scholarly journals Effect of Intergenerational Chronic Undernutrition on Ponderal, and Linear Growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Florencia Cesani ◽  
Evelia Edith Oyhenart ◽  
Héctor Mario Pucciarelli
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The aim of this paper was to analyze if intergenerational undernutrition causes growth retardation in weight and body length in two generations of rats and, if so, to assess whether the delay is cumulative. Male and female rats were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control: they were fed ad libitum and constituted the parental generation (P), and (2) undernourished generations (F1 and F2): they were fed on 75% of the control diet. Animals were weighed and X-rayed every ten days from 20 to 100 days old in order to measure total body length. Also, body mass index was calculated. Data were processed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. Impairment in weight, body length, and body mass index was found in both generations; nevertheless growth retardation was greater in F2, indicating a cumulative effect of nutritional stress. Sex differences were found, since the cumulative effect of generational undernutrition was greater and earlier in males than in females. It is concluded that when the undernutrition acts with constant intensity during several generations, the growth retardation is cumulative, indicating a negative secular trend.

scholarly journals Relationships among Height, Weight, Body Mass Index, and Age in Taiwanese Children with Different Types of Mucopolysaccharidoses

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Yu Lin ◽  
Chung-Lin Lee ◽  
Pao Chin Chiu ◽  
Dau-Ming Niu ◽  
Fuu-Jen Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Mps Ii ◽  
Mps Vi ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Mps Iva ◽  
Mps I ◽  
Mps Iii

Background: Children with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) generally appear unaffected at birth but may develop multiple clinical manifestations including profound growth impairment as they grow older. Each type of MPS has a variable age at onset and variable rate of progression, however, information regarding growth in Asian children is limited. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 129 Taiwanese patients with MPS (age range, 0.7 to 19.5 years, median age, 7.9 years) from eight medical centers in Taiwan from January 1996 through December 2018. Results: The mean z scores for the first recorded values of height, weight, and body mass index in the patients’ medical records were −4.25, −1.04, and 0.41 for MPS I (n = 9), −2.31, 0.19, and 0.84 for MPS II (n = 49), −0.42, 0.08, and −0.12 for MPS III (n = 27), −6.02, −2.04, and 0.12 for MPS IVA (n = 30), and −4.46, −1.52, and 0.19 for MPS VI (n = 14), respectively. MPS IVA had the lowest mean z scores for both height and weight among all types of MPS, followed by MPS VI, MPS I, MPS II, and MPS III, which showed the mildest growth retardation. Both z scores for height and weight were negatively correlated with increasing age for all types of MPS (p < 0.01). Of 32 patients younger than 5 years of age, 16 (50%), and 23 (72%) had positive z scores of height and weight, respectively. A substantial number of younger patients with MPS I, II, III, and IVA had a positive height z score. The median age at diagnosis was 3.9 years (n = 115). Conclusions: The patients with MPS IVA had the most significant growth retardation among all types of MPS, followed by MPS VI, MPS I, MPS II, and MPS III. The height and weight of the MPS patients younger than 2–5 years of age were higher than those of healthy individuals, however, their growth significantly decelerated in subsequent years. Understanding the growth curve and potential involved in each type of MPS may allow for early diagnosis and timely management of the disease, which may improve the quality of life.

scholarly journals A western-style diet reduces bone mass and biomechanical bone strength to a greater extent in male compared with female rats during development

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy E. Ward ◽  
Susie Kim ◽  
W. Robert Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Evidence from epidemiological and animal-feeding trials suggests that a western-style diet that is high in fat, and low in Ca, vitamin D and folic acid may result in low bone mass and poor bone quality: this leads to an increased risk of fragility fracture. The overall objective of the present study was to determine the effect of feeding a western-style diet (low in Ca (0·4 g/kg diet, Ca:P ratio 1:10), cholecalciferol (3 μg/kg diet), folic acid (0·23 mg/kg diet) and fibre (20 g/kg diet), and high in fat (200 g/kg diet)) for 17 weeks on bone mineral content (BMC) and the biomechanical bone strength of rat femurs. A secondary objective was to determine whether femurs from male and female rats (seven to eight rats per group) respond differently to the western-style diet. Male and female rats weighing 150–180 g were fed a western-style diet or a control diet for 17 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, femur BMC was measured by ashing, and biomechanical properties were determined by three-point bending. Femur BMC and the majority of biomechanical properties measured were lower (P<0·05) among male and female rats fed a western-style diet compared with a control diet, despite similar weight gain and final body weight within genders. However, the western-style diet had a greater negative effect on femur BMC and biomechanical strength properties among male rats compared with females. This may be because male rats experienced greater overall body growth, as assessed by weight gain, than female rats, and suggests that the nutrient composition of the western-style diet did not support the development of strong femurs.

