Adverse Health Effects of Betel Quid and the Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers

Global reports estimate 600 million betel quid (BQ) chewers. BQ chewing has been demonstrated not only to be a risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) but also to cause other cancers and adverse health effects. Herein, we summarized the international comparison data to aid in the understanding of the close relationship between the prevalence of BQ chewing, the occurrence of oral and pharyngeal cancers, and adverse health effects. Potential biomarkers of BQ carcinogens, such as areca nut, alkaloids, and 3-methylnitrosaminopropionitrile (MNPN), are closely associated with human health toxicology. Molecular mechanisms or pathways involving autophagy, hypoxia, COX-2, NF-κB activity, and stemness are known to be induced by BQ ingredients and are very closely related to the carcinogenesis of cancers of oral and pharynx. BQ abuse-related monoamine oxidase (MAO) gene was associated with the occurrence and progress of oral and pharyngeal cancers. In summary, our review article provides important insights into the potential roles of environmental BQ (specific alkaloid biomarkers and nitrosamine products MNPN) and genetic factors (MAO) and offers a basis for studies aiming to reduce or eliminate BQ-related OPMD and oral/pharyngeal cancer incidences in the future.

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Impact of Carcinogenic Chromium on the Cellular Response to Proteotoxic Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20194901 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (19) ◽

pp. 4901 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leonardo M. R. Ferreira ◽

Teresa Cunha-Oliveira ◽

Margarida C. Sobral ◽

Patrícia L. Abreu ◽

Maria Carmen Alpoim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Health Effects ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Critical Role ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Proteotoxic Stress ◽

Adverse Health ◽

The Impact

Worldwide, several million workers are employed in the various chromium (Cr) industries. These workers may suffer from a variety of adverse health effects produced by dusts, mists and fumes containing Cr in the hexavalent oxidation state, Cr(VI). Of major importance, occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds has been firmly associated with the development of lung cancer. Counterintuitively, Cr(VI) is mostly unreactive towards most biomolecules, including nucleic acids. However, its intracellular reduction produces several species that react extensively with biomolecules. The diversity and chemical versatility of these species add great complexity to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and carcinogenicity. As a consequence, these mechanisms are still poorly understood, in spite of intensive research efforts. Here, we discuss the impact of Cr(VI) on the stress response—an intricate cellular system against proteotoxic stress which is increasingly viewed as playing a critical role in carcinogenesis. This discussion is preceded by information regarding applications, chemical properties and adverse health effects of Cr(VI). A summary of our current understanding of cancer initiation, promotion and progression is also provided, followed by a brief description of the stress response and its links to cancer and by an overview of potential molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.

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The Influence of Monoamine Oxidase Variants on the Risk of Betel Quid-Associated Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/183548 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ping-Ho Chen ◽

Bin Huang ◽

Tien-Yu Shieh ◽

Yan-Hsiung Wang ◽

Yuk-Kwan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoamine Oxidase ◽

Betel Quid ◽

International Agency ◽

Pharyngeal Cancer ◽

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

Group I ◽

Oral And Pharyngeal Cancer ◽

Mao A ◽

Potentially Malignant

Betel quid (BQ) and areca nut (AN) (major BQ ingredient) are group I human carcinogens illustrated by International Agency for Research on Cancer and are closely associated with an elevated risk of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. The primary alkaloid of AN, arecoline, can be metabolizedviathe monoamine oxidase (MAO) gene by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the variants of the susceptible candidate MAO genes are associated with OPMDs and oral and pharyngeal cancer. A significant trend of MAO-A mRNA expression was found inin vitrostudies. Using paired human tissues, we confirmed the significantly decreased expression of MAO-A and MAO-B in cancerous tissues when compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, we determined that MAO-A single nucleotide polymorphism variants are significantly linked with oral and pharyngeal cancer patients in comparison to OPMDs patients [rs5953210 risk G-allele, odds ratio = 1.76; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-3.01]. In conclusion, we suggested that susceptible MAO family variants associated with oral and pharyngeal cancer may be implicated in the modulation of MAO gene activity associated with ROS.

