Effects of Exercise Combined with Finasteride on Hormone and Ovarian Function in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rats

Exercise can reduce androgen and insulin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Finasteride is also presumed to improve the developing follicle environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe the effects of the combination of exercise and finasteride therapy on hormone levels and ovarian morphology in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. Forty female rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 each group): the PCOS sedentary group (P-Sed), PCOS exercise group (P-Ex), PCOS finasteride and sedentary group (P-FSed), and PCOS finasteride and exercise group (P-FEx), and healthy, age-matched rats were used as controls (CO). The results indicated that the levels of FINS in the P-FEx group were significantly lower than those in the P-Sed and P-FSed groups, while the ratio of fasting blood glucose (FBG)/fasting serum levels of insulin (FINS) in the P-FEx group was significantly higher than that in the P-Sed and P-FSed groups. Compared to the P-FEx group, serum levels of TT (total testosterone) in the P-Sed and P-FSed groups were significantly increased. The thickness of the follicular membrane and the number of atresia follicles in the P-FEx and CO groups were significantly lower than those in the P-Sed group, but there was no significant difference between the P-Ex and P-Sed groups. These results show that the combined usage of exercise and finasteride does not alter the effects of exercise on increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing androgen levels. There is also a synergistic effect of exercise and finasteride on the morphology of the ovary, including a reduced number of atresia follicles and thickness of the follicular membrane.

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Physical Performance Regarding Handgrip Strength in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1718953 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 811-819

Author(s):

Gislaine Satyko Kogure ◽

Victor Barbosa Ribeiro ◽

Flávia Ganoa de Oliveira Gennaro ◽

Rui Alberto Ferriani ◽

Cristiana Libardi Miranda-Furtado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Pcos Group

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to investigate the physical performance of handgrip strength (HGS) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods A case-control study that included 70 women with PCOS and 93 age-matched healthy women aged between 18 and 47 years with body mass index (BMI) between 18 Kg/m2–39.9 Kg/m2. The serum levels of total testosterone, androstenedione, insulin, estradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured. The free androgen index (FAI) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The body composition regions of interest (ROIs) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the handgrip strength (HGS) was evaluated for both the dominant and the non-dominant hands with a manual Sammons Preston (Bolingbrook, IL, US) bulb dynamometer. Results Women with PCOS had high serum levels of total testosterone (p < 0.01), androstenedione (p = 0.03), and insulin (p < 0.01), as well as high FAI (p < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.01) scores. Compared with the non-PCOS group, the PCOS group had greater total lean mass in the dominant hand (p < 0.03) and greater HGS in both the dominant and the non-dominant hands (p < 0.01). The HGS was correlated with lean mass (p < 0.01). Conclusion Women with PCOS have greater HGS. This may be associated with age and BMI, and it may be related to lean mass. In addition, the dominance effect on muscle mass may influence the physical performance regarding HGS in women with PCOS.

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Endotrophin as a novel marker in PCOS and its relation with other adipokines and metabolic parameters: a pilot study

Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1177/20420188211049607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 204201882110496

Author(s):

Gurhan Guney ◽

Mine Islimye Taskin ◽

Ozgur Baykan ◽

Ertan Adali ◽

Selin Gul Tezcan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is known to be the most common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age. Current evidence shows that regulatory proteins secreted from the adipose tissue called adipokines may have a role in polycystic ovary syndrome. We planned to investigate the role of endotrophin that has never been researched in polycystic ovary syndrome before and its correlation with other metabolic parameters and adipokines such as adiponectin and ghrelin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: Forty-three women ( n: 43) with polycystic ovary syndrome and 43 ( n: 43) women as a control group were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum levels of endotrophin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol levels, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, total testosterone, and triglyceride levels were measured. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index, body mass index, Ferriman Gallwey Score, and waist-to-hip ratio were also evaluated. Results: Total testosterone, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and triglyceride levels were higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( p < 0.01). No difference was detected between the groups in terms of body mass index, Ferriman Gallwey Score, waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein levels ( p > 0.05). We did not observe any significant difference in adiponectin and ghrelin levels between the groups ( p > 0.05). Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had significantly higher endotrophin levels ( p < 0.01). According to our regression analyses [area under the curve: 0.973 (0.935–1.000), 95% confidence interval, 95.2% sensitivity, and 100% specificity], it was shown that endotrophin greater than 92 ng/ml and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance greater than 2.5 might be good predictors for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis. Conclusion: We demonstrated that endotrophin level is higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and may have predicted polycystic ovary syndrome with increased homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index. There was no significant difference in adiponectin and ghrelin levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome group. Endotrophin may have a role in polycystic ovary syndrome etiology rather than other adipokines.

