scholarly journals Penicillin-Susceptible, Oxidase-Negative, Nonhemolytic, NonmotileBacillus megateriumin Disguise ofBacillus anthracis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Shih Keng Loong ◽  
Boon Teong Teoh ◽  
Jefree Johari ◽  
Chee Sieng Khor ◽  
Juraina Abd-Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
16S Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level

Bacillus anthracisis a bacterial pathogen of major concern. The spores of this bacteria can survive harsh environmental conditions for extended periods and are well recognized as a potential bioterror weapon with significant implications. Accurate and timely identification of thisBacillusspecies in the diagnostic laboratory is essential for disease and public health management. Biosafety Level 3 measures and ciprofloxacin treatment were instituted whenB. anthraciswas suspected from a patient with gangrenous foot. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to accurately identify the suspected bacterium, due to the superiority of this method to accurately identify clinically isolated bacteria.B. megateriumwas identified as the causative agent and the organism was subsequently treated as a Biosafety Level 2 pathogen.

Achieving Biosafety Level 3 through the Use of Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Biosafety Level 3 Practices: A Prevalence Survey of Medical Research and Academic Institutions

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Emery ◽  
Pek Lee ◽  
James Garman
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Safety Guidelines ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Biosafety Level 2

Heightened interest in pathogens with the potential for aerosol transmission and for which prevention and medical treatment is not readily available has resulted in a need for more work environments that meet Biosafety Level 3 (BSL 3) criteria. Recognizing that the facility-based criteria for BSL 3 cannot be achieved by some existing laboratories, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) biological safety guidelines provide an option for attaining BSL 3 status through the use of Biosafety Level 2 (BSL 2) facilities and strict adherence to BSL 3 practices (BSL 2/3). Inherent to this provision is a greater emphasis on safe work practices. Since the extent to which this approach is actually used in practice is not known, a nationwide mail survey of medical academic and research institutions was conducted to provide an objective indication of the proportion of BSL 3 operations actually being carried out in the BSL 2/3 mode. The results obtained indicate that 2% of activities designated as BSL 3 in the study population actually achieve this level of protection using the BSL 2/3 approach. The findings quantitatively estimate for the first time the proportion of BSL 3 activities being carried out in this fashion, and can serve as a reference point for future studies to evaluate usage trends. The results also demonstrate the utility of flexible, performance-based health and safety guidelines, as a significant amount of clinical and research work is being accommodated with the BSL 2/3 provision.

Biosafety considerations for in vivo work with risk group 3 pathogens in large animals and wildlife in North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Biosafety Level

AbstractRegulations in the United States require animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) or biosafety level 3 agriculture (BSL-3-Ag) containment for many endemic zoonotic pathogens and etiologic agents of foreign animal diseases. In an effort to protect public health, billions of dollars were invested in regulatory programs over many years to reduce the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens such as Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis in domestic livestock. In addition to research needs in domestic livestock hosts, the establishment of brucellosis and tuberculosis in wildlife in the United States has created a need for research studies addressing these zoonotic diseases. As guidelines in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL, 2009) for BSL-3 and BSL-3-Ag facilities are primarily directed toward laboratory or vivarium facilities, additional issues should be considered in designing large animal containment facilities for domestic livestock and/or wildlife. Flight distance, herd orientation, social needs, aggressiveness, and predictability are all factors we considered on a species by species basis for designing our containment facilities and for work practices with large ruminants. Although safety risk cannot be completely eliminated when working with large animals, studies in natural hosts are critical for advancing vaccine and diagnostic development, and providing basic knowledge of disease pathogenesis in natural hosts. Data gathered in these types of studies are vital for state and national regulatory personnel in their efforts to design strategies to control or eradicate diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis in their natural hosts, whether it is domestic livestock or wildlife. It is likely that failure to address the prevalence of disease in wildlife reservoirs will lead to re-emergence in domestic livestock. The overall benefit of these studies is to protect public health, provide economic benefits to producers, and protect the economic investment made in regulatory programs.

scholarly journals Use of wearable sensors to assess compliance of asthmatic children in response to lockdown measures for the COVID-19 epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayiotis Kouis ◽  
Antonis Michanikou ◽  
Pinelopi Anagnostopoulou ◽  
Emmanouil Galanakis ◽  
Eleni Michaelidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
At Home