THE EFFECT OF PARATHION ON THE LIVER AND KIDNEY CARBOXYLESTERASES AND THE PLASMA ACETYLCHOLINESTERASES OF RATS FED NUTRITIONALLY DEFICIENT DIETS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila I. Read ◽  
E. J. Middleton ◽  
W. P. Mckinley
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Female rats were fed diets low in minerals, vitamins, or protein, or a control diet, both alone and supplemented with 10 parts per million (p.p.m.) parathion for 3 weeks. Male and female rats were fed control and tow-vitamin diets both with and without parathion supplementation (0–10 p.p.m.) for 3 weeks. The liver and kidney carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1.), and the plasma acetylcholinesterases (EC 3.1.1.7.) of the male rats, were measured.In the female rats, a low-mineral diet resulted in an increase of carboxylesterases in the liver and kidney; a low-vitamin diet caused a marked increase in liver carboxylesterases but had no effect on the carboxylesterases of the kidney. Parathion at 10 p.p.m. in all diets greatly reduced the liver carboxylesterases but had less effect on kidney carboxylesterases, except in the case of the low-protein diet, for which the reduction was similar to that in the liver. Varying amounts of parathion added to the low-vitamin diet reduced the liver and kidney carboxylesterases, but to a less extent than when added to the control diet.The liver carboxylesterases of male rats were inhibited approximately 50% by 2 p.p.m. parathion in the control diet and by 4 p.p.m. parathion in the low-vitamin diet. However, inhibition of plasma acetylcholinesterase and kidney carboxylesterases was not marked until the 10 p.p.m. parathion level was fed. The acetylcholinesterase activity of the plasma of male rats did not decrease until the level of liver carboxylesterases was very low.

scholarly journals Oxytocin has sex-specific effects on social behaviour and hypothalamic oxytocin immunoreactive cells but not hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Duarte-Guterman ◽  
Stephanie E. Lieblich ◽  
Wansu Qiu ◽  
Jared E.J. Splinter ◽  
Kimberly A. Go ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Social Investigation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
17Β Estradiol

AbstractOxytocin regulates social behaviours, pair bonding and hippocampal neurogenesis but most studies have used adult males. Our study investigated the effects of oxytocin on social investigation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female rats. Oxytocin has poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, therefore we tested a nanoparticle drug, TRIOZANTM (Ovensa Inc.), which permits greater blood-brain-barrier penetration. Adult male and female rats were injected daily (i.p.) for 10 days with either: oxytocin in PBS (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), oxytocin in TRIOZANTM (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), or vehicle (PBS) and tested for social investigation. Oxytocin decreased body mass and increased social investigation and number of oxytocin-immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in male rats only. In both sexes, oxytocin decreased the number of immature neurons (doublecortin+ cells) in the ventral hippocampus and reduced plasma 17β-estradiol levels in a dose- and delivery-dependent way. Oxytocin in TRIOZANTM reduced sedation observed post-injection and increased some central effects (oxytocin levels in the hypothalamus and ventral hippocampus neurogenesis) relative to oxytocin in PBS indicating that the nanoparticle may be used as an alternative brain delivery system. We showed that oxytocin has sex-specific effects on social investigation, body mass, sedation, and the oxytocin system. In contrast, similar effects were observed in both sexes in neurogenesis and plasma 17β-estradiol. Our work suggests that sex differences in oxytocin regulation of brain endpoints is region-specific (hypothalamus versus hippocampus) and that oxytocin does not promote social investigation in females.

scholarly journals Estado nutricional antropométrico e associação com pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes: um estudo populacional

