scholarly journals Contribution of Individual Risk Factor Changes to Reductions in Population Absolute Cardiovascular Risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cochrane ◽  
Rachel Davey ◽  
Christopher Gidlow ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Jagdish Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Background. Few studies have investigated individual risk factor contributions to absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Even fewer have examined changes in individual risk factors as components of overall modifiable risk change following a CVD prevention intervention.Design. Longitudinal study of population CVD risk factor changes following a health screening and enhanced support programme.Methods. The contribution of individual risk factors to the estimated absolute CVD risk in a population of high risk patients identified from general practice records was evaluated. Further, the proportion of the modifiable risk attributable to each factor that was removed following one year of enhanced support was estimated.Results. Mean age of patients (533 males, 68 females) was 63.7 (6.4) years. High cholesterol (57%) was most prevalent, followed by smoking (53%) and high blood pressure (26%). Smoking (57%) made the greatest contribution to the modifiable population CVD risk, followed by raised blood pressure (26%) and raised cholesterol (17%). After one year of enhanced support, the modifiable population risk attributed to smoking (56%), high blood pressure (68%), and high cholesterol (53%) was removed.Conclusion. Approximately 59% of the modifiable risk attributable to the combination of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and current smoking was removed after intervention.

scholarly journals Survival to Age 90 in Men: The Tromsø Study 1974–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2028
Author(s):  
Tormod Brenn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Impact

The 738 oldest men who participated in the first survey of the population-based Tromsø Study (Tromsø 1) in Norway in 1974 have now had the chance to reach the age of 90 years. The men were also invited to subsequent surveys (Tromsø 2–7, 1979–2016) and have been followed up for all-cause deaths. This study sought to investigate what could be learned from how these men have fared. The men were born in 1925–1928 and similar health-related data from questionnaires, physical examination, and blood samples are available for all surveys. Survival curves over various variable strata were applied to evaluate the impact of individual risk factors and combinations of risk factors on all-cause deaths. At the end of 2018, 118 (16.0%) of the men had reached 90 years of age. Smoking in 1974 was the strongest single risk factor associated with survival, with observed percentages of men reaching 90 years being 26.3, 25.7, and 10.8 for never, former, and current smokers, respectively. Significant effects on survival were also found for physical inactivity, low income, being unmarried, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. For men with 0–4 of these risk factors, the percentages reaching 90 years were 33.3, 24.9, 12.4, 14.4, and 1.5, respectively. Quitting smoking and increasing physical activity before 55 years of age improved survival significantly. Men should refrain from smoking and increase their physical activity, especially those with low income, those who are unmarried, and those with high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

scholarly journals Clustering of risk factors and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease in Asian and Caucasian populations: results from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e019335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne A E Peters ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Tai-Hing Lam ◽  
Hyeon Chang Kim ◽  
Suzanne Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between risk factor clusters and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in Asian and Caucasian populations and to estimate the burden of CVD attributable to each cluster.SettingAsia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration.ParticipantsIndividual participant data from 34 population-based cohorts, involving 314 024 participants without a history of CVD at baseline.Outcome measuresClusters were 11 possible combinations of four individual risk factors (current smoking, overweight, blood pressure (BP) and total cholesterol). Cox regression models were used to obtain adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for CVD associated with individual risk factors and risk factor clusters. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 7 years, 6203 CVD events were recorded. The ranking of HRs and PAFs was similar for Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) and Asia; clusters including BP consistently showed the highest HRs and PAFs. The BP–smoking cluster had the highest HR for people with two risk factors: 4.13 (3.56 to 4.80) for Asia and 3.07 (2.23 to 4.23) for ANZ. Corresponding PAFs were 24% and 11%, respectively. For individuals with three risk factors, the BP–smoking–cholesterol cluster had the highest HR (4.67 (3.92 to 5.57) for Asia and 3.49 (2.69 to 4.53) for ANZ). Corresponding PAFs were 13% and 10%.ConclusionsRisk factor clusters act similarly on CVD risk in Asian and Caucasian populations. Clusters including elevated BP were associated with the highest excess risk of CVD.

The effects of household income distribution on stroke prevalence and its risk factors of high blood pressure and smoking: a cross-sectional study in Saskatchewan, Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Bird ◽  
Mark Lemstra ◽  
Marla Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Adjustment ◽  
Stroke Prevalence

