Assessment of Immunization to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children under Five Years in Rural Areas of Taiz, Yemen

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major health problem worldwide. approximately 1 million deaths annually due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives. This study was conducted to determine the coverage rate of HBV vaccine and assess the vaccine protective response among children under five years old in rural areas of Yemen. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2015 in four districts of countryside Yemen. The target population was children aged from 6 to 59 months. 227 children were enrolled in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect of data. Serum samples were tested for anti-HBs antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L was considered a protective response to the vaccine. Results. The coverage rate of HBV vaccine among children was 87.3%. A total of 143 (72.2%) children responded to the vaccine with anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L, while 55 (27.8%) of the children had nonprotective anti-HBs levels of <10 IU/L (P = 0.003). Conclusion. This study revealed a good coverage rate of HBV vaccine in rural areas but the protective rate against HBV infection was moderate. A considerable proportion of vaccinated children should be considered for either revaccination or booster doses.

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Development and evaluation of an in-house ELISA to detect hepatitis B virus surface antigen in resource-limited settings

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19644 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K Fatema ◽

S Tabassum ◽

A Nessa ◽

M Jahan

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Surface Antigen ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Health Concern ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Virus Surface ◽

B Virus ◽

Commercial Kits ◽

Checkerboard Titration

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is of global public health concern. Among various serological tests used for the diagnosis and screening of HBV infection, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most widely used. The present study was designed to develop and standardize a cost effective in-house ELISA for the detection of HbsAg and compare its performance with two established commercial kits. The concentrations of coating antibody, conjugates and sera were fixed by checkerboard titration. Using known HBsAg positive and negative sera, four different concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 ?g/well) of coating anti-HBs were applied. Similarly, serial dilutions of patients sera (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5 and 1 in 9) and conjugates (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5, 1 in 9 and 1 in 17) were evaluated by checkerboard titration. The optimal concentration of coating antibody was determined at 0.25 ?g/well and 1 in 9 dilution for both conjugates and sera. The performance comparison of our in-house ELISA showed excellent correlation with two commercial kits (Pearson 0.957, P=0.001 for monoclonal antibody coated kit and Pearson 0.929, P=0.000 for polyclonal antibody coated kit) when OD values were compared. All commercial kit proven positive samples was positive while all negative samples were negative with the in-house ELISA resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. The results of our study demonstrated that our inhouse ELISA for detection of HBsAg was equally as sensitive and specific as two well-known commercial kits. Thus, this system may be a useful tool for diagnostic and screening purposes, as well as outbreak investigations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19644 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 65-68

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Association between wasting and food insecurity among children under five years: Findings from Nepal demographic health survey 2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-15554/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sajama Nepali ◽

Padam Simkhada ◽

Ian Glyyn Davies

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Sampling Frame ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Food Insecure Households

Abstract Background: Wasting is a consequence of food insecurity, inappropriate dietary practices, and inadequate caring and feeding practices. The present study assessed association between wasting and household food insecurity among under five years old children, along with other socio-demographic characteristics.Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The survey is cross-sectional in design with use of standardized tools. The sampling frame used is an updated version of the frame from the 2011 National Population and Housing Census. The participants were children under five years of age (n= 2414). Logistic regression was carried out to identify the odds of being wasted for children belonging to different levels of food insecure households using odds ratio and 95 percent confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of wasting increased with the level of food insecurity, from mild (9.4%) to moderate (10.8%) and to severe (11.3%). The highest proportions of wasted children were in Province 2 (14.3%), from rural areas (10.1%), born to mothers with no education (12.4%) and from a richer quintile (11.3%). Children belonging to severe food insecure households had 1.36 (95%CI 0.72-2.57) adjusted odds of being wasted and those belonging to mild food insecure and moderately food insecure households had 1.13 (95%CI 0.65-1.97) and 1.36 (95%CI 0.72-2.57) odds of being wasted respectively. Province 1 (AOR 2.06, 95%CI 1.01-4.19) and Province 2 (AOR 2.45, 95%CI 1.22-4.95) were significantly associated with wasting.Conclusion: Considering the increment in childhood wasting as per level of food insecurity, an integrated intervention should be developed in Nepal that, 1. addresses improving knowledge and behavior of community people with respect to diet and nutrition; 2. reduce the problem of food insecurity through agricultural interventions.

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among prison inmates in state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822010000500008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 512-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Alcione Cavalheiro Faro Stief ◽

Regina Maria Bringel Martins ◽

Sônia Maria Oliveira de Andrade ◽

Mauricio Antonio Pompilio ◽

Sonia Maria Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Core Antigen ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Prison Inmates

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HBV infection and associated factors among prison inmates in Campo Grande, MS. METHODS: A total of 408 individuals were interviewed regarding sociodemographic characteristics, associated factors and HBV vaccination using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants and serological markers for HBV were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) positive samples were tested for HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 17.9% (95%CI: 14.4-22.0). The HBsAg carrier rate was 0.5%; 56 (13.7%) individuals had been infected and developed natural immunity and 15 (3.7%) were positive for anti-HBc only. Ninety eight (24%) prisoners had only anti-HBs, suggesting that they had low vaccine coverage. An occult HBV infection rate of 0% was verified among anti-HBc-positive individuals. Multivariate analysis of associated factors showed that age > 35 years-old, low schooling level and illicit drug use are significantly associated with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the data showed HBV infection prevalence similar or slightly lower than that reported in other of Brazilian prisons. Independent predictors of HBV infection in this population include older age, low schooling level and illicit drug use.

