scholarly journals In VitroEffect of Aqueous Extract and Fraction IV Portion ofXimenia americanaStem Bark onTrypanosoma congolenseDNA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Ambrose Maikai ◽  
Beatty Viv Maikai ◽  
Patricia Ishyaku Kobo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
And Control

Trypanosomosis is a debilitating disease affecting mainly livestock and humans in tropical Africa. Chemically synthesized drugs and medicinal plants have been used in the treatment and control of this disease. In this study, thein vitroeffect of aqueous extracts and fraction IV extract ofXimenia americanastem bark onTrypanosoma congolenseDNA was investigated. The extracts were incubated with the parasitesin vitroat 300 mg/mL aqueous extract and 25 mg/mL fraction IV portion for 30, 60, and 120 mins. The DNA of the trypanosomes was isolated and digested using ECOR1 enzyme and subsequently PCR was carried out. Results showed that aqueous extract and fraction IV portion immobilized 55% and 90% of the trypanosomes after 30-minute incubation. Subsequent isolation of the parasite DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis did not reveal that cell death was as a result of DNA fragmentation. This suggests that cell death was by another mechanism of action.

scholarly journals In vitro immunitary impact and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of Maprounea africana Müll (Euphorbiaceae) and Mitragyna stipulosa O.Kze (Rubiaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 260-263
Author(s):  
Morabandza Cyr Jonas ◽  
◽  
Nkounkou Loupangou Celestine ◽  
Etou Ossibi Arnaud Wilfrid ◽  
Ongoka Pascal Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Production ◽  
Total Lymphocyte ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
New Compounds

This study aims to investigate the in vitro immunitary impacts and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of Maprounea africana (Euphorbiaceae) leaves and Mitragyna stipulosa (Rubiaceae) stem barks. Impact on leukocyte cells (total lymphocyte, polynuclears, monocyte, NK, TCD8 and TCD4) was quantified by using flow cytometry and, antioxidant activity by quantification of hydrogen peroxide production after immunomarking of specific monoclonal antibodies. The results showed a significant descrease of total lymphocyte, polynuclear, NK, TCD8 and, a non-significant descrease of TCD4 and monocyte induces by aqueous extract of M. africana leaves. Whereas aqueous extract of the stem bark of M. stipulosa induces a significant increase of total lymphocyte, TCD4, NK, TCD8 and, a significant descrease of polynuclear and monocyte. The two extracts significantly reduce (p˂0.001) the production of hydrogen peroxid by polynuclear, lymphocytes and monocytes. These results suggest an immunomodulatory and immunostimulant effect of M. africana and M. stipulosa respectively and, antioxidant activity. The present study established pharmacological evidence to support traditional uses of these two species and may open up the possibility of finding the new compounds against immunological desseases.

scholarly journals Mutagenicity evaluation of Anastatica hierochuntica L. aqueous extract in vitro and in vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 243 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rosmani Md Zin ◽  
Zahurin Mohamed ◽  
Mohammed A Alshawsh ◽  
Won F Wong ◽  
Normadiah M Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Mutagenic Potential ◽  
Vitro Assay

Anastatica hierochuntica L. ( A. hierochuntica), a folk medicinal plant, was evaluated for mutagenic potential via in vitro and in vivo assays. The in vitro assay was conducted according to modified Ames test, while the in vivo study was performed according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline for mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Four groups ( n= 5 males and 5 females per group) Sprague Dawley rats were randomly chosen as the negative control, positive control (received a single intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg), 1000 and, 2000 mg/kg A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts. All groups except the positive control were treated orally for three days. Findings of the in vitro assay showed mutagenic potential of AHAE at 0.04 and 0.2 mg/ml. However, no mutagenic effect was demonstrated in the in vivo study up to 2000 mg/kg. No significant reduction in the polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio was noted in any of the groups. Meanwhile, high micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency was seen in cyclophosphamide-treated group only. These findings could perhaps be due to insufficient dosage of A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts to cause genetic damage on the bone marrow target cells. Further acute and chronic in vivo toxicity studies may be required to draw pertinent conclusion on the safety aspect of A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts consumption. Impact statement In this paper, we report on the mutagenicity evaluation of Anastatica hierochuntica aqueous extract. This is a significant research in view of the popularity of this herb consumption by the people across the globe despite of limited scientific evidence on its toxicity potential. This study is intended to encourage more extensive related research in order to provide sufficient evidence and guidance for determining its safe dosage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial properties of aqueous extract from Bowdichia virgilioides stem barks in mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 945-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABELA K.R. AGRA ◽  
LUANA L.S. PIRES ◽  
PAULO S.M. CARVALHO ◽  
EURIPEDES A. SILVA-FILHO ◽  
SALETE SMANIOTTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Wound Contraction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Folk Remedy