Background: Stroke is a major chronic disease and a common cause of adult disability and mortality. Although there are many known risk factors for stroke, lower income is not one that is often discussed. Aims: To determine the unadjusted and adjusted association of income distribution on the prevalence of stroke in Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: Information was collected from the Canadian Community Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada for 2000–2008. In total, 178 variables were analysed for their association with stroke. Results: Prior to statistical adjustment, stroke was seven times more common for lower income residents than higher income residents. After statistical adjustment, only four covariates were independently associated with stroke prevalence, including having high blood pressure (odds ratio (OR) = 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.12–3.24), having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.88–3.29), being a daily smoker (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.16–1.58) and being physically inactive (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.13–1.43). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with high blood pressure prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.41–1.63). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with daily smoking prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.25–1.33). Conclusions: Knowledge of disparities in the prevalence, severity, disability and mortality of stroke is critically important to medical and public health professionals. Our study found that income distribution was strongly associated with stroke, its main disease intermediary – high blood pressure – and its main risk factor – smoking. As such, income is an important variable worthy of public debate as a modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Abstract 14615: The Preventable Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases in China: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Li ◽  
Frank Hu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Exposure Distribution

Background: fuelled by rapid urbanization and changes in dietary and lifestyle choices, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the leading cause of death in China. Purposes: to estimate the CVD events that potentially contributed to 9 modifiable dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors in China. Methods: We used data on risk factor exposures in the Chinese population from nationally representative health surveys and CVD morbidity and mortality statistics from the China Health Statistical Yearbook and the National Population Census. We obtained the etiological effects of risk factors on CVD risk, by age, from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. We estimated the number of CVD events attributable to all non-optimal levels of each risk factor exposure, by urban/rural, age and sex. Results: Based on the exposure distribution estimated by 2009 China Health Nutrition Survey, the population attributable risk (PAR) on CVD events was 47.3% for high blood pressure, 23.2%, for physical inactivity, 18.5% for smoking, 13.5 for high BMI, 13.0% for high LDL cholesterol, 11.8% for high blood glucose, 11.1% for low dietary intakes of fruit and vegetable, 7.1% for high sodium intake and 3.5% for low PUFA intake, which was 78.0%, 18.8%, 20.9%, 21.9%, 8.2%, 16.1%, 12.0%, 20.3% and 2.0%, respectively, based on exposure distribution of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. In 2009, high blood pressure was responsible for 3.9 million CVD events, including 1.4 million CHD, 1.5 million ischemic strokes and 1 million hemorrhagic strokes. Large gender difference was found for PAR% of smoking (male 27.8%/female 6.5%). Conclusions: High blood pressure, smoking and physical inactivity, which all have effective interventions, are responsible for the largest number of CVD events in China. Other dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors for chronic diseases also cause a substantial number of CVD morbidity and mortality in China.

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Occupational Groups in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-658
Author(s):  
Lucy A Barnes ◽  
Amanda Eng ◽  
Marine Corbin ◽  
Hayley J Denison ◽  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
General Population Survey

Abstract Objectives Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been shown to differ between occupations, few studies have specifically evaluated the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups. This study assessed CVD risk factors in a range of occupational groups in New Zealand, stratified by sex and ethnicity. Methods Two probability-based sample surveys of the general New Zealand adult population (2004–2006; n = 3003) and of the indigenous people of New Zealand (Māori; 2009–2010; n = 2107), for which occupational histories and lifestyle factors were collected, were linked with routinely collected health data. Smoking, body mass index, deprivation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were dichotomized and compared between occupational groups using age-adjusted logistic regression. Results The prevalence of all known CVD risk factors was greater in the Māori survey than the general population survey, and in males compared with females. In general for men and women in both surveys ‘Plant and machine operators and assemblers’ and ‘Elementary workers’ were more likely to experience traditional CVD risk factors, while ‘Professionals’ were less likely to experience these risk factors. ‘Clerks’ were more likely to have high blood pressure and male ‘Agricultural and fishery workers’ in the general survey were less likely to have high cholesterol, but this was not observed in the Māori survey. Male Māori ‘Trades workers’ were less likely to have high cholesterol and were less obese, while for the general population survey, this was not observed. Conclusions This study showed differences in the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups, as well as between ethnic groups and males and females.

P11.26 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN THE VIEW OF INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH MORE THAN 1 RISK FACTOR PRESENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
R. Navickas ◽  
L. Rimsevicius ◽  
L. Ryliskyte ◽  
Z. Visockienė ◽  
M. Ozary-Flato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Estimating the contribution of individual risk factors to disease in a person with more than one risk factor

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McElduff ◽  
John Attia ◽  
Ben Ewald ◽  
Jill Cockburn ◽  
Richard Heller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

scholarly journals The Effect of Ethnicity on Preterm Birth and its Influence on the Risk Factors for Prematurity

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-192
Author(s):  
P Bachkangi ◽  
AH Taylor ◽  
JC Konje
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Risk Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gestational Age At Delivery ◽  
Very High

