found that facemasks attenuated high-frequency energy, no study has examined the effects of masks on spectral characteristics of vowels or voiceless fricative consonants. The present study investigated auditory perceptual rating of speech clarity and acoustic-phonetic measures of vowels and voiceless fricative consonant production in 16 health care workers who produced standardized voice tasks without and with wearing either a standard surgical mask or a KN95 mask. Voice samples were perceptually rated for speech clarity and were acoustically analysed for root-mean-square amplitude (ARMS), spectral moments of two voiceless fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/, and ARMS and amplitude of the first three formants (A1, A2, and A3). Speech produced whilst wearing either a surgical or KN95 mask was significantly less clear than without a mask, with KN95 showing greater impact than surgical masks. In both fricatives, ARMS was lower in the surgical mask and KN95 mask conditions compared to the non-mask condition. None of the amplitude measures of vowels were affected by facemasks. Linear regression models indicated that perception of speech produced by mask users was mainly affected by modification of voiceless fricative consonant characteristics.

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Association Between CLOCK 3111 T/C Polymorphism with Ghrelin, GLP-1, Food Timing, Sleep and Chronotype in Overweight and Obese Iranian Adults

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1092653/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Rahati ◽

Mostafa Qorbani ◽

Anoosh Naghavi ◽

Milad Heidari Nia ◽

Hamideh Pishva

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Regression Models ◽

Essential Element ◽

Allele Carrier ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK), an essential element of the positive regulatory arm in the human biological clock, is involved in metabolic regulation. The aim was to investigate the behavioral (sleep duration, food timing, dietary intake, appetite and chronobiologic characteristics) and hormonal (plasma ghrelin and Glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations) factors that could explain the previously reported association between the CLOCK 3111T/C SNP and obesity. Methods This cross-sectional study included 403 subjects, overweight and/or obesity, aged 20- 50 years from Iran. The CLOCK rs1801260 data were measured by the PCR-RFLP method. Dietary intake, food timing, sleep duration, appetite and Chrono-type were assessed using validated questionnaires. Ghrelin and GLP-1 were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples. Participants were also divided into three groups based on rs1801260 genotype and BMI. Logistic regression models and general linear regression models were used to assess the association between CLOCK genotype and study parameters. Univariate linear regression models were used to assess the interaction between CLOCK and VAS, Food timing, chronotype and sleep on food intakes. Results After controlling for confounding factors, there was a significant difference between genotypes for physical activity (P=0.001), waist circumference (P˂0.05), BMI (˂0.01), weight (P=0.001), GLP-1 (P= 0.02), ghrelin (P= 0.04), appetite (P˂0.001), chronotype (P˂0.001), sleep (P˂0.001), food timing (P˂0.001), energy (P˂0.05), carbohydrate (P˂0.05) and fat intake (P˂0.001). Our findings also show that people with the minor allele C who ate lunch after 3 PM and breakfast after 9 AM are more prone to obesity (P˂0.05). furthermore, there was significant interactions between C allele carrier group and high appetite on fat intake (Pinteraction=0.041), eat lunch after 3 PM on energy intake (Pinteraction=0.039) and morning type on fat intake (Pinteraction=0.021). Conclusion Sleep reduction, changes in ghrelin and GLP-1 levels, changes in eating behaviors and evening preference that characterized CLOCK 3111C can all contribute to obesity. Furthermore, the data demonstrate a clear relationship between the timing of food intake and obesity. Our results support the hypothesis that the influence of the CLOCK gene may extend to a wide range of variables related to human behaviors.

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