scholarly journals C/EBPβIsoforms Expression in the Rat Brain during the Estrous Cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Hansberg-Pastor ◽  
Ana Gabriela Piña-Medina ◽  
Aliesha González-Arenas ◽  
Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormone ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Enhancer Binding Protein ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
The Brain

The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor expressed in different areas of the brain that regulates the expression of several genes involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. This protein has three isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, and LIP) with different transcription activation potential. The role of female sex hormones in the expression pattern of C/EBPβisoforms in the rat brain has not yet been described. In this study we demonstrate by western blot that the expression of the three C/EBPβisoforms changes in different brain areas during the estrous cycle. In the cerebellum, LAP2 content diminished on diestrus and proestrus and LIP content diminished on proestrus and estrus days. In the prefrontal cortex, LIP content was higher on proestrus and estrus days. In the hippocampus, LAP isoforms presented a switch on diestrus day, since LAP1 content was the highest while that of LAP2 was the lowest. The LAP2 isoform was the most abundant one in all the three brain areas. The LAP/LIP ratio changed throughout the cycle and was tissue specific. These results suggest that C/EBPβisoforms expression changes in a tissue-specific manner in the rat brain due to the changes in sex steroid hormone levels presented during the estrous cycle.

Regulation of metallothionein concentrations in rat brain: effect of glucocorticoids, zinc, copper, and endotoxin

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (5) ◽  
pp. E760-E767 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gasull ◽  
M. Giralt ◽  
J. Hernandez ◽  
P. Martinez ◽  
I. Bremner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet ◽  
The Brain

The effects of known inducers of liver metallothionein (MT) synthesis on MT concentrations in the rat brain have been determined using antibodies that are specific for MT I and II and do not cross-react with MT III. There were substantial differences in the MT concentrations in different areas of the brain. Dexamethasone increased MT levels after 24 h in the frontal cortex, cortex, medulla oblongata plus pons, midbrain, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum but not in the hypothalamus. Corticosterone produced similar results except in the hippocampus. Long-lasting adrenocorticotropic hormone increased MT concentrations after 12 h in midbrain and striatum but not in the liver. Adrenalectomy decreased MT concentrations after 6 days in the medulla oblongata plus pons, striatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus but increased concentrations in the liver and kidneys; these effects were reversed by corticosterone. The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of MT levels therefore differs between tissues and within specific areas of the brain. Injection of zinc or copper intracerebroventricularly and the use of a zinc-deficient diet increased and decreased MT levels, respectively, in some but not all brain areas. Endotoxin increased liver MT but not brain MT I levels after 8 h.

scholarly journals Neuronal spreading and plaque induction of intracellular Aβ and its disruption of Aβ homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas T. Roos ◽  
Megg G. Garcia ◽  
Isak Martinsson ◽  
Rana Mabrouk ◽  
Bodil Israelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Amyloid Beta Peptide ◽  
Intracellular Accumulation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Beta Peptide ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is thought to have prion-like properties promoting its spread throughout the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the cellular mechanism(s) of this spread remains unclear. Here, we show an important role of intracellular Aβ in its prion-like spread. We demonstrate that an intracellular source of Aβ can induce amyloid plaques in vivo via hippocampal injection. We show that hippocampal injection of mouse AD brain homogenate not only induces plaques, but also damages interneurons and affects intracellular Aβ levels in synaptically connected brain areas, paralleling cellular changes seen in AD. Furthermore, in a primary neuron AD model, exposure of picomolar amounts of brain-derived Aβ leads to an apparent redistribution of Aβ from soma to processes and dystrophic neurites. We also observe that such neuritic dystrophies associate with plaque formation in AD-transgenic mice. Finally, using cellular models, we propose a mechanism for how intracellular accumulation of Aβ disturbs homeostatic control of Aβ levels and can contribute to the up to 10,000-fold increase of Aβ in the AD brain. Our data indicate an essential role for intracellular prion-like Aβ and its synaptic spread in the pathogenesis of AD.

