Autophagy Is a Promoter for Aerobic Exercise Performance during High Altitude Training

High altitude training is one of the effective strategies for improving aerobic exercise performance at sea level via altitude acclimatization, thereby improving oxygen transport and/or utilization. But its underlying molecular mechanisms on physiological functions and exercise performance of athletes are still vague. More recent evidence suggests that the recycling of cellular components by autophagy is an important process of the body involved in the adaptive responses to exercise. Whether high altitude training can activate autophagy or whether high altitude training can improve exercise performance through exercise-induced autophagy is still unclear. In this narrative review article, we will summarize current research advances in the improvement of exercise performance through high altitude training and its reasonable molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy, which will provide a new field to explore the molecular mechanisms of adaptive response to high altitude training.

Download Full-text

Rhodiola crenulata- and Cordyceps sinensis-Based Supplement Boosts Aerobic Exercise Performance after Short-Term High Altitude Training

High Altitude Medicine & Biology ◽

10.1089/ham.2013.1114 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 371-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chung-Yu Chen ◽

Chien-Wen Hou ◽

Jeffrey R. Bernard ◽

Chiu-Chou Chen ◽

Ta-Cheng Hung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

High Altitude ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Cordyceps Sinensis ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Short Term ◽

Rhodiola Crenulata

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF SPORTS MEDICINE ON REDUCING BODY FAT PERCENTAGE AND LEAN BODY MASS

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-8692202127072021_0337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 714-717

Author(s):

Chunyan Fan

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Body Fat ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

The Body ◽

Anaerobic Exercise ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Level Of Evidence

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic exercise has begun to be widely recognized as a reasonable means of preventing fat and losing weight. Scholars have confirmed that sports can help the human body lose weight and lose fat. Objective: This article measures the exercise performance indicators of subjects in different body fat percentage groups and studies the relationship between body fat percentage and exercise performance indicators. Methods: The study uses experimental methods to determine the percentage of body fat of the subjects. After physical exercise and aerobic exercise, the volunteers were tested for aerobic capacity indicators. Results: The body fat percentage of physically inactive persons was negatively correlated with aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity indexes. Conclusion: The mechanism of aerobic exercise in weight loss treatment has the effect of promoting lipolysis and regulating blood lipid metabolism. At the same time, it has a significant influence on the number and activity of fat cells. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Download Full-text

Teaching the physiology of adaptation to hypoxic stress with the aid of a classic paper on high altitude by Houston and Riley

AJP Advances in Physiology Education ◽

10.1152/advan.00005.2007 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Etain A. Tansey

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

United States Navy ◽

The United States ◽

The Body ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

American Physiological Society ◽

Subsequent Publication ◽

Oxygen Transport System ◽

Classic Paper

Many pathological conditions exist where tissues exhibit hypoxia or low oxygen tension. Hypoxic hypoxia arises when there is a reduction in the amount of oxygen entering the blood and occurs in healthy people at high altitude. In 1946, research sponsored by the United States Navy led to the collection and subsequent publication of masses of data demonstrating the physiological consequences and adaptations of ascent to high altitude. This article describes how a figure from a 1947 paper from the American Physiological Society Legacy collection (Houston CS, Riley RL. Respiratory and circulatory changes during acclimatization to high altitude. Am J Physiol 149: 565–588) may be used to allow students to review their understanding of some of the generalized effects of hypoxia on the body. In particular, this figure summarizes some of the adaptive responses that take place in the oxygen transport system as a consequence of prolonged hypoxia.

Download Full-text

Modulating exercise-induced hormesis: Does less equal more?

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 172-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Peake ◽

James F. Markworth ◽

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Glenn D. Wadley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Performance ◽

Muscle Blood Flow ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

The Body ◽

Muscle Adaptation ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Exercise Adaptation ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Antioxidant Supplements

Hormesis encompasses the notion that low levels of stress stimulate or upregulate existing cellular and molecular pathways that improve the capacity of cells and organisms to withstand greater stress. This notion underlies much of what we know about how exercise conditions the body and induces long-term adaptations. During exercise, the body is exposed to various forms of stress, including thermal, metabolic, hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress. These stressors activate biochemical messengers, which in turn activate various signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses. Historically, antioxidant supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy have been favored to attenuate or counteract exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are key signaling molecules in muscle, and such strategies may mitigate adaptations to exercise. Conversely, withholding dietary carbohydrate and restricting muscle blood flow during exercise may augment adaptations to exercise. In this review article, we combine, integrate, and apply knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of exercise adaptation. We also critically evaluate the rationale for using interventions that target these mechanisms under the overarching concept of hormesis. There is currently insufficient evidence to establish whether these treatments exert dose-dependent effects on muscle adaptation. However, there appears to be some dissociation between the biochemical/molecular effects and functional/performance outcomes of some of these treatments. Although several of these treatments influence common kinases, transcription factors, and proteins, it remains to be determined if these interventions complement or negate each other, and whether such effects are strong enough to influence adaptations to exercise.