Preterm birth (PTB) affects 9.6% of pregnancies worldwide and is associated with a very high perinatal mortality that depends on the gestational age at delivery. As a result, PTB has a significant health and financial impact on health systems, families and societies. Its aetiology is not fully understood, but in most cases it is multifactorial, with several maternal, paternal, and epidemiological factors associated with increased risk. Other factors include parental ethnicity, maternal age and body mass index, socioeconomic status, and where the families live. This review examines the influence of ethnicity as an individual risk factor for PTB. It also explores its influence on the epidemiology of PTB and demonstrates that data on certain ethnicities are lacking, despite the fact that these ethnic clusters are within the very ‘high-risk groups’ that are adequately represented in some Western societies. This review examines the influence of ethnicity as an individual risk factor for PTB and also explores its influence on the different epidemiological aspects. A thorough revisit of the ethnic epidemiology unveiled other unnoticed risk factors that if addressed appropriately prematurity can be prevented. Moreover, certain ethnicities were not within the attention of researchers, despite the facts that they are very ‘high-risk groups’ and are also adequately represented in some Western societies.

P6222Changes in main CVD risk factors in Finland 1992–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Jousilahti ◽  
T Laatikainen ◽  
T Harkanen ◽  
K Borodulin ◽  
K Harald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

Abstract Background Systematic monitoring of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors started in eastern Finland already in the 1970s as part of the North Karelia Project. Later on risk factor monitoring was extended to other parts of the country. Purpose In this study we report the trends of main CVD risk factors in Finland from 1992 to 2017. Methods Study population consists of a population-based random sample of 31 402 men and women aged 25–64 years who participated in the FINRISK Studies from 1992 to 2012, and in the FinHealth Study in 2017. Data collection was done every five years. Participation rate decreased from 76% in 1992 to 56% in 2017. Study protocol included self-reported questionnaire data on smoking and other health behavior, measurements of height, weight and blood pressure, and venous blood sample for laboratory analysis. Blood pressure was measured two times, and the average of the measurements was calculated, total serum cholesterol was analyzed using enzymatic method, and LDL cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald formula. Results Smoking prevalence, mean blood pressure and total and LDL cholesterol levels declined markedly during the 25 year follow up but BMI, waist circumference and prevalence of obesity increased (table). CVD risk factor change from 1992 to 2017 Risk factor Men 1992 Men 2017 p value Women 1992 Women 2017 p value Smoking (%) 36.7 20.6 <0.001 25.9 16.5 <0.001 SBP (mmHg) 136.6 131.2 <0.001 130.3 124.5 <0.001 DBP (mmHg) 82.7 81.6 <0.001 78.6 77.8 <0.001 Chol (mmol/L) 5.66 5.17 <0.001 5.42 5.18 <0.001 LDL chol (mmol/L) 3.54 3.16 <0.001 3.26 3.03 <0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 26.2 27.2 <0.001 25.1 26.4 <0.001 WC (cm) 92.8 96.1 <0.001 79.2 86.2 <0.001 Obesity (%) 15.7 23.2 <0.001 14.8 22.7 <0.001 Conclusions The levels of main traditional CVD risk factors have markedly decreased among the Finnish population during the last 25 years but in the same time, obesity has become a major public health challenge.

Abstract P387: Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children in a 20 year Community Study: Influence of the Family

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L Nelson ◽  
Laura Dvorak ◽  
Kathy Kioussopoulos ◽  
Gary Luckasen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Family Member ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
The Family

Background: High cholesterol, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and obesity can be identified during childhood. Identifying the underlying contributors to such risk factors may allow young families the opportunity to modify health habits. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and their associated predictors among Northern Colorado children and their families. Methods: The Poudre Valley Health System (PVHS), Healthy Hearts Club has provided a successful cardiovascular screening program for the past ∼20 years (1993–2011) to identify risk factors among students in six Northern Colorado school districts (a primarily white population ∼90%). Schools were selected based on willingness to participate. Data were collected cross-sectionally with objective measures of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Surveys were filled out by the parent and/or legal guardian and included questions about diet and physical activity of the child as well as these behaviors and risk factors among family members. Results: There were 9,363 children with information for the measured risk factors (mean age, 10.4 years, range, 6.2–18 years, 49% female). The prevalence of the six measured risk factors included 39% with total cholesterol > 170 mg/dl, 10.7%, with HDL-C < 35 mg/dl, 11.7% with Cholesterol/HDL ratio >4.8, 7.2% with systolic blood pressure > 120 mmHg, 8.2% with diastolic blood pressure > 80 mmHg and 21.1% with BMI > 85 percentile for age and sex. There were 40.8%, 35%, 14.5%, 6.2%, 2.4%, 0.8% and 0.2% with 0–6 risk factors respectively. Of those with zero risk factors 25.7% reported a family member (other than the child) being overweight while 68.2% reported such among those with five risk factors; similarly 16.4% reported a family member who smokes (among children with zero risk factors) as compared to 24% with five risk factors. High cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes trended similar. Conclusions: The prevalence of CVD risk factors among these children is substantial and is associated with such risk factors among the family. This data suggests risk factor reduction must not be done in isolation of the family.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document