scholarly journals Observing Brief and Irregular Behaviour of Animals⁠ —The Validity of Short Observation Periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9770
Author(s):  
Thore Wilder ◽  
Joachim Krieter ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
Kathrin Büttner

There are efficient sampling methods to accurately estimate behaviour with a moderate or long duration. For short behaviour, observing animals continuously is recommended although there is no recommended minimum observation time. In most studies, sampling method and observation time per day is determined by practical considerations. Thus, this study analysed the validity of behavioural observations in different observation periods using continuous sampling (CS) or time sampling (TS) based on biting behaviour. Tail-biting and ear-biting of weaned piglets in six pens were continuously observed for 12 h per day for 4 days to form a reference. Shorter observation periods of CS and TS were simulated by taking subsets of this reference. The amount of behaviour per hour of each observation period was compared to the reference and to other observation period of the same kind and length. Four different measurements were defined to calculate accuracy scores (AS; 0–1; higher values are better). Comparison to the reference shows better AS for observation periods with longer observation time in total (0.5 h of CS: 0.2; 6 h of CS: 0.6). Additionally, TS covers longer time periods without decreasing AS. However, focus on activity time results in an overestimation of irregular behaviour. Comparing AS among observation periods of the same kind and length show overall low agreement. This study indicated problems of different observation periods of CS and TS to accurately estimate behaviour. Therefore, validity of behavioural observations should be analysed in greater detail to determine optimal sampling methods.


2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
C. Alfonso-Carrillo ◽  
E. Martín ◽  
C. De Blas ◽  
M.A. Ibáñez ◽  
A.I. García-Ruiz ◽  
...  

<p>The aim of this study was to compare the results of different simplified sampling methods for behavioural data compared to reference records of 24-h in order to assess rabbit doe behaviours at different physiological stages (gestation and lactation) in animals housed in 2 types of cages (conventional and alternative). In total, we analysed 576 h of continuous video of 12 rabbit does at the end of lactation and the same females after weaning. The behavioural observations were studied using 3 independent categories of classification (location in the cage, posture and functional behaviours). Continuous behavioural recordings of 24 h were considered as the reference method to validate another 4 data collection sampling methods by aggregated video recordings of different frequency and duration [regular short and long methods with 2.4 and 8 h of observation respectively, and irregular (more frequent during the active period) short and long methods with 6 and 8 h of observation, respectively]. The current results showed that, independently of the housing system, the best method to reduce the total observation time required to assess rabbit does’ behaviour depends on the trait studied and physiological stage of the does. In gestating does, irregular methods were not suitable to estimate behaviours of long duration such as lying, sitting, resting and grooming. However, in both physiological stages, regular methods were accurate for location behaviours, postures and functional behaviours of long duration. Instead, for the study of infrequent behaviours performed mainly during dark period, where coefficients of variation were high, the irregular long method led to the lowest mean estimation errors.</p>



Author(s):  
Olga Sheverinova

The article is aimed at revealing the specificity of socio-pragmatic informative value of literary anthroponyms used by H. Böll in his literary works. The study of the onyms mentioned in such an aspect demonstrates the lack of comprehensive research. As a result, the findings covered this aspect are dispersal in scientific and practical work. However, literary onyms are considered to be semantic and text-forming units of a literary text and they are used to identify and differentiate the persons on their social, cultural, and psychological background, as well as to create the characters with national peculiarities. The object of the study includes the contextual units representing the «family names» anthroponymic category. The data collected are based on the following literary works by H. Böll: «Where Were You, Adam?» («Wo warst du, Adam?»), «Billiards at Half-Past Nine» («Billard um halb zehn»), «House without Guardians» («Haus ohne Hüter»), «The Clown» («Ansichten eines Clowns»). The continuous sampling method, qualitative-quantitative and descriptive ones, component and contextual analysis have been used as study methodology. The article contains certain essential results of the dissertation that have not been published yet. It is established that family names used by H. Böll are a means of revealing the following socio-pragmatic information: 1) the character’s nationality (a correlation between literary family names and the real national anthroponymic system is revealed); 2) a geographical location (family names with a typical sound and alphabetic composition that helps to define the place where the events occur); 3) social status (family names with the «von» component indicate both the character’s social status and their relationship with other members of the community); 4) a direct / indirect character’s description (family names with pure inner forms of the words and an updated internal form and appellatively based family names).