Download Full-text

New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10102639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2639

Author(s):

Fiona Louise Roberts ◽

Greg Robert Markby

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽

Mitochondrial Function ◽

Therapeutic Intervention ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Good Health ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

The Body ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Adaptation To Exercise

Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases. This is particularly important as exercise is not an available option to all and so novel methods must be identified to confer the beneficial effects of exercise in a therapeutic manner. This review will focus on key emerging molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy in selected, highly metabolic tissues, describing their regulation and contribution to beneficial adaptations to exercise.

Download Full-text

Comparison of GFAP and HSP27 concentrations in acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different duration

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.v25i2.1267 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 112-7

Author(s):

Robert Stefanus ◽

Sophie Yolanda ◽

Radiana D. Antarianto

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

The Body ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Synapse Plasticity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Single Bout ◽

Before And After ◽

Exercise Induced

Background: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein -27 (HSP27) plasma can be used as the parameters of exercise-induced astrocyte reactivity. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends an exercise of 30 minutes or 10 minutes duration (each performing bout accumulated toward 30 minutes). The aim of this study was to compare GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentrations in young adults undergoing acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different durations (10 minutes vs 30 minutes).Methods: An experimental study with pre-post design was conducted on 22 participants assigned to either 10 minutes or 30 minutes duration of single bout exercise. Blood sampling was performed before and after the exercise. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Plasma GFAP and HSP27 levels before and after exercise were analyzed using paired t -test, while GFAP and HSP27 levels after exercise between the two groups were processed using unpaired t-test.Results: Plasma GFAP concentration decreased significantly (0,45 ng/mL) after 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). Plasma HSP27 concentration decreased significantly (1,71 ng/mL) after 10 minutes of aerobic exercise (p<0.05). No significant difference in plasma GFAP and HSP27 concentrations between 10 minutes (GFAP=0.49 ng/mL; HSP27=2.09 ng/mL) and 30 minutes duration of exercise (GFAP=0.45 ng/mL; HSP27=1,71 ng/mL).Conclusion: Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with 10- and 30-minutes duration reduces the reactivity of astrocytes indication the increase of the synapse plasticity. The decrease in GFAP concentration occurred after 30 minutes of exercise and the decrease in HSP27 occurred after 10 minutes of exercise. These results showed that the body responds differently to different treatment duration in order to obtain the same effect on the body.

Download Full-text

The Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Aerobic Exercise-Induced Cardiac Regeneration

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11010019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Bing Bo ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

Qingyun Zheng ◽

Guandong Wang ◽

Ke Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Heart Function ◽

Cardiac Regeneration ◽

Cell Loss ◽

Myocardial Cell ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Paracrine Factors ◽

Ability To Regenerate ◽

Exercise Induced

The leading cause of heart failure is cardiomyopathy and damage to the cardiomyocytes. Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have the ability to regenerate, but this cannot wholly compensate for myocardial cell loss after myocardial injury. Studies have shown that exercise has a regulatory role in the activation and promotion of regeneration of healthy and injured adult cardiomyocytes. However, current research on the effects of aerobic exercise in myocardial regeneration is not comprehensive. This review discusses the relationships between aerobic exercise and the regeneration of cardiomyocytes with respect to complex molecular and cellular mechanisms, paracrine factors, transcriptional factors, signaling pathways, and microRNAs that induce cardiac regeneration. The topics discussed herein provide a knowledge base for physical activity-induced cardiomyocyte regeneration, in which exercise enhances overall heart function and improves the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation.

