scholarly journals Actinomyces meyeri: A Rare Cause of Postsurgical Pelvic Actinomycosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Michele Markey ◽  
Lauren E. Vestal
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Pelvic Infection ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Pelvic Actinomycosis

Actinomyces meyeri bacterium resides on mucosal surfaces and is uncommonly pathogenic. When A. meyeri does cause infection, these infections are typically pulmonary in origin and have the capacity to disseminate throughout the body. A. meyeri is an uncommon cause of pelvic infection. We present a unique case of a posthysterectomy abscess caused by this particular bacterium.

scholarly journals Does the possession of virulence factor genes mean that those genes will be active?

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S19-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Edberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Stomach Acid ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Virulence Factor Genes

There are a number of relationships the host can establish with the microbes we ingest. For the vast majority of microbes, they have a short-lived liaison with the human host. Either they are destroyed by the stomach acid or bile, or can not establish even a temporary residency in the gastrointestinal tract. Early in life the mucosal surfaces of the body establishes a resident, and generally stable, normal flora. These normal flora microbes, the majority of which are bacteria, have specific receptors for specific areas of the alimentary tract. If the foreign microbe can establish residency, it then may transiently or permanently become part of the normal flora. However, in order to produce disease, it must possess an additional set of virulence factors. While some of these are known, many are not. Those that are known include enzymes, such as protease, lipase, and esterase. Accordingly, VFAR may not be associated with human disease and its presence or absence has no public health meaning.

scholarly journals A unique case of borderline lepromatous leprosy with psoriasis-like lesions all over the body and mycosis fungoides-like lesions on the face

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 100134
Author(s):  
Hendra Gunawan ◽  
Fitri Utami ◽  
Pati Aji Achdiat ◽  
Erda Avriyanti ◽  
Reti Hindritiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycosis Fungoides ◽  
Lepromatous Leprosy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals The Microbiome and Tuberculosis: Early Evidence for Cross Talk

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivaranjani Namasivayam ◽  
Alan Sher ◽  
Michael S. Glickman ◽  
Matthew F. Wipperman
Keyword(s):  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Transition Points ◽  
And Function ◽  
State Composition

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease of humans that has been extensively studied both clinically and experimentally. Although susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is clearly influenced by factors such as nutrition, immune status, and both mycobacterial and host genetics, the variable pathogenesis of TB in infected individuals remains poorly understood. During the past two decades, it has become clear that the microbiota—the trillion organisms that reside at mucosal surfaces within and on the body—can exert a major influence on disease outcome through its effects on host innate and adaptive immune function and metabolism. This new recognition of the potentially pleiotropic participation of the microbiome in immune responses has raised the possibility that the microbiota may influence M. tuberculosis infection and/or disease. Similarly, treatment of TB may alter the healthy steady-state composition and function of the microbiome, possibly affecting treatment outcome in addition to other host physiological parameters. Herein, we review emerging evidence for how the microbiota may influence the transition points in the life cycle of TB infection, including (i) resistance to initial infection, (ii) initial infection to latent tuberculosis (LTBI), (iii) LTBI to reactivated disease, and (iv) treatment to cure. A major goal of this review is to frame questions to guide future scientific and clinical studies in this largely unexplored but increasingly important area of TB research.

Review of hereditary angioedema

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa W. Fu ◽  
Tamlyn Freedman-Kalchman ◽  
Stephen Betschel ◽  
Gordon Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Hereditary Angioedema ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laryngeal Edema ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Dominant Disease ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Bradykinin Level ◽  
Esterase Inhibitor

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease caused by deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). It is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a variety of mutations in the C1-INH gene. C1-INH is an important regulator of several pathways. One pathway it affects is the kallikrein–kinin pathway, which results in the generation of bradykinin. Bradykinin is an important mediator of edema. Diagnosis is based on low levels of C1-INH. HAE with normal C1-INH is also recognized in the literature and the pathophysiology is due to another aspect of the pathway being affected leading to increased bradykinin level. Bradykinin results in intermittent swelling of the cutaneous and mucosal surfaces. The swelling usually evolves over several hours and lasts a few days. Location of the swelling can involve any part of the body including fatal laryngeal edema. Newer treatments exist to treat acute attacks and reduce the frequency of future attacks. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema can prevent HAE-associated mortality. Statement of novelty: New treatments are used to treat these attacks. These treatments are aimed at patients having a more normal life with hereditary angioedema.

scholarly journals The mucosal barrier: Protective frontier to the outside world

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Tony Corfield
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Protection ◽  
Protective Barrier ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Microbiological Agents ◽  
Gut Metabolism

The mucosal surfaces throughout the body are designed to provide an interface which can tolerate and protect at the same time. They need to screen the external environment and select for transport of required factors, such as nutrients from the diet, interact with the microflora present – taking benefit from those commensal strains while resisting pathogens, act as a milieu for an assortment of antimicrobial molecules and also combat attack from aggressive chemical and other microbiological agents. The system must be dynamic so that a continuous intact protective barrier is maintained at all times. Failure of the barrier leads to pathological conditions, and abnormal barrier components are among well known biomarkers for mucosal diseases. This brief review highlights some of the aspects relating to gut metabolism and mucosal protection.

