scholarly journals Anaplasma marginale: Diversity, Virulence, and Vaccine Landscape through a Genomics Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda ◽  
Itzel Amaro-Estrada ◽  
Sergio Darío Rodríguez-Camarillo

In order to understand the genetic diversity ofA. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. Unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant anaplasmosis vaccine. In this review, we present a landscape of the multiple approaches carried out from the genomic perspective to generate valuable information that could be used in a holistic way to finally develop an anaplasmosis vaccine. These approaches include the analysis of the genetic diversity ofA. marginaleand how this affects control measures for the disease. Anaplasmosis vaccine development is also reviewed from the conventional vaccinomics to genome-base vaccinology approach based on proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses reported. The use of these new omics approaches will undoubtedly reveal new targets of interest in the near future, comprising information of potential antigens and the immunogenic effect ofA. marginaleproteins.

1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Borkhsenius

The determination of mealybugs closely related to Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) has presented considerable difficulty in the past. Green (1921, p. 189) and Hough (1925, p. 52 and 1925a, p. 13) have given details of the distinguishing features for P. comstocki (Kuw.) and P. maritimus (Ehrh.) but the grounds given for the separation of the former from other closely related species are not fully satisfactory. The representatives of this group of mealybugs are becoming more and more widely spread throughout the world and of greater economic importance yearly. A correct designation of these insects is, therefore, of particular importance not only from the point of view of quarantine legislation but also of control measures. Research work on the morphological characteristics of species closely related to Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) has been carried out on very large quantities of material from different parts of the world.


2008 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Alamzán ◽  
Citlaly Medrano ◽  
Martín Ortiz ◽  
José de la Fuente

Author(s):  
Chengdi Wang ◽  
Zhoufeng Wang ◽  
Guangyu Wang ◽  
Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau ◽  
Kang Zhang ◽  
...  

AbstractSince the first description of a coronavirus-related pneumonia outbreak in December 2019, the virus SARS-CoV-2 that causes the infection/disease (COVID-19) has evolved into a pandemic, and as of today, >100 million people globally in over 210 countries have been confirmed to have been infected and two million people have died of COVID-19. This brief review summarized what we have hitherto learned in the following areas: epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis, diagnosis, use of artificial intelligence in assisting diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development. As there are a number of parallel developments in each of these areas and some of the development and deployment were at unprecedented speed, we also provided some specific dates for certain development and milestones so that the readers can appreciate the timing of some of these critical events. Of note is the fact that there are diagnostics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines developed and approved by a regulatory within 1 year after the virus was discovered. As a number of developments were conducted in parallel, we also provided the specific dates of a number of critical events so that readers can appreciate the evolution of these research data and our understanding. The world is working together to combat this pandemic. This review also highlights the research and development directions in these areas that will evolve rapidly in the near future.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Deyse Luciano De Jesus Santos