AbstractBetween March and April 2020, Cyprus and Greece health authorities enforced three escalated levels of public health interventions to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We quantified compliance of 108 asthmatic schoolchildren (53 from Cyprus, 55 from Greece, mean age 9.7 years) from both countries to intervention levels, using wearable sensors to continuously track personal location and physical activity. Changes in ‘fraction time spent at home’ and ‘total steps/day’ were assessed with a mixed-effects model adjusting for confounders. We observed significant mean increases in ‘fraction time spent at home’ in Cyprus and Greece, during each intervention level by 41.4% and 14.3% (level 1), 48.7% and 23.1% (level 2) and 45.2% and 32.0% (level 3), respectively. Physical activity in Cyprus and Greece demonstrated significant mean decreases by − 2,531 and − 1,191 (level 1), − 3,638 and − 2,337 (level 2) and − 3,644 and − 1,961 (level 3) total steps/day, respectively. Significant independent effects of weekends and age were found on ‘fraction time spent at home’. Similarly, weekends, age, humidity and gender had an independent effect on physical activity. We suggest that wearable technology provides objective, continuous, real-time location and activity data making possible to inform in a timely manner public health officials on compliance to various tiers of public health interventions during a pandemic.

scholarly journals Design and Construction of a Biosafety Level-3 Autopsy Laboratory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt B. Nolte ◽  
Timothy B. Muller ◽  
Adam M. Denmark ◽  
Ron Burstein ◽  
Yvonne A. Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Laboratory Design ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Medical Examiners ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Design And Construction

ABSTRACT Context: Autopsy pathologists including medical examiners provide valuable public health support for infectious disease deaths through surveillance for deaths of public health concern including emerging infections, identifying causative organisms for unexplained deaths, and providing insights into the pathology and pathogenesis of novel or unusual infections. However, autopsy poses biosafety risks to workers within and outside the laboratory. The highest rates of laboratory acquired infections occur in autopsy workers. Objective: To design and construct an appropriately biosafe autopsy laboratory. Design: We conducted a biosafety risk assessment for autopsy workers using the process developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health and applied these findings as the basis of laboratory design and construction. Results: Autopsy workers are unpredictably exposed to a variety of infectious organisms including hepatitis C virus, HIV and M. tuberculosis. Hazardous autopsy procedures include using and encountering sharp objects, and the generation of aerosols from dissection, fluid aspiration, rinsing tissues, and dividing bone with an oscillating saw. Conclusions: Exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens from procedures that can cause cutaneous inoculation and inhalation of aerosols indicates that human autopsies should be performed at Biosafety Level 3. We designed a large entirely Biosafety Level 3 medical examiner autopsy laboratory using design principles and characteristics that can be scaled to accommodate smaller academic or other hospital-based autopsy spaces. Containment was achieved through a concentric ring design, with access control at interface zones. As new autopsy laboratories are planned, we strongly recommend that they be designed to function uniformly at Biosafety Level 3.

scholarly journals Protocol and reagents for pseudotyping lentiviral particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein for neutralization assays

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine H.D. Crawford ◽  
Rachel Eguia ◽  
Adam S. Dingens ◽  
Andrea N. Loes ◽  
Keara D. Malone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Valuable Complement ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 enters cells using its Spike protein, which is also the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, assays to measure how antibodies and sera affect Spike-mediated viral infection are important for studying immunity. Because SARS-CoV-2 is a biosafety-level-3 virus, one way to simplify such assays is to pseudotype biosafety-level-2 viral particles with Spike. Such pseudotyping has now been described for single-cycle lentiviral, retroviral and VSV particles, but the reagents and protocols are not widely available. Here we detail how to effectively pseudotype lentiviral particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike and infect 293T cells engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2. We also make all the key experimental reagents available in the BEI Resources repository of ATCC and the NIH. Furthermore, we demonstrate how these pseudotyped lentiviral particles can be used to measure the neutralizing activity of human sera or plasma against SARS-CoV-2 in convenient luciferase-based assays, thereby providing a valuable complement to ELISA-based methods that measure antibody binding rather than neutralization.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Children's Health Program in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triseu Setianingsih ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Community Control ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