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Molecular Mechanisms of Adverse Health Effects Associated With Excess Phosphorus Intake

Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-802168-2.00035-x ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 429-436

Author(s):

Jaime Uribarri ◽

Mona S. Calvo

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Phosphorus Intake

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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO MERCURY: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EVIDENCE OF ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A ◽

10.1080/009841096160817 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 221-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Hope E. Ratcliffe, G. Marie Swanson, Law

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Critical Assessment ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health

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169. Evaluating and Designing Exhaust Systems to Avoid Fume Reentry and Adverse Health Effects

10.3320/1.2763004 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

R. Petersen ◽

B. Cochran ◽

J. Carter

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Exhaust Systems

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Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial examining the effect of blood and plasma donation on serum perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels in firefighters

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044833 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e044833

Author(s):

Gabriel Silver ◽

Yordanka Krastev ◽

Miriam K Forbes ◽

Brenton Hamdorf ◽

Barry Lewis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Health Effects ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Sulfonic Acid ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Plasma Donation ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Study Results ◽

Randomised Controlled

IntroductionPerfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of compounds that have been used in hundreds of industrial applications and consumer products including aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for many years. Multiple national and international health and environmental agencies have accepted that PFAS exposures are associated with numerous adverse health effects. Australian firefighters have been shown to have elevated levels of PFAS in their blood, specifically perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), due to the historical use of AFFF. While PFAS concentrations decline over time once the source of exposure has been removed, their potential adverse health effects are such that it would be prudent to develop an intervention to lower levels at a faster rate than occurs via natural elimination rates.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised controlled trial of current and former Australian firefighters in the Metropolitan Fire Brigade/Fire Rescue Victoria, and contractors, with previous occupational exposure to PFAS and baseline elevated PFOS levels. The study is investigating whether whole blood donation every 12 weeks or plasma donation every 6 weeks will significantly reduce PFAS levels, compared with a control group. We have used covariate-adaptive randomisation to balance participants’ sex and blood PFAS levels between the three groups and would consider a 25% reduction in serum PFOS and PFHxS levels to be potentially clinically significant after 12 months of whole blood or plasma donation. A secondary analysis of health biomarkers is being made of changes between screening and week 52 in all three groups.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has been approved by Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 3855), final protocol V.2 dated 12 June 2019. Study results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000204145).

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Adverse Health Effects of Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Middle‐Aged and Older Adults With Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice

Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing ◽

10.1111/wvn.12508 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wen Chu ◽

Shu‐Fang Chang ◽

Hsu‐Yu Ho

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Health Effects ◽

Evidence Based Practice ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health

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Disrupting the Flow of Perception-Action through Design

Adaptive Behavior ◽

10.1177/1059712321989099 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105971232198909

Author(s):

Harry Heft

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

Health Effects ◽

Sense Of Place ◽

Attentional Focus ◽

Good Design ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Directed Action ◽

Perception Action

It is usually a mark of good design when technologies and tools that mediate goal-directed action are such that the user’s attentional focus is maintained on the intended ends of action rather than on the technologies and tools themselves. When the mediators become the focus, the continuity of goal-directed action is disrupted, and the flow of action can be re-directed. What then is the purpose of the projects designed by the RAAAF studio, as described by Rietveld, which seem to be intended to do both? Disruption of the continuity of goal-directed perception-action may prompt reflection about the circumstances at work, and in so doing provoke a transformation in habitual patterns of action and of thought. The project “The End of Sitting” is intended to remediate the adverse health effects of standard chair-dominated offices through an unconventional office landscape that prompts intermittent postural readjustments, boosting the levels of activity common in such settings. The project “Bunker 599” demonstrates that seemingly unremarkable features of the landscape can sometimes conceal aspects of culture’s history, and that design can function to draw attention to a hidden and even vanishing history. Design can enrich an individual’s sense of place in a stream of cultural history.

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