Do ponto de vista da educação, pensar a sociedade do século XXI, nos remete a como a mesma se transformou ao longo dos séculos. Da antiguidade aos dias atuais, universalizações e descentracão dos sujeitos no mundo fruto das relações estabelecidas, sobretudo no campo teológico, nos leva a reflexões acerca de como estaremos num futuro próximo e incerto, reflexo das novas configurações pós-modernas. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe refletirmos o futuro da educação voltada ao reconhecimento da diversidade presente nas instituições de ensino, tomando como base a formação de professores evangélicos e o conflituoso diálogo dos mesmos, com as discussões propostas pelos componentes curriculares voltados ao diálogo no campo das humanidades. Considerando a quebra dos paradigmas modernos e o avanço do campo religioso no Brasil atual, como professores religiosos lidam com uma formação que vise atender as novas formatações da sociedade?Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores Evangélicos. Currículo. Diversidade. Teacher training, diversity and religion: curricular components and conflict zonesABSTRACTFrom the point of view of education, thinking about the society of the 21st century reminds us of how it has changed over the centuries. From the antiquity to the present day universalizations and decentralization of the subjects in the world, fruit of the relations established mainly in the theological field, leads us to reflections about how we will be in the near future and uncertain, reflecting the new postmodern configurations. Thus, the present work proposes to reflect the future of education aimed at recognizing the diversity present in educational institutions, based on the formation of evangelical religious teachers and the conflictive dialogue of them, with the discussions proposed by the curricular components aimed at dialogue in the field of humanities. Considering the breakdown of modern paradigms and the advancement of the religious field in present-day in Brazil, how do religious teachers deal with a formation aimed at attending to the new formations of society?Keywords: Formation of Evangelical Teachers. Curriculum. Diversity. Formación de profesores, diversidad y religión: componentes curriculares y zonas de conflictoRESUMENDesde el punto de vista de la educación, pensar la sociedad del siglo XXI, nos remite a cómo la misma se ha transformado a lo largo de los siglos. De la antigüedad a los días actuales universalizaciones y descentraciones de los sujetos en el mundo, fruto de las relaciones establecidas sobre todo en el campo teológico, nos lleva a reflexiones acerca de cómo estaremos en un futuro próximo e incierto, reflejo de las nuevas configuraciones postmodernas. Así, el presente trabajo propone reflejar el futuro de la educación orientada al reconocimiento de la diversidad presente en las instituciones de enseñanza, tomando como base la formación de profesores religiosos evangélicos y el conflictivo diálogo de los mismos con las discusiones propuestas por los componentes curriculares dirigidos al diálogo en el campo de las humanidades. Considerando la ruptura de los paradigmas modernos y el avance del campo religioso en el Brasil actual, ¿cómo los profesores religiosos se ocupan de una formación que apunta a atender a las nuevas formaciones de la sociedad?Palabras clave: Formación de Profesores Evangélicos. Plan de estudios. Diversidad.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surabhi Dixit ◽  
Monal Sharma

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.


Author(s):  
Abhinav Pal ◽  
Chandan Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Tarun Khandelwal

This chapter briefly discusses the impact and policy implications of demonetization across the world. The main focus of the chapter is on the demonetization that occurred in India on 8th November 2016. The event is important due to the surprise effect and also due to the huge scale of impact that it had on the economy. The authors make a case for the demonetization from the policymaker's point of view. This chapter will introduce how demonetization has impacted the business sector as well as the financial sector of the economy. The aim of the chapter is not to estimate the impact of demonetization on the economy as whole but rather to discuss the impact of the policy on the different sectors of the economy and different stakeholders of the economy. This chapter would also explore demonetization as a policy tool for tax evasion and corruption. Finally, this chapter will introduce the concept of cashless economies around the world and whether it will be possible for the Indian economy to become a cashless economy anytime in the near future.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davida S. Smyth ◽  
Monica Trujillo ◽  
Kristen Cheung ◽  
Anna Gao ◽  
Irene Hoxie ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTMonitoring SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity is strongly indicated because diversifying selection may lead to the emergence of novel variants resistant to naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity. To date, most data on SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity has come from the sequencing of clinical samples, but such studies may suffer limitations due to costs and throughput. Wastewater-based epidemiology may provide an alternative and complementary approach for monitoring communities for novel variants. Given that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the cells of the human gut and is found in high concentrations in feces, wastewater may be a valuable source of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which can be deep sequenced to provide information on the circulating variants in a community. Here we describe a safe, affordable protocol for the sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology. Our targeted sequencing approach revealed the presence of mutations associated with several Variants of Concern at appreciable frequencies. Our work demonstrates that wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 sequencing can inform surveillance efforts monitoring the community spread of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and detect the appearance of novel emerging variants more cheaply, safely, and efficiently than the sequencing of individual clinical samples.IMPORTANCEThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused millions of deaths around the world as countries struggle to contain infections. The pandemic will not end until herd immunity is reached, that is, when most of the population has either recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection or is vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. However, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern threatens to erase gains. Emerging new variants may re-infect persons who have recovered from COVID-19 or may evade vaccine-induced immunity. However, scaling up SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequencing to monitor Variants of Concern in communities around the world is challenging. Wastewater-based sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be used to monitor the presence of emerging variants in large communities to enact control measures to minimize the spread of these variants. We describe here the identification of alleles associated with several variants of concern in wastewater obtained from NYC watersheds.


1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.


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