scholarly journals Effects of Calcium Lignosulfonate and Silicic Acid on Ammonium Nitrate Degradation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ozan Gezerman ◽  
Burcu Didem Çorbacıoglu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Screening Analysis ◽  
Nitrate Salts ◽  
Nitrate Degradation

Ammonium nitrate salts are the most commonly used nitrogenous fertilizers in industry. However, storage of ammonium nitrate is problematic, since its initial properties can decline because of environmental factors, leading to large economic losses. In this study, in order to prevent the caking and degradation of ammonium nitrate, an alternative composition with additional calcium lignosulfonate and silicic acid was studied. The resulting fertilizer was analyzed by screening analysis, ion chromatography, and electron microscopy methods.

scholarly journals Effects of sodium silicate, calcium carbonate, and silicic acid on ammonium nitrate degradation, and analytical investigations of the degradation process on an industrial scale

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Gezerman ◽  
Burcu Çorbacıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Transition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Inorganic Chemical ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Nitrate Degradation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic chemical that has numerous applications in different industries. However, various problems are associated with both the production and subsequent storage of ammonium nitrate, including caking, degradation, unwanted phase transition, and recrystallization. Although several methods have been developed to attempt to solve these problems, many of them fail to work in practice. In this study, different compounds including silicic acid and sodium silicate were added to slow the progress of or to prevent the degradation of ammonium nitrate. Multiple instrumental analyses such as ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy were used to monitor the degradation process.

scholarly journals Effect of Silicate, Carbonate, Calcium Lignosulphonate, and Silicic Acid Additives on Ammonium Nitrate Degradation

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ozan Gezerman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Salt Formation ◽  
Phase Conversion ◽  
Nitrate Degradation ◽  
Physical Degradation ◽  
Silicate Carbonate ◽  
Degradation Problem

Ammonium nitrate is the most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in the agriculture and plays an important role in the development of leaves and stems in plants. The storage and production of ammonium nitrate at the industrial scale can result in degradation and caking. Various solutions have been proposed, however, to date, an effective solution to the degradation problem has not been identified. The addition of silicic acid during the production of ammonium nitrate prevents the double salt formation caused by sulphuric acid additive, which is a process requirement. Silicic acid was combined with calcium carbonate in the dilution stage in order to increase the fracture strength of ammonium nitrate. With the addition of calcium lignosulphonate, the phase conversion of ammonium nitrate granules was completed more rapidly, and thus the problem of degradation was prevented. Thus, chemical and physical degradation of the ammonium nitrate structure were prevented during the 2-year storage period, which was adopted as the standard for the ammonium nitrate production process.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Mechanism of Water Activities on Aflatoxins Biosynthesis and Conidia Development, and Transcription Factor AtfB Is Involved in This Regulation

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Longxue Ma ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Xiaoyun Ma ◽  
Qiang Yu ◽  
Xiaohua Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Conidia Production

Peanuts are frequently infected by Aspergillus strains and then contaminated by aflatoxins (AF), which brings out economic losses and health risks. AF production is affected by diverse environmental factors, especially water activity (aw). In this study, A. flavus was inoculated into peanuts with different aw (0.90, 0.95, and 0.99). Both AFB1 yield and conidia production showed the highest level in aw 0.90 treatment. Transcriptional level analyses indicated that AF biosynthesis genes, especially the middle- and later-stage genes, were significantly up-regulated in aw 0.90 than aw 0.95 and 0.99. AtfB could be the pivotal regulator response to aw variations, and could further regulate downstream genes, especially AF biosynthesis genes. The expressions of conidia genes and relevant regulators were also more up-regulated at aw 0.90 than aw 0.95 and 0.99, suggesting that the relative lower aw could increase A. flavus conidia development. Furthermore, transcription factors involved in sexual development and nitrogen metabolism were also modulated by different aw. This research partly clarified the regulatory mechanism of aw on AF biosynthesis and A. flavus development and it would supply some advice for AF prevention in food storage.

scholarly journals Cryo-electron Microscopy Structures of Novel Viruses from Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain with Multiple Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanzhu Gao ◽  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
Jiamiao Huang ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Kunpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Icosahedral Capsid