Download Full-text

Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on aerobic exercise performance during acute high altitude exposure and after 22 days of acclimatization and energy deficit

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-020-0335-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karleigh E. Bradbury ◽

Claire E. Berryman ◽

Marques A. Wilson ◽

Adam J. Luippold ◽

Robert W. Kenefick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

High Altitude ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Time Trial ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Trial Duration ◽

Carbohydrate Supplementation ◽

Altitude Exposure ◽

Ergogenic Effects ◽

Before And After

Abstract Background The ergogenic effects of supplemental carbohydrate on aerobic exercise performance at high altitude (HA) may be modulated by acclimatization status. Longitudinal evaluation of potential performance benefits of carbohydrate supplementation in the same volunteers before and after acclimatization to HA have not been reported. Purpose This study examined how consuming carbohydrate affected 2-mile time trial performance in lowlanders at HA (4300 m) before and after acclimatization. Methods Fourteen unacclimatized men performed 80 min of metabolically-matched (~ 1.7 L/min) treadmill walking at sea level (SL), after ~ 5 h of acute HA exposure, and after 22 days of HA acclimatization and concomitant 40% energy deficit (chronic HA). Before, and every 20 min during walking, participants consumed either carbohydrate (CHO, n = 8; 65.25 g fructose + 79.75 g glucose, 1.8 g carbohydrate/min) or flavor-matched placebo (PLA, n = 6) beverages. A self-paced 2-mile treadmill time trial was performed immediately after completing the 80-min walk. Results There were no differences (P > 0.05) in time trial duration between CHO and PLA at SL, acute HA, or chronic HA. Time trial duration was longer (P < 0.05) at acute HA (mean ± SD; 27.3 ± 6.3 min) compared to chronic HA (23.6 ± 4.5 min) and SL (17.6 ± 3.6 min); however, time trial duration at chronic HA was still longer than SL (P < 0.05). Conclusion These data suggest that carbohydrate supplementation does not enhance aerobic exercise performance in lowlanders acutely exposed or acclimatized to HA. Trial registration NCT, NCT02731066, Registered March 292,016

Download Full-text

FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive responses to stress and metabolic benefits of anti-diabetic drugs

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-15-0160 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 226 (1) ◽

pp. R1-R16 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Kook Hwan Kim ◽

Myung-Shik Lee

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

The Body ◽

Sirtuin 1 ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Most hormones secreted from specific organs of the body in response to diverse stimuli contribute to the homeostasis of the whole organism. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone induced by a variety of environmental or metabolic stimuli, plays a crucial role in the adaptive response to these stressful conditions. In addition to its role as a stress hormone, FGF21 appears to function as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of currently available drugs and those under development for treatment of metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight molecular mechanisms and the functional importance of FGF21 induction in response to diverse stress conditions such as changes of nutritional status, cold exposure, and exercise. In addition, we describe recent findings regarding the role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes associated with obesity, liver diseases, pancreatitis, muscle atrophy, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we discuss the current understanding of the actions of FGF21 as a crucial regulator mediating beneficial metabolic effects of therapeutic agents such as metformin, glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues, thiazolidinedione, sirtuin 1 activators, and lipoic acid.

Download Full-text

HAHmiR.DB: a server platform for high-altitude human miRNA–gene coregulatory networks and associated regulatory circuits

Database ◽

10.1093/database/baaa101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pankaj Khurana ◽

Apoorv Gupta ◽

Ragumani Sugadev ◽

Yogendra Kumar Sharma ◽

Bhuvnesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

High Altitude ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Gene Expression Regulation ◽

Mirna Gene ◽

The Body ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Regulatory Circuits ◽

Tf Gene

Abstract Around 140 million people live in high-altitude (HA) conditions! and even a larger number visit such places for tourism, adventure-seeking or sports training. Rapid ascent to HA can cause severe damage to the body organs and may lead to many fatal disorders. During induction to HA, human body undergoes various physiological, biochemical, hematological and molecular changes to adapt to the extreme environmental conditions. Several literature references hint that gene-expression-regulation and regulatory molecules like miRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) control adaptive responses during HA stress. These biomolecules are known to interact in a complex combinatorial manner to fine-tune the gene expression and help in controlling the molecular responses during this stress and ultimately help in acclimatization. High-Altitude Human miRNA Database (HAHmiR.DB) is a unique, comprehensive and curated collection of miRNAs that have been experimentally validated to be associated with HA stress, their level of expression in different altitudes, fold change, experiment duration, biomarker association, disease and drug association, tissue-specific expression level, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway associations. As a server platform, it also uniquely constructs and analyses interactive miRNA–TF–gene coregulatory networks and extracts regulatory circuits/feed-forward loops (FFLs). These regulatory circuits help to offer mechanistic insights into complex regulatory mechanisms during HA stress. The server can also build these regulatory networks between two and more miRNAs of the database and also identify the regulatory circuits from this network. Hence, HAHmiR.DB is the first-of-its-kind database in HA research, which is a reliable platform to explore, compare, analyse and retrieve miRNAs associated with HA stress, their coregulatory networks and FFL regulatory-circuits. HAHmiR.DB is freely accessible at http://www.hahmirdb.in

Download Full-text