scholarly journals Curcumin Reduce Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagapuri Kiran Kumar ◽  
Mesram Nageshwar ◽  
Karnati Pratap Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Oxidative Stress Markers ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
The Brain

This study reports the ameliorative role of curcumin against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced oxidative stress in the brain of rats. The rats were divided into control, NaF (20 mg/kg), NaF+Curcumin (20mg/kg) and Curcumin (20mg/kg) groups respectively and treated at everyday interval for 60 consecutive days. Oxidative stress markers in the brain were measured at 60th day. NaF treatment significantly increased LPO content, but decreased the level of GSH and activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT the brain of rats in comparison to the control rats. Oral administration of curcumin to fluoride exposed rats significantly reversed the content of lipid peroxidation, as well as enhanced the level of GSH and SOD, GPx and CAT activities to normal compared to NaF exposed rats. Thus, curcumin showed the potential to prevent sodium fluoride induced oxidative damage in the brain of rats and curcumin may be useful agents against neurodegeneration in the brain.

scholarly journals Inflammation and Cognition in Depression: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5859
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wachowska ◽  
Piotr Gałecki
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Mediating Factors ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
The World ◽  
Depressive Patients ◽  
The Brain

The authors aim to present a narrative review of research on the inflammatory aetiology of depression. Depression is a psychiatric disorder, constituting the most common reason of disability due to a health condition. It has been estimated that at least one in six people suffer from depression at some point of their lives. The aetiology of depression, although researched extensively all around the world, still remains unclear. Authors discuss the possible role of inflammation in depression, the neurodevelopmental theory of depression as well as associations between cognition and depression. Possible associations between memory dysfunction among depressive patients and inflammatory markers are included. The associations between the immune system, depression and cognition are observed. Possible mediating factors between these areas include personality traits, hormonal imbalance and functioning of the brain areas. The question as to what mediating factors are involved is still open to research.

scholarly journals Synchronization in the connectome: Metastable oscillatory modes emerge from interactions in the brain spacetime network

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Cabral ◽  
Francesca Castaldo ◽  
Jakub Vohryzek ◽  
Vladimir Litvak ◽  
Christian Bick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupled Oscillators ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neural Mass ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Weakly Stable ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain

A rich repertoire of oscillatory signals is detected from human brains with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG). However, the principles underwriting coherent oscillations and their link with neural activity remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that the emergence of transient brain rhythms is a signature of weakly stable synchronization between spatially distributed brain areas, occurring at network-specific collective frequencies due to non-negligible conduction times. We test this hypothesis using a phenomenological network model to simulate interactions between neural mass potentials (resonating at 40Hz) in the structural connectome. Crucially, we identify a critical regime where metastable oscillatory modes emerge spontaneously in the delta (0.5-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha (8-13Hz) and beta (13-30Hz) frequency bands from weak synchronization of subsystems, closely approximating the MEG power spectra from 89 healthy individuals. Grounded in the physics of delay-coupled oscillators, these numerical analyses demonstrate the role of the spatiotemporal connectome in structuring brain activity in the frequency domain.

scholarly journals Histone Deacetylases and Their Isoform-Specific Inhibitors in Ischemic Stroke

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1445
Author(s):  
Svetlana Demyanenko ◽  
Valentina Dzreyan ◽  
Svetlana Sharifulina
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Stroke Therapy ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors ◽  
The Brain