Author(s):  
Е.М. Григорьева

Постановка задачи. Статья посвящена детальному анализу фразеологизмов английского языка различных тематических групп и особенностям их регистрации в англо-английских и англо-русском словарях и справочных пособиях. Рассматривается ряд характеристик, которые отличают фразеологические единицы от свободных словосочетаний. Кроме того, исследуется вопрос включения пословиц в состав фразеологического фонда того или иного языка. Впоследствии отобранные методом сплошной выборки фразеологические единицы классифицируются по различным основаниям, а также проводится детальный анализ особенностей их отражения в представленных изданиях. Результаты. Осуществляется классификация фразеологизмов по следующим категориям: функция в коммуникации, определяемая их структурно-семантическими особенностями, а также тематическое деление. Отдельно рассматриваются фразеологизмы-эвфемизмы, относящиеся к нескольким тематическим группам, среди которых смерть, ругательства и беременность. Выделяются и описываются характерные особенности организации микроструктуры (словарной статьи) каждого отдельно взятого издания. Выводы. На основании проведенного анализа регистрации английских фразеологизмов сделаны выводы о том, что данная лексика получает подробное и точное отражение в справочниках. Проведенный анализ теоретической литературы показал правомерность включения пословиц во фразеологический фонд, поскольку они принадлежат к культурному наследию того или иного народа и воспроизводятся в речи в исходной форме. Тип и адресат справочника определяют особенности организации словарной статьи, а также компоненты, которые входят в нее (дефиниция, переводной эквивалент, иллюстративный пример, грамматическая, стилистическая, региональная и этимологическая пометы, графическая иллюстрация). Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the phraseological units of the English language of various thematic groups and the features of their registration in the English-English and English-Russian dictionaries and reference books. Features that distinguish phraseological units from free phrases are studied. More than that, the question of belonging proverbs to phraseological stock is studied. Then phraseological units selected by the continuous sampling method are classified according to different grounds, and a detailed analysis of the features of their reflection in the analyzed sources is carried out. Results. Phraseological units are classified into some categories according to the following criteria: function in communication, determined by their structural and semantic features and thematic division. Phraseological units-euphemisms related to several thematic groups, including death, curse words and pregnancy are studied. The characteristic features of microstructure organization of each individual source are described. Conclusion. The analysis of English phraseological units registration showed that this lexis is reflected in dictionaries in a proper way. Theoretical literature analysis shows justification of proverbs inclusion into phraseological stock as they are a part of national cultural heritage and are reproduced in speech in the basic form. Further, the author comes to a conclusion that dictionary type and addressee of the reference book determine features of microstructure organization and their components (definition, translation equivalent, illustrative example, grammar, stylistic, regional and etymological labels, graphic illustration).



2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Happy Sista Devy ◽  
Bahrain Pasha Irawan

<p>Goals of the research to analyze whether occurred abnormal return of ASIAN Games phenomena and see how investors react to the big ASIAN Games 2018 event in Indonesia. . This reseach uses a sample of companies included in the hotel, restaurant and tourism sub-sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the observation period, based on the purposive sampling method which obtained 22 companies and used the event study method. There is a significant abnormal return but not on the phenomenon of the Asian Games 2018. This shows that investors still wait and see to the organization of the Asian Games in 2018. No difference of abnormal return before and after the Asian Games 2018. This is because, as investors look to the many tourists who have started to flock to Indonesia before the Asian Games in 2018 took place.<em></em></p><p><strong><em></em></strong><em><br /></em></p>