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25592
Author(s):  
Letícia Da Silva Souza ◽  
Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo ◽  
Camila Franceschi ◽  
Cassiane De Avila ◽  
Suellienn Centenaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Municipal Schools ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Aims: To evaluate the nutritional status of children and adolescents by anthropometric indicators and to evaluate the association of these results with blood pressure.         Methods: Children and adolescents between four and 19 years of age from rural and urban schools of a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul were included in this study. Those who refused (or whose parents refused) to participate or did not sign the consent form,  or in whom it was not possible to carry out the anthropometric or blood pressure measurements, were excluded. Weight, height, waist circumference, skin folds and blood pressure were measured, and the body mass index was calculated. Data were described by mean, standard deviation, amplitude of variation, absolute and relative frequencies. Stratification by gender, body mass index and central obesity was performed to analyze the influence of these on the other variables. Pearson's Chi-square was used to evaluate the associations. The level of significance was p<0.05.Results: At the time of data collection, 7,082 children and adolescents within the age group were enrolled in the municipal schools, and they were invited to participate. After applying the exclusion criteria, 5,936 children/adolescents were included in the study. The sample presented prevalence of overweight of 30.3%, central obesity 31.1% and excess body fat 8.7%. Overweight was higher in children from private schools (44.1%) than in state schools (29.5%) and municipal schools (29.9%) (p<0.001). There were statistically significant associations of high blood pressure with overweight, obesity, and central obesity (p<0.001).Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight was high and hypertension was associated with overweight, obesity and central obesity in children and adolescents of the studied population.

scholarly journals The predictors of interpregnancy change in body mass index

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Reynolds ◽  
Brendan Egan ◽  
Eimer O'Malley ◽  
Sharon Sheehan ◽  
Michael Turner
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Maternity Hospitals

AbstractIntroductionPregnancy is a time when weight increases as part of a physiological process to aid fetal growth. However, when excess weight is gained during pregnancy, and retained thereafter, the risk of obesity in the future increases. Increasing BMI between pregnancies and maternal obesity are associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although the risks of increasing BMI on future pregnancies is well defined, the predictors of this weight gain are not. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of interpregnancy BMI change.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted in one of Europe's largest maternity hospitals delivering approximately 8000 infants per annum. Women's sociodemographic and clinical data were self-reported at the first antenatal visit and computerised to an electronic recording system by trained midwives. Weight and height were measured at the first antenatal visits of both pregnancies, and body mass index was calculated. Data was extracted and analysed for women who delivered their first and second singleton infants between 2009–2018.ResultsA total of 12,056 women delivered their first and second baby over the 10-year period. The mean interval between pregnancies was 32.3months (SD15.9) and the median BMI change was 0.6units (IQR1.3). From the first to the second pregnancy the rate of obesity increased from 11.6% to 16.0%. Between pregnancies 46.1% of women maintained their BMI (-1 to + 1units), 13.3% lost > 1 BMI unit(s), whereas 15.5% gained 1–2unit(s), 9.9% gained 2–3units and 12.0% gained > 3units. Overall, 5.8% became obese by the second pregnancy. On multinomial regression analysis, having a pregnancy interval of > 3years (aOR2.1, 95%CI 1.9–2.5, p < 0.001), artificial feeding after the first pregnancy (aOR1.8, 1.5–2.0, p < 0.001), postnatal depression after the first pregnancy (aOR1.6, 1.3–2.1, p < 0.001) and taking prescribed anxiolytics or antidepressants (aOR1.6, 1.1–2.5, p = 0.013) were predictors of gaining > 3 BMI units between pregnancies after adjusting for maternal occupation and age. The predictors of becoming obese in the second pregnancy also included a pregnancy interval of > 3years (aOR1.5, 1.2–1.8, p < 0.001), artificial feeding after the first pregnancy (aOR2.1, 1.8–2.6, p < 0.001), postnatal depression after the first pregnancy (aOR1.7, 1.2–2.3, p = 0.001) and taking prescribed anxiolytics or antidepressants (aOR1.8, 1.1–3.1, p = 0.016) following the same adjustments.ConclusionLonger pregnancy interval, not breastfeeding and psychological health disorders are predictors of BMI increase between pregnancies and becoming obese in the second pregnancy. Interventions provided following women's first delivery should aim to promote breastfeeding, manage weight and improve mental health.

scholarly journals The Effects of Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation and Postnatal Undernutrition on Onset of Puberty in Male and Female Rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia J T Engelbregt ◽  
Mieke E C A M Houdijk ◽  
Corrie Popp-Snijders ◽  
Henriette A Delemarre-van de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Intra Uterine Growth Retardation
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