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Prevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B virus: a cross-sectional study conducted with female sex workers in the Marajó Archipelago, Brazil

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462419849252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (9) ◽

pp. 902-910 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Paula CR Frade ◽

Nairis C Raiol ◽

Luana M da Costa ◽

Luiz ML Pinheiro ◽

Gláucia C Silva-Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Hepatitis D ◽

Female Sex ◽

Hbv Genotypes ◽

B Virus

In South America, the Amazon basin is considered an endemic area of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, epidemiological studies with vulnerable groups are scarce. Female sex workers (FSWs) are highly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections due to a combination of their sexual behavior and socio-economic conditions. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of HBV infections and HBV–hepatitis C virus, HBV–hepatitis D virus, HBV–HIV, and HBV–human T-lymphotropic virus co-infections among FSWs in the Marajó Archipelago, northern Brazil, as well as identifying the HBV genotypes circulating in this population. A total of 153 FSWs in 5 towns and 18 riverside communities were included in the study. The HBV infection and co-infections were diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The HBV genotypes were detected by sequencing and were then analyzed phylogenetically. Most of the FSWs surveyed were single, young, heterosexual, and born locally, with low levels of education. Overall, 21 (13.7%) had been exposed to HBV, and HBV-DNA was detected in 13 (8.5%). Genotypes A (69.2%), D (23.1%), and F (7.7%) were detected. Seven cases of co-infections with other viruses were detected. These findings indicate a clear need for urgent measures to control the spread of HBV and other pathogens, and to promote the health of the local FSWs.

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Impact of hepatitis B vaccine in Tunisia 20 years after its introduction

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

A Lahchaichi ◽

M Ben Hadj ◽

H Bouguerra ◽

K Talmoudi ◽

A Bahrini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Coverage Rate ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Test Results ◽

Vaccination Coverage Rate ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Vaccination against hepatitis B represents the most effective preventive measure to reduce the global impact of this infection. In Tunisia hepatitis B vaccination was introduced for health professionals in 1992 and for the general population in 1995. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of vaccination twenty years after its introduction. Methods It was a descriptive study of data provided by the national survey of prevalence of Hepatitis B in Tunisia, which was a household-based study conducted in 2015. Blood samples sent to the reference laboratory to test markers of hepatitis B virus infection. The Vaccine effectiveness rate was calculated using the following formula: VE = 1 - Odds-ratio (OR), where OR = ratio of odds of being vaccinated among subjects with positive HBsAg test results to the odds of being vaccinated among subjects with negative HBsAg test results. Results Approximately a quarter of our population reported having been vaccinated against HBV, a coverage rate of 26.9%. Among subjects above 20 years of age, this rate was 85.3%. Besides, 83.7% of vaccinated subjects had received the three required doses of the HBV vaccine. Analysis of vaccination status by great regions of the country showed that the vaccination coverage rate was higher in the southern region. Regarding HBsAg prevalence, the rate was significantly higher among unvaccinated subjects 0.3% vs 2.2% in those vaccinated (OR = 0.11 [0.07-0.18]). We found that among vaccinated subjects, the serologic response rate at vaccination was only 63.2% which represented 16.2% of the total population. The vaccine effectiveness indicated that vaccination reduced by 88.6% the risk of HBV infection. Conclusions These results demonstrate that vaccination against hepatitis B introduced in the national immunization schedule since 1995 has reduced the infection although the vaccination coverage rate remains below 90%. Key messages Importance of vaccination that reduced by 88.6% the risk of HBV infection. More effort required to raise awareness about vaccination against HBV.

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Ineffectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/2000/548206 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 14 (suppl b) ◽

pp. 59B-63B ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Edith Villeneuve ◽

Jean Vincelette ◽

Jean-Pierre Villeneuve

Keyword(s):

Liver Transplantation ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

De Novo ◽

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽

Hbv Vaccine ◽

Hbv Vaccination ◽

De Novo Hepatitis B ◽

Cirrhotic Patients

Cirrhotic patients who undergo liver transplantation are at risk of acquiring de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at the time of transplantation. It is common practice to immunize these patients against HBV, but the efficacy of vaccination is uncertain. The response to vaccination with a recombinant HBV vaccine was examined in 49 patients with cirrhosis before liver transplantation. Patients received three doses (20 µg) of Engerix-B (SmithKline Beecham) at zero, one and two months before transplantation, and their response was measured on the day of liver transplantation (9.3±1.2 months after the initial dose of vaccine). Results were compared with those reported in healthy adults vaccinated according to the same schedule. Fourteen of 49 cirrhotic patients (28%) developed antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) levels of more than 10 U/L after vaccination compared with 97% of healthy controls. Four patients (8%) had anti-HBs levels of more than 100 U/L compared with 83% in healthy individuals. Mean anti-HBs titre in the 14 responders was 62 U/L compared with 348 U/L in controls. No factor was identified that predicted response to vaccination. One of 49 patients acquired de novo HBV infection at the time of liver transplantation. Current HBV vaccination of cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation is ineffective, and new strategies need to be developed to increase the response rate.

