scholarly journals Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Channel Modeling and Operation Analysis in the Terahertz Band

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Alper Akkaş ◽  
Radosveta Sokullu
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are networks of sensor nodes operating below the ground surface, which are envisioned to provide real-time monitoring capabilities in the complex underground environments consisting of soil, water, oil, and other components. In this paper, we investigate the possibilities and limitations of using WUSNs for increasing the efficiency of oil recovery processes. To realize this, millimeter scale sensor nodes with antennas at the same scale should be deployed in the confined oil reservoir fractures. This necessitates the sensor nodes to be operating in the terahertz (THz) range and the main challenge is establishing reliable underground communication despite the hostile environment which does not allow the direct use of most existing wireless solutions. The major problems are extremely high path loss, small communication range, and high dynamics of the electromagnetic (EM) waves when penetrating through soil, sand, and water and through the very specific crude oil medium. The objective of the paper is to address these issues in order to propose a novel communication channel model considering the propagation properties of terahertz EM waves in the complex underground environment of the oil reservoirs and to investigate the feasible transmission distances between nodes for different water-crude-oil-soil-CO2compositions.

scholarly journals Joint UAV channel modeling and power control for 5G IoT networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuhua Fu ◽  
Tian Ding ◽  
Rongqun Peng ◽  
Cong Liu ◽  
Mohamed Cheriet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper studies the communication problem between UAVs and cellular base stations in a 5G IoT scenario where multiple UAVs work together. We are dedicated to the uplink channel modeling and the performance analysis of the uplink transmission. In the channel model, we consider the impact of 3D distance and multi-UAVs reflection on wireless signal propagation. The 3D distance is used to calculate the path loss, which can better reflect the actual path loss. The power control factor is used to adjust the UAV's uplink transmit power to compensate for different propagation path losses, so as to achieve precise power control. This paper proposes a binary exponential power control algorithm suitable for 5G networked UAV transmitters and presents the entire power control process including the open-loop phase and the closed-loop phase. The effects of power control factors on coverage probability, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency under different 3D distances are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the optimal power control factor can be found from the point of view of energy efficiency.

Signal Propagation and Analysis in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Adamu Murtala Zungeru ◽  
Joseph Chuma ◽  
Mmoloki Mangwala ◽  
Boyce Sigweni ◽  
Oduetse Matsebe
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Pulse Power ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Nonlinear Program

The most challenging issue in the design of wireless sensor networks for the application of localization in the underground environment, mostly for miner’s location, is the sensor nodes’ energy consumption, efficiency and communication. Underground Wireless Sensor Networks are active and promising area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes perform sensing duties in the underground environment. Most of the communication techniques used in the underground environment experience a high path loss and hence, hinders the range needed for transmission. However, the available option to increase information transmission is to increase the transmission power which needs large size of apparatus which is also limited in the underground. To solve the mentioned problems, this paper proposed a Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power. Analytical results of the Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power with an ordinary magnetic induction communication technique show an improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and path loss with variation in distance between nodes and frequency of operation. This paper further formulates a nonlinear program to determine the optimal data (events) extraction in a grid based WUSNs.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Analysis of Beamforming and Cooperative Schemes for Aircraft Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4374
Author(s):  
Seung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
Dong-Seong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Better Than

In this paper, the eight schemes for aircraft wireless sensor networks are investigated, which are single-hop array beamforming schemes (including analog beamforming (ABF), and digital beamforming (DBF)), non-cooperative schemes (including single-hop and multi-hop schemes), cooperative schemes (including amplify and forward (AF), decode and forward (DF)), and incremental cooperative schemes (incremental decode and forward (IDF), and incremental amplify and forward (IAF)). To set up the aircraft wireless communication environment, we design the aircraft channel model by referring to the experimental parameters of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union)-R M.2283, which is composed of path loss, shadowing fading, and multi-path fading channel responses. To evaluate the performance, the conditions energy consumption and throughput analysis are performed. Through simulation results, the incremental cooperative scheme outperformed by 66.8% better at spectral efficiency 2 than the DBF scheme in terms of the energy consumption metric. Whereas, in terms of throughput metric, overall SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) ranged from −20 to 30 dB the beamforming scheme had the best performance in which the beamforming scheme at SNR 0 dB achieved 85.4% better than the multi-hop scheme. Finally, in terms of normalized throughput metric in low SNR range between −20 and 1 dB the ABF scheme had the best performance over the others in which the ABF at SNR 0 dB achieved 75.4% better than the multi-hop scheme. Whereas, in high SNR range between 2 and 30 dB the IDF scheme had the best performance in which the IDF at SNR 10 dB achieved 62.2% better than the multi-hop scheme.

scholarly journals Implementation Patterns of AquaSim for Simulation of Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Karim Hashem Kreidi
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Wireless Environment ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Network ◽  
Social Applications