2020 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Bagus Panuntun

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of profitability and liquidity on dividend policy and firm value. It also examines the role of dividend policy as an intervening variable between profitability and liquidity on firm value. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q, dividend policy is measured by dividend payout ratio (DPR), profitability is measured by return on assets (ROA) and liquidity is measured by current ratio (CR). The population of this study is companies registered in List of Sharia Securities consisting of more than 300 companies. Samples were taken as many as 100 companies with a purposive sampling method. The observation period is 3 years (2016-2018). To test hypotheses using multiple regression analysis. The result shows that profitability is significant and positively effect on dividend policy, while liquidity does not affect on dividend policy. Profitability and dividend policy have a positive and significant effect on firm value, while liquidity has no effect on firm value. Another result of dividend policy is able to be as an intervening effect on profitability of firm value but not as an intervening liquidity relationship to firm value.



2020 ◽  
pp. 355-367
Author(s):  
E.I. Vernoslova ◽  
Yu.I. Konshina

The article dwells upon the semantic environment of the noun child as the most frequently used noun in J. Dewey’s monograph “The Child and the Curriculum”. Distributive analysis and continuous sampling methods applied to the noun “child” highlight lexical units semantically related to the noun “child”. The syntactic functions of the selected lexical units, their semantic classes according to the classification in Roget’s Thesaurus and the intersection areas of semantic classes are studied. The lexical units from the environment of the word “child” are allocated to semantic areas and subject rows. The structure of lexical units from the environment of the noun “child”, their semantic classes, semantic areas and subject rows, as well as the intersection areas of semantic classes are studied depending on the syntactic functions of the noun “child”. The results of the analysis are compared with the pedagogical ideas presented in the monograph under study, which allows making linguistically grounded conclusions concerning the topic of J. Dewey’s monograph. The description of a child in the framework of the monograph under study is analyzed and the nature of the described activity of the child is defined. The study of belonging of lexical units from the environment of the noun ’child’ to semantic classes, thematic rows, and semantic areas of words allows obtaining a collective image of a child and drawing conclusions about the practical application of J. Dewey’s ideas.



Author(s):  
Tsymbalista L.R.