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Serum Melatonin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2013-0012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 10-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Dora D. Terzieva ◽

Maria M. Orbetzova ◽

Mitko D. Mitkov ◽

Nonka G. Mateva

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽

Immunoreactive Insulin ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Melatonin Level ◽

Night Time ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Healthy Women

ABSTRACT There has been a surge of interest in recent years in studying the changes of serum melatonin concentrations in disorders that are associated with insulin resistance such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AIM: The present study was designed to investigate the day-time and night-time levels of serum melatonin and the cortisol rhythm in women with PCOS and compare them with those of healthy women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a case-control study which included 30 women with PCOS and 25 healthy women. All hormonal measurements in both the study group and controls were carried out between days 3 and 5 counted from the beginning of the last regular menstrual cycle; they included serum levels of melatonin and cortisol at 03:00 a.m and 08:00 a.m, total testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and immunoreactive insulin at 08:00 a.m. RESULTS: Women with PCOS were found to have a significantly higher melatonin level at 08:00 a.m. and smaller mean night-day difference in the concentrations of melatonin in comparison with those of healthy women (natural log (Ln) night-day difference 0.60 ± 0.10 pg/ml versus 1.15 ± 0.14, p < 0.002). Melatonin to cortisol ratios at 03:00 a.m. and 08:00 a.m. showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups (Ln melatonin/ cortisol 03:00 a.m., 1.01 ± 0.06 versus 1.05 ± 0.05; Ln melatonin/cortisol at 08:00 a.m., 0.62 ± 0.01 versus 0.56 ± 0.03, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results we obtained about the changes of melatonin in women with PCOS could help in elucidating the complex pathophysiological pattern of this disease.

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Association of the Pro12Ala Polymorphism with the Metabolic Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2017.088 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 275-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Moushira Zaki ◽

Naglaa Hassan ◽

Hala T. El-Bassyouni ◽

Sanaa Kamal ◽

Walaa Basha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Pro12ala Polymorphism ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Significant Difference

AIM: To investigate the association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) Pro12Ala polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its effect on the metabolic parameters in PCOS women.METHODS: The study used PCR to identify the presence of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism in 100 PCOS women and 120 age-matched healthy women. All participants were subjected to anthropometry, biochemical and metabolic evaluation.RESULTS: Significant difference in the genotypes distributions of PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism was observed among PCOS women and controls (p = 0.03). The frequency of the polymorphic allele Ala was significantly higher in PCOS cases than that in the controls (OR = 2.01, p = 0.01). The carries of the variant allele Ala in PCOS women showed significant higher values in body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, sum of skin folds, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, HOMA-IR, fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein than non-carriers.CONCLUSION: The PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism might contribute to the risk of PCOS and abnormal metabolic parameters and could be considered as a biomarker for early diagnosis and clinic prediction of metabolic complications.

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Effects of electroacupuncture on the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and ghrelin in pubertal rats with polycystic ovary syndrome

10.1101/2021.10.25.465707 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yang Li ◽

Dongmei Huang ◽

Wang Zhi ◽

Dong Haoxu ◽

Wang Qing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Estrous Cycle ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Model Group ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Ghrelin Receptor

: Polycystic ovary syndrome often starts in puberty, and its pathogenesis is not clear. This study aimed to explore the pathogenesis of pubertal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and assess the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture on pubertal PCOS. Methods: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was used to induce rat models of pubertal PCOS. pubertal rats with PCOS were randomly divided into a model group (M), an electroacupuncture group (EA), and a sham acupuncture group (SA). Age-matched normal rats were regarded as normal controls (N). Rats were treated with EA or SA five times a week for 25 minutes during their 6 th –7 th week. At the end of the experiment, we observed any changes in ovarian morphology; detected levels of metabolic indices in serum, the hypothalamus and pancreas. Results: EA significantly improved estrous cycle disorders and the ovarian polycystic morphology in pubertal rats with PCOS, but SA only improved disorders of the estrous cycle. The serum levels of insulin, neuropeptide Y(NPY) and fasting blood glucose(FBG) increased significantly, while the serum levels of ghrelin(GHRL) decreased in the model group. After treatment with EA, the levels of NPY and FBG went into decrease, whereas the levels of GHRL and insulin increased. There was few differences in the hypothalamic expression of galanin (GAL), galanin-like peptide (GALP) and ghrelin receptor(GHSR) between the four groups. The upregulation of NPY mRNA and neuropeptide Y2 receptor(NPY2R) mRNA and the downregulation of GHRL protein and mRNA in the hypothalamus, and the increased expression of NPY and NPY2R as well as the decreased expression of GHRL in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) can be rescued by EA. But, surprisingly, SA seem to make no difference to the levels of FBG and insulin, and the protein expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus and ARC. Co-expression of kisspeptin and GHSR, and co-expression of gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH) and NPY2R were observed in ARC. No differences were found between groups in protein of GAL, GALP and GHRL expression in the pancreas. Neither EA nor SA can attenuate the upregulated kisspeptin protein expression in the pancreas of PCOS model rats. EA and SA improved the symptoms of pubertal PCOS rats, and the mechanism might be associated with regulating hypothalamic NPY and ghrelin levels.