Now days, a number of corporate as well as social applications are connected with wireless technologies which are covered under the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud of Things (CoT). To work with the development and implementation of these scenarios, there is need of high performance costly gadgets which are difficult for the self finance researchers and small organizations. To cope up with the financial aspects of developing and getting the results from advanced wireless environment, the use of simulators and software libraries is done. In wireless environment, the segment of Underwater Wireless Sensor (UWSN) or Underwater Acoustic Network (UAN) is quite prominent which are used for the underwater applications including Military, Naval and Underwater Surveillance. Underwater sensor networks are famous for researchers and engineers in wireless technology. This field offers a lot of academic work in different disciplines. The main challenge of this UWSN is the energy saving for sensor nodes. For this cause, the location of sensor nodes shifts about regularly. There are several algorithms for energy production and collection, but this area is still in need of study due to political and national security concerns.

scholarly journals Empirical Path Loss Channel Characterization Based on Air-to-Air Ground Reflection Channel Modeling for UAV-Enabled Wireless Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jatuporn Supramongkonset ◽  
Sarun Duangsuwan ◽  
Myo Myint Maw ◽  
Sathaporn Promwong
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Channel Characterization ◽  
Distance Model ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work was to investigate the air-to-air channel model (A2A-CM) for unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) enabled wireless communications. Specifically, a low-altitude small UAV needs to characterize the propagation mechanisms from ground reflection. In this paper, the empirical path loss channel characterizations of A2A ground reflection CM based on different scenarios were presented by comparing the wireless communication modules for UAVs. Two types of wireless communication modules both WiFi 2.4 GHz and LoRa 868 MHz frequency were deployed to study the path loss channel characterization between Tx-UAV and Rx-UAV. To investigate the path loss, three types of experimental channel models, such as CM1 grass floor, CM2 soil floor, and CM3 rubber floor, were considered under the ground reflection condition. The analytical A2A Two-Ray (A2AT-R) model and the modified Log-Distance model were simulated to compare the correlation with the measurement data. The measurement results in the CM3 rubber floor scenario showed the impact from the ground reflection at 1 m to 3 m Rx-UAV altitudes both 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz which was converged to the A2AT-R model and related to the modified Log-Distance model above 3 m. It clear that there is no ground reflection effect from the CM1 grass floor and CM2 soil floor. This work showed that the analytical A2AT-R model and the modified Log-Distance model can deploy to model the path loss of A2A-CM by using WiFi and LoRa wireless modules.

scholarly journals Energy-Spectral Efficiency Optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Using Salp Swarm Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mariem Ayedi ◽  
Esraa Eldesouky ◽  
Jabeen Nazeer
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Salp Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Achieving high data rate transmission is critically constrained by green communication metrics in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A unified metric ensuring a successful compromise between the energy efficiency (EE) and the spectral efficiency (SE) is, then, an interesting design criterion in such systems. In this paper, we focus on EE-SE tradeoff optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) where signals penetrate through a challenging lossy soil medium and nodes’ power supply is critical. Underground sensor nodes gather and send sensory information to underground relay nodes which amplify-and-retransmit received signals to an aboveground sink node. We propose to optimize source and relay powers used for each packet transmission using an efficient recent metaheuristic optimization algorithm called Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). Thus, the optimal source and relay transmission powers, which maximize the EE-SE tradeoff under the maximum allowed transmission powers and the initial battery capacity constraints, are obtained. Further, we study the case where the underground medium properties are dynamic and change from a transmission to another. For this situation, we propose to allocate different maximum node powers according to the soil medium conditions. Simulation results prove that our proposed optimization achieves a significant EE-SE tradeoff and prolongs the network’s lifetime compared to the fixed allocation node power scheme. Additional gain is obtained in case of dynamic medium conditions.

scholarly journals Measurement of Path Loss Characterization and Prediction Modeling for Swarm UAVs Air-to-Air Wireless Communication Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Sarun Duangsuwan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

A challenge swarm unmanned aerial vehicles (swarm UAVs)-based wireless communication systems have been focused on channel modeling in various environments. In this paper, we present the characterized path loss air-to-air (A2A) channel modeling-based measurement and prediction model. The channel model was considered using A2A Two-Ray (A2AT-R) extended path loss modeling. The prediction model was considered using an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to train the measured dataset. To evaluate the measurement result, path loss models between the A2AT-R model and the prediction model are shown. We show that the prediction model using ANN is optimal to train the measured data for the A2A channel model. To discuss the result, the parametric prediction errors such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R-square (R2), are performed.

scholarly journals Propagation Analysis for Wireless Sensor Networks Applied to Viticulture

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Pinheiro Correia ◽  
Marcelo Sampaio de Alencar ◽  
Waslon Terllizzie Araújo Lopes ◽  
Mauro Soares de Assis ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Propagation Mechanism ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Guided Propagation

Wireless sensor networks have been proposed as a solution to obtain soil and environment information in large distributed areas. The main economic activity of the São Francisco Valley region in the Northeast of Brazil is the irrigated fruit production. The region is one of the major agricultural regions of the country. Grape plantations receive large investments and provide good financial return. However, the region still lacks electronic sensing systems to extract adequate information from plantations. Considering these facts, this paper presents a study of path loss in grape plantations for a 2.4 GHz operating frequency. In order to determine the position of the sensor nodes, the research dealt with various environmental factors that influence the intensity of the received signal. It has been noticed that main plantation aisles favor the guided propagation, and the vegetation along the secondary plantation aisles compromises the propagation. Diffraction over the grape trees is the main propagation mechanism in the diagonal propagation path. Transmission carried out above the vineyard showed that reflection on the top of the trees is the main mechanism.

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