ABSTRACT Viruses associated with sleeping disease (SD) in crabs cause great economic losses to aquaculture, and no effective measures are available for their prevention. In this study, to help develop novel antiviral strategies, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy was applied to investigate viruses associated with SD. The results not only revealed the structure of mud crab dicistrovirus (MCDV) but also identified a novel mud crab tombus-like virus (MCTV) not previously detected using molecular biology methods. The structure of MCDV at a 3.5-Å resolution reveals three major capsid proteins (VP1 to VP3) organized into a pseudo-T=3 icosahedral capsid, and affirms the existence of VP4. Unusually, MCDV VP3 contains a long C-terminal region and forms a novel protrusion that has not been observed in other dicistrovirus. Our results also reveal that MCDV can release its genome via conformation changes of the protrusions when viral mixtures are heated. The structure of MCTV at a 3.3-Å resolution reveals a T= 3 icosahedral capsid with common features of both tombusviruses and nodaviruses. Furthermore, MCTV has a novel hydrophobic tunnel beneath the 5-fold vertex and 30 dimeric protrusions composed of the P-domains of the capsid protein at the 2-fold axes that are exposed on the virion surface. The structural features of MCTV are consistent with a novel type of virus. IMPORTANCE Pathogen identification is vital for unknown infectious outbreaks, especially for dual or multiple infections. Sleeping disease (SD) in crabs causes great economic losses to aquaculture worldwide. Here we report the discovery and identification of a novel virus in mud crabs with multiple infections that was not previously detected by molecular, immune, or traditional electron microscopy (EM) methods. High-resolution structures of pathogenic viruses are essential for a molecular understanding and developing new disease prevention methods. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the mud crab tombus-like virus (MCTV) and mud crab dicistrovirus (MCDV) determined in this study could assist the development of antiviral inhibitors. The identification of a novel virus in multiple infections previously missed using other methods demonstrates the usefulness of this strategy for investigating multiple infectious outbreaks, even in humans and other animals.

scholarly journals Morphological aspects of cell reabsorption in laying queens and workers of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Patrício ◽  
Carminda da Cruz-Landim
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Transmission Electron

The occurrence of cell reabsorption in the ovaries of queens in several rates of laying eggs, artificially impeded of laying, and in nurse workers, of Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), was studied with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of structures were described and named by analogy with vertebrates ovarian structures, as corpus luteus, when resulting from the reabsorption of the follicular cells after ovulation, and corpus atresicus when resulting from total follicular reabsorption at any oocyte developmental stage. These structures have the same morphological characteristics and physiological signification in both castes. The corpus luteus occurrence indicates ovulation and its number is correspondent to the queen's rates of oviposition. The presence of this structure in nurse workers ovarioles shows that this caste may lay eggs. The incidence of corpus atresicus in queens decay with the increasing of the oviposition indicating that the inhibition of the normal sequence of oocyte maturation in the ovaries is deleterious. Both, corpus luteus and corpus atresicus incidence may be influenced by environmental factors.

Synthesis of 1,4-Butanediamine-1,1,4,4-d4, 1,4-Butanediamine-2,2,3,3-d4 and Their Respective BIS (Ammonium Nitrate) Salts

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan P. Marchand ◽  
N. Satyanarayana ◽  
Jr. McKenney ◽  
Struck Robert L. ◽  
Stephen R.
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Salts

Detection and localization of the endophyte Undifilum oxytropis in locoweed tissues

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1229-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanna Reyna ◽  
Peter Cooke ◽  
Daniel Grum ◽  
Daniel Cook ◽  
Rebecca Creamer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Oxytropis Sericea ◽  
Pathogenic Interaction ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Detection And Localization

Poisoning of livestock owing to grazing on locoweeds results in significant economic losses in the western United States. Some Oxytropis spp. locoweeds contain a seed-transmitted endophytic fungus, Undifilum oxytropis, which produces the toxic alkaloid swainsonine. We sought to localize and characterize growth patterns of the fungus within leaves and petioles of Oxytropis lambertii Pursh and Oxytropis sericea Nutt. to help define the types of interactions between the fungus and its hosts. Vegetative hyphae were observed within locoweed tissues using integrated imaging. Topographical images from scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of the endophyte in the pith tissue of petioles. The fungus was identified between plant cells but did not appear to penetrate host cells. Transmission electron microscopy images of thin sections revealed that hyphae were closely associated with host cell walls. Oxytropis sericea was innoculated with green fluorescent protein-transformed U. oxytropis and observed by confocal microscopy, confirming the presence of the endophyte hyphae in leaves and petioles. The fungus was identified only in the pith of petioles using fluorescence and in the vascular bundle throughout extracellular spaces in leaves. These results revealed no signs of a pathogenic interaction between plant and fungus and support the hypothesis of a mutualistic or commensal relationship.

Inactivation and Ultrastructure Analysis ofBacillus spp. andClostridium perfringensSpores

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Brantner ◽  
Ryan M. Hannah ◽  
James P. Burans ◽  
Robert K. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Endospores ◽  
Time Required

AbstractBacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. It is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1–21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (EM) examination outside of containment laboratories. Prolonged exposure to chemical fixatives, however, can alter the ultrastructure of spores for EM analyses. This study was undertaken to determine the minimum amount of time required to inactivate/sterilize and fix spore preparations from several bacterial species using a universal fixative solution for EM that maintains the ultrastructural integrity of the spores. We show that a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde with 1% glutaraldehyde inactivated spore preparations ofBacillus anthracis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus thuringiensis, andClostridium perfringensin 30 min, andBacillus subtilisin 240 min. These results suggest that this fixative solution can be used to inactivate and fix spores from several major groups of bacterial spore formers after 240 min, enabling the fixed preparations to be removed from biocontainment and safely analyzed by EM outside of biocontainment.

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