scholarly journals Orofacial Manifestations associated with Anemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Shreya Gupta ◽  
Neeti Swarup ◽  
Harita Sairam ◽  
Nidhi Sinha ◽  
Suresh S Nair
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Disease State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Oral Mucous Membrane ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Adults And Children

ABSTRACT Oral cavity is the window to the body and is often the area where systemic disease first presents itself. The various tissues including lips, tongue, gingiva, mucosal surfaces, dentition, and bone are involved in the presentation of disease state. The most frequently affected is the periodontium, followed by the oral mucous membrane and the periapical inflammations. The review is not all inclusive; however, it does address some of the most common, as well as a few of the more rare anemia-associated disease states observed in both adults and children. How to cite this article Gupta S, Gupta S, Swarup N, Sairam H, Sinha N, Nair SS. Orofacial Manifestations associated with Anemia. World J Anemia 2017;1(2):44-47.

Oregano essential oil inhibits Candida spp. biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayram Hacioglu ◽  
Ozlem Oyardi ◽  
Alpcan Kirinti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Staphyloccocus Aureus ◽  
Oregano Oil ◽  
First Time

Abstract Candida spp. can form biofilms on mucosal surfaces and epithelial cells as well as on devices implanted in the body such as catheters and dentures, which are thought to underlie the most recalcitrant infections. It was aimed to show antifungal and antibiofilm activities of oregano oil (Origanum onites). The antifungal activities of some essential oils were investigated against C. spp. and among them, oregano oil was found to be the most effective oil and further biofilm studies were conducted with it. Oregano oil inhibited biofilm adhesion and formation of C. spp. and mature biofilms and also displayed the ability to reduce biofilm formation when they were allowed to form on surfaces previously coated with oil (up to 50% inhibition rates). In addition, oregano oil was found to be effective against dual biofilms of Candida albicans + Staphyloccocus aureus at different concentrations. This study suggests that O. onites essential oil has useful antibiofilm effects against C. spp. The inhibitory effects of O. onites essential oil, against C. spp., were demonstrated for the first time. It also had antifungal effect on biofilm formation and established biofilm even at MIC level.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome: what every gastroenterologist needs to know

2020 ◽  
pp. flgastro-2019-101376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H Mullish ◽  
Mohammed Nabil Quraishi ◽  
Jonathan P Segal ◽  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Tariq H Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Lay Public ◽  
Meaningful Research

The mucosal surfaces of the body are characterised by complex, specialised microbial communities, often referred to as the microbiome. However, only much more recently—with the development of technologies allowing exploration of the composition and functionality of these communities—has meaningful research in this area become feasible. Over the past few years, there has been rapid growth in interest in the gut microbiome in particular, and its potential contribution to gastrointestinal and liver disease. This interest has already extended beyond clinicians to pharmaceutical companies, medical regulators and other stakeholders, and is high profile among patients and the lay public in general. Such expansion of knowledge holds the intriguing potential for translation into novel diagnostics and therapeutics; however, being such a nascent field, there remain many uncertainties, unanswered questions and areas of debate.

Advances in mucosal vaccination

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Els N. T. Meeusen ◽  
Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck ◽  
Sean Wattegedera ◽  
Gary Entrican
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Small Rodent ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Large Animals

AbstractPathogens that enter the body via mucosal surfaces face unique defense mechanisms that combine the innate barrier provided by the mucus layer with an adaptive response typified by the production and transepithelial secretion of pathogen-specific IgA. Both the measurement and induction of mucosal responses pose significant challenges for experimental and practical application and may need to be adapted to the species under study. In particular, for livestock, immunization procedures developed in small rodent models are not always effective in large animals or compatible with management practices. This paper reviews the latest advances in our understanding of the processes that lead to secretory IgA responses and how this relates to the development of mucosal immunization procedures and adjuvants for veterinary vaccines. In addition, it highlights the complex interactions that can take place between the pathogen and the host's immune response, with specific reference toChlamydia/Chlamydophilainfections in sheep.

scholarly journals The selenium content of SEPP1 versus selenium requirements in vertebrates

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Penglase ◽  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Ståle Ellingsen
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Selenoprotein P ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Nutrient Requirement ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Genomic Sequence Information

Selenoprotein P (SEPP1) distributes selenium (Se) throughout the body via the circulatory system. The Se content of SEPP1 varies from 7 to 18 Se atoms depending on the species, but the reason for this variation remains unclear. Herein we provide evidence that vertebrate SEPP1 Sec content correlates positively with Se requirements (R2=0.88). As the Se content of full length SEPP1 is genetically determined, this presents a unique case where a nutrient requirement can be predicted based on genomic sequence information.

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