ABSTRACT Background: Most of the neonatal deaths that occur after 6-48 hours postpartum can be prevented with appropriate newborn care and initiated immediately after delivery through adequate and standardized first neonatal visit. In Indonesia, it is still not in accordance with the expected target. This study aimed to analyze the factors that influence the first neonatal visit from various levels through a multilevel analysis approach. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study with samples of individual level (level 1) was 1014 mother babies, village Level (level 2) as many as 95 village managers, public health center (level 3) was 51 manager of child health programs, and district level (level 4) was 13 managers of health programs in eight provinces Indonesia. The dependent variable was first neonatal visits. The independent variables were birth attendant and pregnancy counselling (level 1), number of village midwives and community control in development (level 2), partnership and resources (level 3), and policy strategy (level 4). Data analysis was performed through univariate, bivariate, multivariate analysis with logistic regression and multilevel modeling using multilevel regression logistic random intercept analysis run on Stata 14.0. Results: At level 1, birth attendants increased first neonatal visits (OR = 3.21; 95% CI 95% = 1,984 to 5,182; p <0.001), pregnancy counselling (OR = 1,705; 95% CI 95% = 1,162 to 2,503; p = 0.007) significantly. At level 2 modelling, the number of village midwives increased the risk of the first neonatal visit (OR = 1,815; 95% CI = 0.950 to 3,467; p = 0.049), community control (OR = 2,659; 95% CI = 1.396 to 5.066; p = 0.009) significantly. At level 3 modelling, partnerships and resources significantly increased the first neonatal visit (OR = 2,131; 95% CI = 1,114 to 4,078; p = 0.012) significantly. At level 4 modelling, birth attendants significantly increased the first neonatal visits (OR = 3.056; 95% CI = 1.901 to 4,914; p = 0.029) significantly. Conclusion: Birth attendants, pregnancy counselling, the number of village midwives, community control, partnerships and resources, birth attendants increase the risk of first neonatal visit. Contextual village areas, public health center, and district health offices have contextual effects on the first neonatal visit. Keywords: first neonatal visit, multilevel analysis Correspondence: Triseu Setianingsih. Drg. Suherman Medical Institut. Jl. Industri Pasirgombong Jababeka Cikarang, Bekasi, West Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281299192199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.85

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Promastigote- and Amastigote-Initiated Infection of Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) Conducted in Different Biosafety Level Laboratories

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Slavica Vaselek ◽  
Jorian Prudhomme ◽  
Jitka Myskova ◽  
Tereza Lestinova ◽  
Tatiana Spitzova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Infection Parameters ◽  
Leishmania Amastigotes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Biosafety Level 2

Abstract Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are natural vectors of Leishmania. For the initiation of sand fly experimental infections either Leishmania amastigotes or promastigotes can be used. In order to obtain comparable results, it is necessary to adjust and standardize procedures. During this study, we conducted promastigote- and amastigote-initiated infections of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 parasites in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus Newstead, 1911 in two laboratories with different levels of biosafety protection. Protocol originally designed for a biosafety level 2 facility was modified for biosafety level 3 facility and infection parameters were compared. Particularly, specially designed plastic containers were used for blood feeding; feeders were placed outside the sand fly cage, on the top of the mesh; feeding was performed inside the climatic chamber; separation of engorged females was done in Petri dishes kept on ice; engorged females were kept in the cardboard containers until dissection. All experiments, conducted in both laboratories, resulted in fully developed late stage infections with high number of parasites and colonization of the stomodeal valve. We demonstrated that protocol originally designed for biosafety level 2 facilities can be successfully modified for other biosafety facilities, depending on the special requirements of the individual institution/laboratory.

scholarly journals Protocol and Reagents for Pseudotyping Lentiviral Particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein for Neutralization Assays

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine H. D. Crawford ◽  
Rachel Eguia ◽  
Adam S. Dingens ◽  
Andrea N. Loes ◽  
Keara D. Malone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Valuable Complement ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level

SARS-CoV-2 enters cells using its Spike protein, which is also the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, assays to measure how antibodies and sera affect Spike-mediated viral infection are important for studying immunity. Because SARS-CoV-2 is a biosafety-level-3 virus, one way to simplify such assays is to pseudotype biosafety-level-2 viral particles with Spike. Such pseudotyping has now been described for single-cycle lentiviral, retroviral, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles, but the reagents and protocols are not widely available. Here, we detailed how to effectively pseudotype lentiviral particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike and infect 293T cells engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2. We also made all the key experimental reagents available in the BEI Resources repository of ATCC and the NIH. Furthermore, we demonstrated how these pseudotyped lentiviral particles could be used to measure the neutralizing activity of human sera or plasma against SARS-CoV-2 in convenient luciferase-based assays, thereby providing a valuable complement to ELISA-based methods that measure antibody binding rather than neutralization.

COVID-19: cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the dental practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Phil Jevon ◽  
Puja Jalota
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Resuscitation Guidelines ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines

Phil Jevon and Puja Jalota offer an overview to the current guidelines relating to the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Aim To understand the Resuscitation Council UK COVID-19 cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines. Objectives Discuss Public Health England's COVID-19 risk pathways. Describe the level 2 PPE COVID-19 cardiopulmonary response. Describe the level 3 PPE COVID-19 cardiopulmonary response. GDC development outcome C

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