Understanding the Behavior of Domestic Emus: A Means to Improve Their Management and Welfare—Major Behaviors and Activity Time Budgets of Adult Emus

Journal of Animals ◽

10.1155/2014/938327 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Deepa G. Menon ◽

Darin C. Bennett ◽

Kimberly M. Cheng

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Activity Time

Information on domestic emu behavior is sparse and hence a study was undertaken to identify and describe the behavior of domestic emus in a farm setting. The behavioral repertoires, activity time budgets, effect of time of the day, sex, weather, and relative humidity on activities of adult emus were investigated. Eight randomly selected emus were observed using one-zero sampling method for 12 days, each period of observation lasting 30 minutes. The major behavioral categories identified were ingestive drinking, standing, locomotion, grooming, socialization, vocalization, and resting. The emus spent most of their time walking, standing, and eating. Immediately after moving to a new pen, emus were found to huddle together to keep away from emus already resident in the pen. The time spent on each activity was not significantly different between the sexes. The findings from this study provided important information on the behavior and activities of emus. The observed behaviors need to be further examined to assess their relations to the birds’ welfare.

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Lameness, Activity Time-Budgets, and Estrus Expression in Dairy Cattle

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2008-1048 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 91 (12) ◽

pp. 4552-4559 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

S.L. Walker ◽

R.F. Smith ◽

J.E. Routly ◽

D.N. Jones ◽

M.J. Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Activity Time

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Seasonal, sex, and interspecific differences in activity time budgets and diets of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus), living sympatrically in northern Cameroon

Primates ◽

10.1007/bf02557797 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 161-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Naofumi Nakagawa

Keyword(s):

Cercopithecus Aethiops ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Activity Time ◽

Erythrocebus Patas ◽

Patas Monkeys ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Northern Cameroon

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Activity strategy and pattern of the Siberian jerboa (Orientallactaga sibirica) in the Alxa desert region, China

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10996 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e10996

Author(s):

Yu Ji ◽

Shuai Yuan ◽

Heping Fu ◽

Suwen Yang ◽

Fan Bu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Predation Risk ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Food Resources ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Activity Time ◽

Desert Region ◽

Infrared Cameras ◽

Perceived Predation Risk

Rodents exhibit seasonal changes in their activity patterns as an essential survival strategy. We studied the activity patterns and strategies of the Siberian jerboa (Orientallactaga sibirica) in the Alxa desert region to better understand the habitats and behavioural ecology of xeric rodents. We conducted an experiment using three plots to monitor the duration, time, and frequency of the active period of the Siberian jerboa using infrared cameras in the Alxa field workstation, Inner Mongolia, China in 2017. The relationships between the activity time and frequency, biological factors (perceived predation risk, food resources, and species composition), and abiotic factors (temperature, air moisture, wind speed) were analysed using Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Our results showed that: (1) relative humidity mainly affected activities in the springtime; temperature, relative humidity and interspecific competition mainly affected activities in the summertime; relative humidity and perceived predation risk mainly influenced activities in the autumn. (2) The activity pattern of the Siberian jerboa altered depending on the season. The activity of the Siberian jerboa was found to be bimodal in spring and summer, and was trimodal in autumn. The activity time and frequency in autumn were significantly lower than the spring. (3) Animals possess the ability to integrate disparate sources of information about danger to optimize energy gain. The jerboa adapted different responses to predation risks and competition in different seasons according to the demand for food resources.

