Molecular Epidemiology of Genogroup II Noroviruses Infection in Outpatients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Nanjing, China (2010–2013)

Objective.Human noroviruses (NoVs) of genogroup II are the most common strains detected in sporadic cases of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in outpatients in Nanjing. To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of GII strains, we analyzed 75 positive NoV cases from 2010 to 2013.Methods.The sporadic cases were detected by real-time PCR with specific primers and probes to human NoVs of genogroup I or II, human sapovirus, human rotavirus, human astrovirus, and human enteric adenovirus. Human NoVs of genogroup II were further studied by VP1 amplification (RT- PCR), cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.Results.Rotavirus and human NoVs were more frequently detected in all the cases from 2010 to 2013. Human NoVs infection was more frequent since 2011 and more frequent than rotavirus infection after 2012. Out of the 75 NoV cases of genogroup II, there were 5 GII.6, 11 GII.3, and 59 GII.4. Of the 59 GII.4, 27 cases were previous GII.4.2006b strains that circulated between 2010 and 2012; while 32 cases were the newly emerging GII.4 strains GII.4.2012 from 2011 to 2013.Conclusion.Our data confirm other studies on the rapid emergence and displacement of highly virulent GII.4 strains.

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Clinical epidemiology and molecular profiling of human bocavirus in faecal samples from children with diarrhoea in Guangzhou, China

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814003203 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (11) ◽

pp. 2315-2329 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D.-M. ZHANG ◽

M.-M. MA ◽

W.-T. WEN ◽

X. ZHU ◽

L. XU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Epidemiology ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Human Bocavirus ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Enteric Adenovirus ◽

Enteric Infections ◽

Study Population ◽

Human Astrovirus

SUMMARYTo understand the clinical epidemiology and molecular characteristics of human bocavirus (HBoV) infection in children with diarrhoea in Guangzhou, South China, we collected 1128 faecal specimens from children with diarrhoea from July 2010 to December 2012. HBoV and five other major enteric viruses were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Human rotavirus (HRV) was the most prevalent pathogen, detected in 250 (22·2%) cases, followed by enteric adenovirus (EADV) in 76 (6·7%) cases, human astrovirus (HAstV) in 38 (3·4%) cases, HBoV in 17 (1·5%) cases, sapovirus (SaV) in 14 (1·2%) cases, and norovirus (NoV) in 9 (0·8%) cases. Co-infections were identified in 3·7% of the study population and 23·5% of HBoV-positive specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 14 HBoV strains to be clustered into species HBoV1 with only minor variations among them. Overall, the detection of HBoV appears to partially contribute to the overall detection gap for enteric infections, single HBoV infection rarely results in severe clinical outcomes, and HBoV sequencing data appears to support conserved genomes across strains identified in this study.

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Detection and characterization of human astrovirus and sapovirus in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Guangzhou, China

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-02044-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xin Luo ◽

Jian-kai Deng ◽

Xiao-ping Mu ◽

Nan Yu ◽

Xiaoyan Che

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Early Spring ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Gastrointestinal Pathogen ◽

Enteric Adenovirus ◽

Human Astrovirus ◽

Stool Samples

Abstract Background Human astrovirus (HAstV) and sapovirus (SaV) are common pathogens that can cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE). However, very few studies have reported the molecular epidemiology and clinical information on HAstV and SaV in China. This study aims to determine the molecular epidemiology and clinical features of HAstV and SaV in patients with AGE in Guangzhou, China. Methods For this study, 656 patients with AGE were enrolled. Their stool samples were screened for 15 enteropathogens using Luminex xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. HAstV and SaV were detected through an in-house multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by phylogenetic analysis. We described and compared clinical features of AGE in patients with HAstV and SaV. Results Of the 656 stool samples, 63.72% (418/656) were found to be positive, with 550 enteropathogens (296 bacteria and 254 viruses). HAstV and SaV were detected in 20 (3.0%) and 12 (1.8%) samples, respectively. Four genotypes (genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 8) of HAstV and three genotypes (GI.1, GI.2 and GIV) of SaV were identified. Coinfection was observed in ten HAstV-positive and two SaV-positive samples. HAstV was more likely to occur in winter, while SaV in early spring. The median age of the patients with single HAstV infection was higher than that of the patients with other viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, and enteric adenovirus; P = 0.0476) and unknown etiology (P = 0.006). Coinfection with HAstV or SaV were not associated with disease severity (P > 0.05). Conclusion HAstV and SaV are the common causes of AGE in Guangzhou, China.

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How Molecular Epidemiology Can Affect Tuberculosis Control in the Middle East Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526520666200106123619 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Asgharzadeh ◽

Jalil Rashedi ◽

Behroz Mahdavi Poor ◽

Hossein Samadi kafil ◽

Hossein Moharram Zadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Average Rate ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Middle East Countries ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Recent Transmission ◽

Highly Virulent

: Nowadays, due to the incidence of specific strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also increase the rate of drug resistant-TB mortality rate has elevated by this disease. Identification of common strains in the region as well as sources of transmission are essential to control the disease that this has been possible by using molecular epidemiology. In this survey, studies which have been carried out based on spoligotyping method in Muslim Middle East countries were considered to determine their role in control of TB. All studies conducted from 2005 to June 2016 were considered systematically in three electronic data bases and finally, 23 studies were selected. The average rate of clustering was 84% and the rate of recent transmission was variable from 21.7% to 92.4%. Incidence of Beijing strains was been rising in the considered countries. In Iran and Saudi Arabia which are immigration and labour-hosting countries, respectively, rapid transmittable strains and drug resistant Beijings were higher than other considered countries. Considering the incidence of highly virulent strains, due to the increase of immigration and people infected with HIV, tuberculosis, especially drug resistant form, the lack of close monitoring in the future will be induce trouble.

