scholarly journals Body Schema Illusions: A Study of the Link between the Rubber Hand and Kinesthetic Mirror Illusions through Individual Differences

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Metral ◽  
Corentin Gonthier ◽  
Marion Luyat ◽  
Michel Guerraz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multisensory Illusions ◽  
Healthy Participants

Background. The well-known rubber hand paradigm induces an illusion by having participants feel the touch applied to a fake hand. In parallel, the kinesthetic mirror illusion elicits illusions of movement by moving the reflection of a participant’s arm. Experimental manipulation of sensory inputs leads to emergence of these multisensory illusions. There are strong conceptual similarities between these two illusions, suggesting that they rely on the same neurophysiological mechanisms, but this relationship has never been investigated. Studies indicate that participants differ in their sensitivity to these illusions, which provides a possibility for studying the relationship between these two illusions. Method. We tested 36 healthy participants to confirm that there exist reliable individual differences in sensitivity to the two illusions and that participants sensitive to one illusion are also sensitive to the other. Results. The results revealed that illusion sensitivity was very stable across trials and that individual differences in sensitivity to the kinesthetic mirror illusion were highly related to individual differences in sensitivity to the rubber hand illusion. Conclusions. Overall, these results support the idea that these two illusions may be both linked to a transitory modification of body schema, wherein the most sensitive people have the most malleable body schema.

Locus of Control as a Personality and Situational Variable

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Mc Donald ◽  
Vincent J. Tempone ◽  
William L. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Personality Variable ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Situational Variable ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Previous studies of the personality variable, locus of control (LC), have focused on the relationship between LC and chance versus skilled performance. This study examined the interaction between LC and an experimental task which elicited in Ss differential levels of control as a subjectively felt state. The experimental task consisted in driving an automobile simulator in such a way that S felt he had maximum or little control over the number of errors he made in his driving performance on subsequent trials. S's performance on the simulator and his own evaluation of that performance were studied in relation to the amount of control experienced and individual differences in LC assessed by a forced-choice questionnaire. Although experimental manipulation of control had significant effects on performance, there was no significant interaction with this main effect and individual differences in LC.

Individual Differences between Interviewers and their Effect on Interviewees' Conversational Behaviour

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (413) ◽  
pp. 660-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frieda Goldman-Eisler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reliable Methods

Flexibility in adjustment on the part of the interviewer is commonly regarded as one of the main qualifications for good interviewing and part of an interviewer's skill. The high estimation of the spontaneity of the interviewing situation, which has been one of the main reasons why the interview as a technique has retained its popularity against more standardized and reliable methods, rests largely on the presupposition that skilled interviewers can adjust their own behaviour and steer the interviewing situation freely so as to obtain optimum rapport and maximum information. Thus Oldfield (5) considers changes of topic, attitute and tempo of great significance for the conduct of the interview. He particularly stresses the importance of changes of tempo; pauses in the conversation, he says, if “badly chosen may easily break the trend of the relationship which is being built up. On the other hand, if well chosen, they may contribute markedly to the success of the interview.” No evidence, however, exists to show to what extent skilled interviewers actually are free to adjust themselves to any particular interviewing task or which aspects of their interviewing behaviour are more subject to adjustment than others.

scholarly journals Strategi Mempertahankan Hubungan Pertemanan Lawan Jenis pada Dewasa Muda

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safira Tiara Dewi ◽  
Wenty Marina Minza
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Challenges And Strategies

Cross-sex friendship is often regarded as a romantic relationship. The lack ofsocial norms that managed these relationships in society makes the individuals dealingwith the challenge of maintaining relationships. Young adults become one of thecategories that face this challenge because at this time the relationship between men andwomen is more prominent than the other phases. Based on his romantic intentions, cross-sex friendship is divided into four types, strictly platonic, mutual romance, rejectsromance, and desires romance. This research was conducted to find out the challengesfaced in cross-sex friendship and strategy to maintain the relationship. This research usesqualitative method with phenomenology approach. Methods of data collection used inthis study are semi-structured interviews and observation. The study's informantsconsisted of four people or two pairs of young adults who are in cross-sex friendship.Research shows that individual differences in seeing the friendship of the opposite sexcause different challenges and strategies to maintain cross-sex friendships.

scholarly journals What’s to bullying a bot?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Merel Keijsers ◽  
Christoph Bartneck ◽  
Friederike Eyssel
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Conversational Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In human-chatbot interaction, users casually and regularly offend and abuse the chatbot they are interacting with. The current paper explores the relationship between chatbot humanlikeness on the one hand and sexual advances and verbal aggression by the user on the other hand. 283 conversations between the Cleverbot chatbot and its users were harvested and analysed. Our results showed higher counts of user verbal aggression and sexual comments towards Cleverbot when Cleverbot appeared more humanlike in its behaviour. Caution is warranted with the interpretation of the results however as no experimental manipulation was conducted and causality can thus not be inferred. Nonetheless, the findings are relevant for both the research on the abuse of conversational agents, and the development of efficient approaches to discourage or prevent verbal aggression by chatbot users.