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Activity-Time Budgets of Sea Otters in California

Journal of Wildlife Management ◽

10.2307/3800973 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 626 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

James A. Estes ◽

Karen E. Underwood ◽

Margit J. Karmann

Keyword(s):

Time Budgets ◽

Activity Time ◽

Sea Otters

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Activity time budget patterns of sheep and goats co-grazing on semi-natural species-rich dry grassland

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/6749-cjas ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 208-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P. Pokorná ◽

P. Hejcmanová ◽

M. Hejcman ◽

V. Pavlů

Keyword(s):

Social Interactions ◽

Time Budget ◽

Middle Part ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Activity Time ◽

Dry Grassland ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Grassland Community ◽

Perennial Plant

Activity time budget patterns and grazing response to sward and environmental conditions were investigated for paddocks of sheep and goats co-grazing for conservation purposes on a semi-natural species-rich dry grassland community endangered by shrub and tall perennial plant encroachment in a protected nature reserve in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Grazing was conducted by a rotational stocking system for 14 weeks in late grazing season in 2008 with 60 dry ewes and 20 goats. Twelve ewes and four goats were observed; grazing, ruminating, idling and other activities (salt licking, social interactions, walking), along with topographical position in the paddock were recorded at 5-minute intervals within 14 hours of daylight. Sheep and goats did not differ in their principal activity time budgets, such as the average total daylight time spent grazing (sheep: 8.57 h, goats: 8.59 h), ruminating (sheep: 1.42 h, goats: 1.44 h), or idling (sheep: 3.23 h, goats: 3.18 h), the duration of bouts of each activity, or the number of bouts of grazing and ruminating. There was no pattern in activity time budgets indicating dynamics in progressing season, nor was there a response to daily average temperature or to paddock size. Sheep and goats showed similar responses to groundcover of particular plant functional types. The animals showed a positive trend in response of total daylight grazing time to grass available biomass and a negative response of total daylight grazing time to herbaceous biomass for both sheep and goats. The total daylight grazing time was independent of availability of woody plants. Goats devoted more time (1.51 h) to other activities than sheep (1.34 h), especially to social interactions and salt licking. On the other hand, sheep spent proportionally more time walking. Both sheep and goats showed similar patterns in spatial use of paddocks on hill slopes, spending the most time in the middle part and the least time in the lower part of paddocks. 

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Relative Children’s Lipid Accumulation Product Is a Novel Indicator for Metabolic Syndrome

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.645825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Li Zhang ◽

Zizhe Zhang ◽

Bangxuan Wang ◽

Yongting Yuan ◽

Lili Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Lipid Accumulation ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Activity Time ◽

Lipid Accumulation Product ◽

Medical College ◽

Sitting Height ◽

Chinese Children And Adolescents

BackgroundThe children’s lipid accumulation product (CLAP) is associated with MS in Chinese children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to develop a more effective indicator, the relative children's lipid accumulation product (RCLAP) was evaluated for correlation with MS and the density of lipid accumulation.MethodsA stratified cluster sampling method was used to recruit 683 students aged 8–15 years in this study. The presence of MS was defined according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria. The participants’ guardians signed informed consent before the medical examination. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Bengbu Medical College [(2015) No.003] and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MS was 4.8% (male 6.6%, female 2.8%). After adjusting for sedentary activity time, relative children's lipid accumulation product per height (RCLAP-H) and relative children's lipid accumulation product per sitting height (RCLAP-SH) significantly increased the risk of MS in girls [OR (95% CI): 96.13 (11.11–831.97) and 96.13 (11.11–831.97), respectively]. After adjusting for ages and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity time, RCLAP-H, and RCLAP-SH significantly increased the risk of MS in boys [OR (95% CI): 171.75 (33.60–878.00) and 133.18 (27.65–641.39), respectively]. The AUCs of RCLAP-H and RCLAP-SH for predicting MS were 0.950, 0.948 in girls, and 0.952, 0.952 in boys, which were higher than BMI, WHtR, Tg/HDL-C, CLAP, and CLAP combining height, sitting height.ConclusionsThe RCLAP-H and RCLAP-SH were more effective indicators for predicting MS than BMI, WHtR, Tg/HDL-C, and CLAP in children and adolescents.