The decoction of the stem barks from Bowdichia virgilioides KUNTH is a folk remedy used to treat inflammatory disorders in Latin American and Brazil. In the present study, the wound healing activity of aqueous extract of the stem bark from B. virgilioides, called AEBv, was evaluated by the rate of healing by wound contraction and period of epithelization at different days post-wound using the wound excisional model. On day 9, the AEBv-treated animals exhibited significative reduction in the wound area when compared with controls. In wound infected with S. aureus, the AEBv significantly improved the wound contraction when compared to the saline-treated mice. The histological analysis showed that AEBv induced a collagen deposition, increase in the fibroblast count and few inflammatory cells than compared to saline-treated group. The expression of collagen type I was increased in the group treated with AEBv as indicated by immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, the AEBv was effective only against S. aureus but not against P. aeruginosa. Together, the results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, the healing and antimicrobiological effects of aqueous extract of the stem bark from B. virgilioides in the therapy of skin wounds.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria in Embu County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bibianne Waiganjo ◽  
Gervason Moriasi ◽  
Jared Onyancha ◽  
Nelson Elias ◽  
Francis Muregi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Malaria is a deadly disease caused by a protozoan parasite whose mode of transmission is through a female Anopheles mosquito. It affects persons of all ages; however, pregnant mothers, young children, and the elderly suffer the most due to their dwindled immune state. The currently prescribed antimalarial drugs have been associated with adverse side effects ranging from intolerance to toxicity. Furthermore, the costs associated with conventional approach of managing malaria are arguably high especially for persons living in low-income countries, hence the need for alternative and complementary approaches. Medicinal plants offer a viable alternative because of their few associated side effects, are arguably cheaper, and are easily accessible. Based on the fact that studies involving antimalarial medicinal plants as potential sources of efficacious and cost-effective pharmacotherapies are far between, this research was designed to investigate antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of organic and aqueous extracts of selected plants used by Embu traditional medicine practitioners to treat malaria. The studied plants included Erythrina abyssinica (stem bark), Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant), Sterculia africana (stem bark), Terminalia brownii (leaves), Zanthoxylum chalybeum (leaves), Leonotis mollissima (leaves), Carissa edulis (leaves), Tithonia diversifolia (leaves and flowers), and Senna didymobotrya (leaves and pods). In vitro antiplasmodial activity studies of organic and water extracts were carried out against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistance (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vivo antiplasmodial studies were done by Peter’s four-day suppression test to test for their in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei. Finally, cytotoxic effects and safety of the studied plant extracts were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) rapid calorimetric assay technique. The water and methanolic extracts of T. brownii and S. africana and dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica, S. pinnata, and T. diversifolia leaves revealed high in vitro antiplasmodial activities (IC50≤10 μg/ml). Further, moderate in vivo antimalarial activities were observed for water and methanolic extracts of L. mollissima and S. africana and for dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia leaves. In this study, aqueous extracts of T. brownii and S. africana demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity and high selectivity indices values (SI≥10) and were found to be safe. It was concluded that T. brownii and S. africana aqueous extracts were potent antiplasmodial agents. Further focused studies geared towards isolation of active constituents and determination of in vivo toxicities to ascertain their safety are warranted.

Characterisation Of Active Components Of Fix Concentrates Used In FVIII Inhibitor Patients

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Seghatchian ◽  
I J Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Fviii Inhibitor ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Twin Peak

It is well recognised that haemostasis may be achieved in patients with FVIII inhibitors using FIX concentrates (PTX). However, it has not been possible to correlate the clinical response with enzymicity, FVIII levels and other in vitro results. This is partially due to the presence of variable amounts of inhibitors and stabilizers such as: citrate, heparin, and anti proteases in different preparations. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed in an attempt to separate these inhibitors so that the various activities may be measured relative to one another. PTX from 4 sources were used in this study,(Kabi Vitrum, Immuno, Oxford and Edinburgh fractionation centres); FVIII was measured by two stage clotting(FVIII:C)and amidolytic (CAM) assays, and its electrophoretic distribution was followed by preincubation with 125I-anti VIII:C (VIII:CAg). Enzymicity was measured with various substrates (S2160, S2222, S2302, S2238, S2288, S2251). All concentrates showed a fast moving peak of FVIII:C and VIII:CAm activity, in amounts in excess of that detected before electrophoresis. This peak correlated well with the distribution of bound radiolabel (VIII:CAg). Preincubation of PTX with FVIII concentrate caused the VIII:CAg peak to migrate more slowly, in its normal α 2 position. FVIII:RAg was present in much lower amounts than FVIII:C. When a twin- peak of VIII:CAm activity was sometimes seen, the slower peak was associated with S2288 activity, which may represent the action of activated factors VII or IX: other substrates showed variable patterns of enzymicity but the strongest activity was with S2160 and S2302 from the well to the β region, and this could be completely inhibited by addition of anti Kallikrein. The presence of an abnormal molecular form of FVIII, and the discrepancy between pre and post electrophoresis FVIII levels, indicate that FVIII could play a major role in the action of PTX. This may involve 1) a complex with phospholipid, FIX and FX making it potentially more effective; 2) enhancement of VIII:C activity in vivo by binding to FVIII:RAg; 3) altered antigenic sites on the FVIII, making it unrecognisable to inhibitor.