Who Feels Sympathy for Roosters Used in Cockfighting? Examining the Influence of Feelings, Belief in Animal Mind, Personality, and Empathy-Related Traits

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-341
Author(s):  
Sherman A. Lee ◽  
Linsey Quarles
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Animal Mind ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dog Fighting ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Since the 2007 Vick dog-fighting case, much attention has been focused on cruelty against dogs. Cockfighting roosters, on the other hand, have been virtually ignored by scientists and laypeople alike. Accordingly, very little is known about our emotional reactions to roosters used for cockfighting. The present study attempts to fill this void in the scientific literature by examining the relationship between individual differences variables and sympathetic reactions to roosters used for cockfighting depicted in a video newscast. The results were robust, with individual differences variables explaining 51% of the variability in sympathetic reactions to cockfighting roosters. Specifically, feelings toward roosters, extraversion, conscientiousness, and trait sympathy for animal suffering emerged as significant predictors, while belief in animal mind did not. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed.

Individual Differences in Adult Crying: the Role of Attachment Styles

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja J. Laan ◽  
Marcel A. L. M. van Assen ◽  
Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Preoccupied Attachment ◽  
The Relationship

We carried out 2 studies to evaluate the relationship between attachment style and crying in adults. Data were collected from 2 independent large samples, measuring as 2 different operationalizations crying in general and in response to music. The results in both studies showed a consistent pattern. As anticipated, the group with a dismissive attachment style cried less than the other groups, and the preoccupied attachment style group cried more intensely than the secure group. The preoccupied and fearful attachment style groups reported the most negative emotions while crying, whereas the secure group reported more crying over positive emotions. These results show that attachment style is a determinant of adult crying behavior.

scholarly journals Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards: A replication and extension of Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, K., & Hajcak, G. (2011)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256210
Author(s):  
Luis F. Ciria ◽  
María J. Quintero ◽  
Francisco J. López ◽  
David Luque ◽  
Pedro L. Cobos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is thought to lead to maladaptive behaviours and dysfunctional decision making, both in the clinical and healthy population. The seminal study reported by Luhmann and collaborators in 2011 [1] showed that IU was negatively associated with choosing a delayed, but more probable and valuable, reward over choosing an immediate, but less probable and valuable, reward. These findings have been widely disseminated across the field of personality and individual differences because of their relevance for the understanding of the role of IU in the development and maintenance of anxiety-related disorders. Given their importance it would be desirable to have replications of this study, but none have been carried out so far. The current study has been designed to replicate and extend Luhmann et al.’s results. Our sample will include 266 healthy participants (more than five times the sample size used by Luhmann et al.) to detect with a power of 95% the effect size that can be detected with a power of 33% in the original study. To increase our chances of getting such a sample size, the experiment will be conducted online, To increase our chances of getting such a sample size, the experiment will be conducted online, adding check trials to the original decision-making task to monitor participants’ engagement. Additionally, we will explore the role of impulsivity in the relationship between IU and willingness to wait. This study will add empirical evidence about the role of IU in decision making and, in case of replication of Luhmann et al.’s results, will support the hypothesis that high-IU individuals may engage in inefficient or costly behaviour in exchange for less time enduring an uncertain situation.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Internal Encoding Style and Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in a Subclinical Sample

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaâ Belayachi ◽  
Martial Van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Mode ◽  
Dysfunctional Beliefs ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study examined the relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCs) and encoding style in a subclinical sample, by using a questionnaire that evaluates the extent to which preexisting schemata (versus cues from the outside world) affect encoding processes (Lewicki, 2005). Research on encoding style has revealed on one hand the existence of individual differences in the tendency to impose interpretive schemata in the process of encoding, and on the other hand the fact that an extremely internal mode of encoding has been found to be related to an increased propensity to self-perpetuate preexisting schemata. Furthermore, internal encoding may contribute to the development of psychopathological symptoms, through the self-perpetuation of dysfunctional schemata. The results confirmed that OCs are connected with an internal encoding style; specific relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dimensions and internal encoding style were also found. These results are discussed in terms of the role of encoding style in the perpetuation of OCs, and its relationship to the dysfunctional beliefs characterising OCD.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

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