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Observing Brief and Irregular Behaviour of Animals⁠ —The Validity of Short Observation Periods

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11209770 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 9770

Author(s):

Thore Wilder ◽

Joachim Krieter ◽

Nicole Kemper ◽

Kathrin Büttner

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Sampling Methods ◽

Observation Time ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Activity Time ◽

Continuous Sampling ◽

Long Duration ◽

Efficient Sampling ◽

Biting Behaviour ◽

Observation Period

There are efficient sampling methods to accurately estimate behaviour with a moderate or long duration. For short behaviour, observing animals continuously is recommended although there is no recommended minimum observation time. In most studies, sampling method and observation time per day is determined by practical considerations. Thus, this study analysed the validity of behavioural observations in different observation periods using continuous sampling (CS) or time sampling (TS) based on biting behaviour. Tail-biting and ear-biting of weaned piglets in six pens were continuously observed for 12 h per day for 4 days to form a reference. Shorter observation periods of CS and TS were simulated by taking subsets of this reference. The amount of behaviour per hour of each observation period was compared to the reference and to other observation period of the same kind and length. Four different measurements were defined to calculate accuracy scores (AS; 0–1; higher values are better). Comparison to the reference shows better AS for observation periods with longer observation time in total (0.5 h of CS: 0.2; 6 h of CS: 0.6). Additionally, TS covers longer time periods without decreasing AS. However, focus on activity time results in an overestimation of irregular behaviour. Comparing AS among observation periods of the same kind and length show overall low agreement. This study indicated problems of different observation periods of CS and TS to accurately estimate behaviour. Therefore, validity of behavioural observations should be analysed in greater detail to determine optimal sampling methods.

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Chrome Analysis on Lichens at Ambient Air On Living Trees

International Journal of Ecophysiology ◽

10.32734/ijoep.v1i2.1270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Ashar Hasairin

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Swietenia Macrophylla ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Living Tree ◽

Bus Station

The purpose of this study was to analyze the amount of chrome in lichens live on living tree Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) at ambien air in Pinang Baris Bus Station Medan. Purposive sampling method was conducted. The analitical data used was corelations product moment. Results showed 5 species of lichens were identified. Each the species contain Cr and Ocrolechia tartarea was the highest. Ambien weather at the atmosphere consists of NO2 22.21 µg/m3, SO2 16.29 µg/m3, CO 11 ppm, H2S 0,00883 ppm and O3 76.01 µg/m3. Temperatur 32.34 °C, relative humidity 69 %, light instensity 500 Joule and wind speed 2,1 m/s. Corelations chrome lichens to the ambien air showed result 0,15 is very low. Corelation lichens value to the ambien air is -0,13. Showed negatif and it is not significan and very low.

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Time budget of daily activity of silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) in coastal forest habitat at Gunung Padang, West Sumatra

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/948/1/012010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 948 (1) ◽

pp. 012010

Author(s):

M A Akbar ◽

D Perwitasari-Farajallah ◽

Rizaldi ◽

A Mardiastuti ◽

Y Tsuji

Keyword(s):

Daily Activity ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Time Budget ◽

Value Of Time ◽

Coastal Forest ◽

Time Budgets ◽

Age Classes ◽

Forest Habitat ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Trachypithecus Cristatus

Abstract Primate’s time budgets are the important aspect to investigate their ecological influences in their habitat. This study collected data on daily activities in a group of silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) in coastal forest habitat at Gunung Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia from August 2018 – July 2019, using instantaneous scan sampling method with 10-min intervals. This study analyzed the activity of wild silvery lutungs in study site, with emphasis on the age-sex differences and montly changes in their activity budget. This group spent most of time resting in their daily activity (average 47.50% of the total daytime resting), then followed by moving, feeding, grooming and other activities (conflict, nursing, urinating-defecating, playing, etc.). Resting peaked simultaneously in the morning and peaked back in the afternoon while moving and feeding decreased in this period. Their time budgets showed significant monthly variation: they spent a higher value of time feeding from September - Oktober 2018. They also differed among different sex-age classes: nursing females spent more time for actively moving, whereas adult male and single females devoted more time to resting, feeding, and grooming. These differences in their time budgets may reflect fundamental differences in reproductive biology, parental investment and development among the different age-sex classes.

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