Cerebral ischemia is the second leading cause of death in the world and multimodal stroke therapy is needed. The ischemic stroke generally reduces the gene expression due to suppression of acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Histone deacetylases inhibitors have been shown to be effective in protecting the brain from ischemic damage. Histone deacetylases inhibitors induce neurogenesis and angiogenesis in damaged brain areas promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. However, the role of different histone deacetylases isoforms in the survival and death of brain cells after stroke is still controversial. This review aims to analyze the data on the neuroprotective activity of nonspecific and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors in ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Loss of cerebellar function selectively affects intrinsic rhythmicity of eupneic breathing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Shuhua Qi ◽  
Fridtjof Thomas ◽  
Brittany L. Correia ◽  
Angela P. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neuronal Circuitry ◽  
Cerebellar Function ◽  
Orofacial Movements ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTRespiration is controlled by central pattern generating circuits in the brain stem, whose activity can be modulated by inputs from other brain areas to adapt respiration to autonomic and behavioral demands. The cerebellum is known to be part of the neuronal circuitry activated during respiratory challenges, such as hunger for air, but has not been found to be involved in the control of unobstructed breathing at rest (eupnea). Here we applied a measure of intrinsic rhythmicity, the CV2, which evaluates the similarity of subsequent intervals and is thus sensitive to changes in rhythmicity at the temporal resolution of individual respiratory intervals. The variability of intrinsic respiratory rhythmicity was reduced in a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia compared to their healthy littermates. Irrespective of that difference, the average respiratory rate and the average coefficient of variation (CV) were comparable between healthy and ataxic mice. We argue that these findings are consistent with a proposed role of the cerebellum in the coordination of respiration with other rhythmic orofacial movements, such as fluid licking and swallowing.

Role of Angiotensin II(AII) Receptors in Discrete Rat Brain Areas and Posterior Pituitary

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 2107-2111
Author(s):  
J. M. Saavedra ◽  
M. Kadekaro ◽  
A. Israel ◽  
M. Niwa ◽  
H. Holcomb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Brain Areas

scholarly journals Adult hippocampal neurogenesis shapes adaptation and improves stress response: a mechanistic and integrative perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Surget ◽  
C. Belzung
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Involvement ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Stressful Experiences ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) represents a remarkable form of neuroplasticity that has increasingly been linked to the stress response in recent years. However, the hippocampus does not itself support the expression of the different dimensions of the stress response. Moreover, the main hippocampal functions are essentially preserved under AHN depletion and adult-born immature neurons (abGNs) have no extrahippocampal projections, which questions the mechanisms by which abGNs influence functions supported by brain areas far from the hippocampus. Within this framework, we propose that through its computational influences AHN is pivotal in shaping adaption to environmental demands, underlying its role in stress response. The hippocampus with its high input convergence and output divergence represents a computational hub, ideally positioned in the brain (1) to detect cues and contexts linked to past, current and predicted stressful experiences, and (2) to supervise the expression of the stress response at the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological levels. AHN appears to bias hippocampal computations toward enhanced conjunctive encoding and pattern separation, promoting contextual discrimination and cognitive flexibility, reducing proactive interference and generalization of stressful experiences to safe contexts. These effects result in gating downstream brain areas with more accurate and contextualized information, enabling the different dimensions of the stress response to be more appropriately set with specific contexts. Here, we first provide an integrative perspective of the functional involvement of AHN in the hippocampus and a phenomenological overview of the stress response. We then examine the mechanistic underpinning of the role of AHN in the stress response and describe its potential implications in the different dimensions accompanying this response.

Asymmetric Processing of Numerical and Nonnumerical Magnitudes in the Brain: An fMRI Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Leibovich ◽  
Stephan E. Vogel ◽  
Avishai Henik ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Brain

It is well established that, when comparing nonsymbolic magnitudes (e.g., dot arrays), adults can use both numerical (i.e., the number of items) and nonnumerical (density, total surface areas, etc.) magnitudes. It is less clear which of these magnitudes is more salient or processed more automatically. In this fMRI study, we used a nonsymbolic comparison task to ask if different brain areas are responsible for the automatic processing of numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes, when participants were instructed to attend to either the numerical or the nonnumerical magnitudes of the same stimuli. An interaction of task (numerical vs. nonnumerical) and congruity (congruent vs. incongruent) was found in the right TPJ. Specifically, this brain region was more strongly activated during numerical processing when the nonnumerical magnitudes were negatively correlated with numerosity (incongruent trials). In contrast, such an interference effect was not evident during nonnumerical processing when the task-irrelevant numerical magnitude was incongruent. In view of the role of the right TPJ in the control of stimulus-driven attention, we argue that these data demonstrate that the processing of nonnumerical magnitudes is more automatic than that of numerical magnitudes and that, therefore, the influence of numerical and nonnumerical variables on each other is asymmetrical.

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