In vitro antifilarial activity of extracts of the medicinal plant Cardiospermum halicacabum against Brugia pahangi

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Khunkitti ◽  
Y. Fujimaki ◽  
Y. Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Antifilarial Activity

AbstractThe in vitro effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant Cardiospermum halicacabum on adult worms and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were investigated. With or without the plant extracts in culture medium, the motility of adult worms, microfilariae and microfilarial release from female worms were monitored daily. After 7 days of culture, viability or tissue damage of adult worms was assessed using the MTT assay. At > 500 μg ml-1, the aqueous extract significantly reduced motility of adult females after 24 h of exposure and adult males after 3 days. The aqueous extract, at > 500 μg ml-1, also significantly reduced microfilarial release from female worms, starting on day 2. The reduction in the motility of adult worms and the pattern of microfilarial release from female worms were concentration and time dependent. The MTT assay results revealed that adult worms cultured in the presence of aqueous extracts at > 500 μg ml-1 were damaged. However, the aqueous extract did not affect the motility of microfilariae with the exception of those in higher concentration extracts. Higher concentrations of ethanol extracts (2 mg ml-1) inhibited both the motility of adult worms and the release of microfilariae from females. Little effect of ethanol extracts was detected by the MTT assay, as only slight damage was caused to worms exposed only to the highest concentration (2 mg ml-1). However, ethanol extract at 500 μg ml-1 rapidly reduced the motility of microfilariae on day 2. The present study revealed that an aqueous extract of C. halicacabum has mild but definite direct macrofilaricidal action on B. pahangi.

scholarly journals Serum monoclonal immunoglobulin bands in undifferentiated lymphomas of Burkitt and non-Burkitt types

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-731
Author(s):  
I Magrath ◽  
D Benjamin ◽  
N Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin ◽  
Potential Value

Using an improved electroimmunofixation technique that combines the sensitivity of high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis with the specificity of immunoprecipitation, we have demonstrated monoclonal immunoglobulin bands in the serum of patients with undifferentiated lymphomas of Burkitt and non-Burkitt types. Monoclonal bands were detected in the serum of 12 of 21 patients with extensive tumor, and 1 of 10 patients with minimal tumor. All of the bands were identified as IgM of a single light chain class. Such bands were not detected in the serum of patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma (7) or African Burkitt's lymphoma (6). There was disappearance of the bands after therapy and reappearance at relapse. These findings, coupled with previously reported in vitro information, indicate that undifferentiated lymphoma cells secrete immunoglobulin of IgM isotype. Therefore, such monoclonal bands may be of potential value as tumor markers.

Effect of Arak, gall of Quercus infectoriaand Syzgiumaromaticum extracts on the growth and viability ofEntamoeba gingivalis in vitro.

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajida S. Hussein Al-Zako ◽  
Ban N. Mohammadali Al-Neamy
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Salvadora Persica ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Oak Tree

After the succession of E.gingivalis cultivation on the DMEMmedium. This study was performedin order to identify the effect ofincreasing concentrations from aqueous and alcoholic extracts of a threeplants,known with their usage for medical treatment to dental and oraldiseases,those are Arak sticks (Salvadora persica), gall of oak tree (Quercusinfectoria) and flowering bud of clove (Syzgium aromaticum)on the viabilityof E. gingivalis.Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Arak sticks showed a clear effectwith the superiority of the aqueous extract in its impact inhibitory effect onE.gingivalis.The results alsoshowed the existence of a negative and inhibitory impact increasingly on the growth ofE. gingivalis with the increasingconcentrations used of aqueous and alcoholic extracts fromgall of oak andflowering buds of clove, with simple superiority of aqueous extracts onalcoholic one for galls of oak trees and alcoholic extract of the of floweringbuds on aqueous one of buds clove.A clear increasing LT50 and LT90 where gained when using aqueousand alcoholic extracts of three plants with an Arak superiority in theelimination of the parasite, specially the aqueous one with the lower time.

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