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Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New Zealand: Rapid Emergence of Sequence Type 5 (ST5)-SCCmec-IV as the Dominant Community-Associated MRSA Clone

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0062020 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. e62020 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Deborah A. Williamson ◽

Sally A. Roberts ◽

Stephen R. Ritchie ◽

Geoffrey W. Coombs ◽

John D. Fraser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

New Zealand ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Rapid Emergence

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Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: current understanding, challenge and perspective

Antibody Therapeutics ◽

10.1093/abt/tbaa028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 285-299

Author(s):

Yang Huang ◽

Hui Sun ◽

Hai Yu ◽

Shaowei Li ◽

Qingbing Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Viral Escape ◽

Global Burden ◽

Health Crisis ◽

The Us ◽

Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽

Insight Into ◽

Rapid Emergence

Abstract The rapid emergence of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic that presents an urgent human health crisis. Many SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were developed with efficient therapeutic potential. NAbs-based therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 are being expedited to preclinical and clinical studies with two antibody drugs, LY3819253 (LY-CoV555) and REGN-COV2 (REGN10933 and REGN10987), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for emergency use authorization for treating COVID-19. In this review, we provide a systemic overview of SARS-CoV-2 specific or cross-reactive NAbs and discuss their structures, functions and neutralization mechanisms. We provide insight into how these NAbs specific recognize the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or cross-react to other CoVs. We also summarize the challenges of NAbs therapeutics such as antibody-dependent enhancement and viral escape mutations. Such evidence is urgently needed to the development of antibody therapeutic interventions that are likely required to reduce the global burden of COVID-19.

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The Antigenic Topology of Norovirus as Defined by B and T Cell Epitope Mapping: Implications for Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11050432 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 432 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jessica M. van Loben Sels ◽

Kim Y. Green

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

B Cell ◽

Cell Epitope ◽

T Cell Epitopes ◽

B Cell Epitopes ◽

P Domain ◽

Capsid Protein Vp1 ◽

Murine Noroviruses ◽

Acute Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis ◽

Insight Into

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Vaccine design has been confounded by the antigenic diversity of these viruses and a limited understanding of protective immunity. We reviewed 77 articles published since 1988 describing the isolation, function, and mapping of 307 unique monoclonal antibodies directed against B cell epitopes of human and murine noroviruses representing diverse Genogroups (G). Of these antibodies, 91, 153, 21, and 42 were reported as GI-specific, GII-specific, MNV GV-specific, and G cross-reactive, respectively. Our goal was to reconstruct the antigenic topology of noroviruses in relationship to mapped epitopes with potential for therapeutic use or inclusion in universal vaccines. Furthermore, we reviewed seven published studies of norovirus T cell epitopes that identified 18 unique peptide sequences with CD4- or CD8-stimulating activity. Both the protruding (P) and shell (S) domains of the major capsid protein VP1 contained B and T cell epitopes, with the majority of neutralizing and HBGA-blocking B cell epitopes mapping in or proximal to the surface-exposed P2 region of the P domain. The majority of broadly reactive B and T cell epitopes mapped to the S and P1 arm of the P domain. Taken together, this atlas of mapped B and T cell epitopes offers insight into the promises and challenges of designing universal vaccines and immunotherapy for the noroviruses.

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Label-Free Quantitative Acetylome Analysis Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Specific Acetylomic Signatures

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7110510 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 510 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ze-Xiang Wang ◽

Rui-Si Hu ◽

Chun-Xue Zhou ◽

Jun-Jun He ◽

Hany M. Elsheikha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Label Free ◽

Histone Acetyl Transferase ◽

Genotype I ◽

Host Cell Response ◽

Genotype Iii ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Highly Virulent ◽

Insight Into ◽

Specific Virulence

Distinct genotypic and pathogenic differences exist between Toxoplasma gondii genotypes. For example, genotype I is highly virulent, whereas genotype II and genotype III are less virulent. Moreover, Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9) is also virulent. Here, we compare the acetylomes of genotype 1 (RH strain) and Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9, PYS strain) of T. gondii. Using mass spectrometry enriched for acetylated peptides, we found a relationship between the levels of protein acetylation and parasite genotype-specific virulence. Notably, lysine acetylation was the largest (458 acetylated proteins) in RH strain, followed by PYS strain (188 acetylated proteins), whereas only 115 acetylated proteins were detected in PRU strain. Our analysis revealed four, three, and four motifs in RH strain, PRU strain and PYS strain, respectively. Three conserved sequences around acetylation sites, namely, xxxxxKAcHxxxx, xxxxxKAcFxxxx, and xxxxGKAcSxxxx, were detected in the acetylome of the three strains. However, xxxxxKAcNxxxx (asparagine) was found in RH and PYS strains but was absent in PRU strain. Our analysis also identified 15, 3, and 26 differentially expressed acetylated proteins in RH strain vs. PRU strain, PRU strain vs. PYS strain and PYS strain vs. RH strain, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large proportion of the acetylated proteins are involved in metabolic processes. Pathways for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were featured in the top five enriched pathways in all three strains. However, acetylated proteins from the virulent strains (RH and PYS) were more enriched in the pyruvate metabolism pathway compared to acetylated proteins from PRU strain. Increased levels of histone-acetyl-transferase and glycyl-tRNA synthase were detected in RH strain compared to PRU strain and PYS strain. Both enzymes play roles in stress tolerance and proliferation, key features in the parasite virulence. These findings reveal novel insight into the acetylomic profiles of major T. gondii genotypes and provide a new important resource for further investigations of the roles of the acetylated parasite proteins in the modulation of the host cell response to the infection of T. gondii.

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