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Incidence and Causes of Injury Deaths among Children under Five Years of Age in El-Giza -Egypt: مدى انتشار وأسباب الإصابات المميتة بين الأطفال الذين تقل أعمارهم عن 5 سنوات في الجيزة – مصر

Journal of medical and pharmaceutical sciences - مجلة العلوم الطبية و الصيدلانية ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.a070919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Mohmed Gad Allah

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Age Groups ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Crude Mortality Rate ◽

Cause Of Deaths ◽

One Year

Objectives: To study the incidence and causes of injury mortality among children under the age of five years in El-Giza. Setting: The study was conducted in El-Giza, Egypt, the second largest city with a population of ~ 8.7 million for 2017. It comprises urban and semiurban settlements. Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study, which obtained information about all deaths using a questionnaire from 197 Health Centres for one year, 2017. Subjects were residents who died from unintentional and intentional injuries. Results: The overall under fives crude mortality rate was 3.1 per1000. The number of children deaths from injuries was 309(8.7% of all deaths), more among males than females (31.5 υ 23.1 per 100 000). Those under 1 had the highest rate, 32.7 per 100 000. The top three causes of deaths were traffic accidents (31.7%), falls (18.8%), and drowning (11%). Conclusions: Injury is the common cause of deaths among children under five years of age in El-Giza. Because all age groups and both sexes are victims of injuries, and most unintentional injuries are preventable, they must be considered as a priority health problem in El-Giza. More studies are needed in rural areas of Egypt. Recommendations: It is important that child health community in Egypt and in other developing countries enhances its focus on injury as a child health issue and integrate injury prevention efforts in child health policies and programmers. ، ،

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Anthropometric Patterns and Correlates of Growth Attainment in Under-five Pakistani Children

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v38i2pp.131-152 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 131-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sabiha Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Birth Interval ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Mother’S Age ◽

And Gender ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children

This study investigates the question whether socio-economic, demographic and environmental variables within a household will affect the growth patterns of under-five Pakistani children. It also examines whether there are differentials in the growth patterns of these children by age and gender. Using the 1990-91 Demographic and Health Survey data, the focus is on children under-five years, the total children identified were 5902 while anthropometric measurement to assess the growth status was available for 4079 children. The results showed that nearly all the socio-demographic, economic and environmental variables were significantly associated with H/A and Wt/A. Children most likely to be stunted and underweight were those whose mothers were aged 40-44 years, mothers with no education, children from rural areas and children with birth interval 24 months, mother’s age, her education and having toilet facilities in the house positively associated with growth attainment. For the Weight/A model succeeding birth interval >24 months, mother’s age, her education and having toilet facilities and electricity in the house, and living in Punjab and NWFP province positively associated with growth attainment. This study will be useful for policy-makers to develop programmes and guidelines needed to improve those socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors, responsible for the poor nutritional status of children under-five years of age in Pakistan.

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Prevalence and trend of malaria with anemia among under-five children in Jasikan District, Ghana

The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research - July-December 2021 ◽

10.51745/najfnr.4.08.285-291 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (08) ◽

pp. 285-291

Author(s):

William Dormechele ◽

George Pokoanti Wak ◽

Francis Bruno Zotor

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Strength Of Association

Background: Malaria remains a major killer of children under-five, claiming the life of one child every two minutes globally. Despite the several interventions to reduce malaria and anemia, these diseases remain global public concerns. Aim: This study assessed the prevalence and trend of malaria and anemia in children under-five years from 2012 to 2016. Subjects and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among children under-five with malaria and anemia who received care at the hospital in Jasikan town, Ghana from 2012 to 2016. We computed descriptive statistics to describe the data. STATA version 14 was used to carry out the analyses. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the strength of association at a 5% significance level (P<0.05). Results: Out of 30,082 malaria cases, 835 were with anemia from 2012 to 2016. This study found an overall proportion of malaria with anemia as 28 per 1,000. The year 2014 recorded the highest proportion of 38 per 1,000 malaria cases of malaria with anemia. Overall, the prevalence rate of malaria and anemia cases were found to be 61.5% and 4.4% respectively. Children within 24-35 months’ age group contributed the highest (28.3%) and 0-11 months accounted for the lowest (12.9%) malaria with anemia cases. The majority of malaria with anemia cases 63.6% occurred in the rainy season, between June to July. Conclusion: The proportion of malaria with anemia was high among children under-five and most children having malaria with anemia live in rural areas and during the rainy season. Keywords: Prevalence, Trend, Malaria, Anemia, Under-five, Children, Jasikan, Ghana.

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