Валентність предиката має вирішальний вплив на структуру речення. Хоча активний і пасивний варіанти речення опису-ють одну й ту ж ситуацію, предикат проходить крізь трансформацію, яка тісно пов’язана з явищем валентності. У цій статті проаналізовано валентність предиката та її вплив на цю трансформацію у німецькій та українській мовах на прикладах із сучасної літератури.Мета. Метою статті є порівняння трансформації «актив – пасив» у німецькій та українській мовах та опис ролі валентності у цьому процесі.Методи. Для проведення дослідження було зібрано методом суцільної вибірки приклади пасивних конструкцій із сучас-них художніх текстів німецькою та українською мовами, які опісля було оброблено та проаналізовано з використанням типо-логічного, зіставного, описового методів, а також методу моделювання.Валентність предиката проявляється у його здатності формувати зв’язки з іншими елементами в реченні та дає змогу передбачити додаткові позиції у синтаксичній структурі речення, які можуть бути заповнені обов’язковими чи факультатив-ними компонентами. Для предиката властиві два типи валентності, які залежать від позиції поширювачів у реченні. Якщо лівобічну позицію переважно пов’язують із суб’єктом, то правобічна зазвичай стосується актантів з об’єктним, адресатним, локативним чи інструментальним значеннями.Результати. Зважаючи на те, що одна й та ж функція пасивних конструкцій у німецькій та українській мовах реалізується різними формами, валентні зміни у кожній з конструкцій мають свої особливості. Спільною рисою цих перетворень виступає зменшення облігаторних актантів на одну одиницю, яка може бути заповнена факультативно у разі комунікативної потреби у інформації про виконавця дії.Висновки. Можна зробити висновок, що валентність предиката є багатогранним феноменом, що підлягає впливу не лише формально-граматичних, а й семантико-синтаксичних чинників, а також мовленнєвої ситуації загалом. Відповідно, змін у валентності предикатів протягом трансформації з активу у пасив не можна уникнути. The valence of the predicate has a decisive effect on the structure of the sentence. Although the active and passive variant of the sentence describes the same situation, the predicate goes through a transformation that also has to do with valence. This article analyzes the valency of the predicate and its influence on such transformation in German and Ukrainian based on the examples from modern literature.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to compare the active-passive transformation in German and Ukrainian and to describe the role of valence in this process.Methods. For the research, we collected the examples of passive constructions from modern fiction in German and Ukrainian using the continuous sampling method, which were then processed and analyzed using typological, comparative, descriptive methods as well as the modelling method.The valence of the predicate verb shows in its ability to connect with other sentence elements and enables the prediction of the additional positions in the syntactic structure of the sentence, which can be supplemented by mandatory or optional components. The predicate is characterized by two types of valence, which depend on the position of the fillers in the sentence: the left-hand position is mainly connected the subject of the utterance, and the right-hand position has to do with actants which define object, addressee, location or have instrumental meaning.Results. Due to the fact that the same function of passive constructions in German and Ukrainian is realized in different forms, the valence changes in each of the constructions have their own features. A common feature of these transformations is the reduction of obligatory actants by one unit, which can be filled in optionally in case of communicative need for information about the performer of the action.Conclusions. We reach the conclusion that the valence of the predicate is a multilevel phenomenon that is influenced not only by formal grammatical but also by semantic and syntactic factors as well as the language situation in general. Accordingly, changes in the valence of predicates during the active-passive transformation are inevitable.



2021 ◽  
pp. 116-132
Author(s):  
Nataliya V. Matveeva ◽  

This article investigates abbreviations in different Internet discourse types and genres. For the study, continuous sampling method was used to select 76 abbreviations in hypertexts from 7 Internet English-language sites. The selected units were classified into 3 basic types with further subdivisions: letter-number (figure-for-word, figure-for-word-part, contractions as a result of vowel deletion), graphical (both Latin and English) and lexical (acronyms, initialisms, shortening and partial shortening) abbreviations based on the classification adopted in this research. Among the subdivisions, abbreviations involving figures, initialisms and contractions turned out the most frequent. Most of them were found in social networks, blogs, chats and forums. Further, abbreviations were analyzed in 6 types of Internet discourse: legal, political, personal, mass media, advertising and pedagogical. Particular genres representing the types were studied: a business email, a law firm’s website, a political blog, an Instagram personal page, a network media web page, and an academic institution’s page. It was discovered that on the whole (among 57 examples), lexical abbreviations prevail over graphical ones (56% vs 44%). On the whole, 44% were graphical abbreviations, 28% – initialisms, 23% – acronyms and 5% – shortenings. However, in each discourse, the distribution demonstrated considerable variation. This means that the magnitude of the Internet discourse type effect is very high. Further studies are needed to enlarge the number of examples with the increase in the amount of genres and their samples to achieve better balance.



ACCRUALS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
Ardela Soehartinah Gunawan ◽  
Icih Icih ◽  
Trisandi Eka Putri

This study aims to determine the effect of firm size, leverage, managerial ownership, listing age and audit committee on earnings persistence. The data used is data on banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2015-2017. The sample selection uses a purposive sampling method. The samples that fit the criteria were 29 companies during the 2015-2017 observation period, so that the final number of observational data was 87 (3 × 29). Then data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 application.The results of this study indicate that firm size, managerial ownership and listing age do not affect earnings persistence. While leverage and audit committees negatively affect earnings persistence. Variables of company size, leverage, managerial ownership, listing age and audit committee jointly influence the persistence of earnings.



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