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Prevalence of hyperandrogenism in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2019.60.12.8 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 2600-2608

Author(s):

Yasmin L. Alsaadi ◽

Ban Jasim Mohamad

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Iraqi Women ◽

And Control

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a mainly common endocrine disorder. Hyperandrogenism is the major standard in the diagnosisof PCOS development.Eighty women diagnosed with PCOS and twenty healthy women(aged 20-40 years)were enrolled in this study which was conducted at the infertility clinic of Kamal AL-Samaraay Hospital/ Baghdad. The diagnosis of PCOS was made according to the Rotterdam criteria. Body mass index (BMI, Kg/m2)was calculated by a specific formula. History of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and alopecia was taken. Hormone levels in serum, namely luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were measured in all patients and control subjects.There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) in the BMI between the PCOS and control women.Also, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was much higher in PCOS women than in their matching control. The serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone were significantly different (P <0.05) in PCOS as compared to healthy women. Clinical hyperandrogenism (hirsutism and alopecia) were present in most of PCOS women, while acne wasa less useful clinical sign of hyperandrogenism.Inaddition, the prevalence of hirsutism and alopecia was increased in obese when compared with overweight and lean PCOS women.

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in four phenotypes of PCOS and its relationship with androgenic components among Iranian women: A cross-sectional study

International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine ◽

10.18502/ijrm.v13i4.6888 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Narges Zaeemzadeh ◽

Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh ◽

Saeideh Ziaei ◽

Anoshirvan Kazemnejad ◽

Azadeh Mottaghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Control Group ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Insulin resistance (IR) plays a major role in the pathophysiology of both PCOS and MetS. Objective: This study was designed to compare the prevalence of MetS among different phenotypes of PCOS and its relationship with androgenic components. Materials and Methods: 182 participants eligible for this five-group comparative study were selected by convenience sampling method. They were classified according to the Rotterdam criteria: clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism (H) + PCOS on ultrasound (P) + ovulation disorders (O) (n = 41), clinical and/or biochemical H + PCOS on P (n = 33), PCOS on P + O (n = 40), clinical and/or biochemical H + O (n = 37), and control (without PCOS) (n = 31). MetS was measured based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Androgenic components included free androgen- index (FAI), total-testosterone (TT) level and sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG). Results: A significant difference was observed between the study groups in terms of MetS prevalence (p = 0.01). In phenotype H+P+O, there was a statistically significant positive association between TG and TT, and a significant negative association between SBP and DBP with SHBG. In phenotype O+P, WC was inversely associated with SHBG. In phenotype H+O, FBS and TG were positively associated with FAI but HDL was inversely associated with FAI. Moreover, WC and DBP were positively associated with TT in phenotype H+O. No associations were detected between MetS parameters and androgenic components in other PCOS subjects (phenotype H+P) and in the control group. TT was significantly higher in the PCOS group suffering from MetS (p = 0.04). Conclusion: According to the research results, hyperandrogenic components are potent predictors of metabolic disorders. Thus, we suggest that MetS screening is required for the prevention of MetS and its related complications in PCOS women. Key words: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Metabolic syndrome, Hyperandrogenism.

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Correlation between Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels and Antral Follicle Numbers in Polycystic Ovary and Metabolic Syndromes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-15975/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Huo Fu ◽

Youshi Lin ◽

Xueqing Deng ◽

Lin Wu

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Antral Follicle ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Antral Follicles

Abstract Background Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is expressed by granulosa cells of the pre-antral and small antral follicles in the ovary. Serum AMH levels are significantly higher in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) due to an increased number of antral follicles and also a higher production per antral follicle. We proposed diagnostic criteria for the identification of PCOS that are based on variation in the AMH concentrations.Methods This study explored the relationship between serum AMH levels and other hormonal markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome. One hundred fifty patients with PCOS and normally cycling women were examined in a cohort study. Of these, some were candidates for the assisted reproductive methods. The following serum levels were measured in all patients on day 5 of the menstrual cycle: AMH, glucose, HOMA/IP, BMI, testosterone and cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides.Results In the PCOS group, a 2-fold increase in the serum AMH level was observed as compared to the controls. With AMH, the following increments were seen: testosterone (by 184%); fasting blood glucose (by 18%); fasting insulin (83.86%); HOMA/IR (by 64.23%); mean cholesterol (by 30%); mean triglycerides (by 17%); and BMI (by 26.75%). The high-density lipoprotein concentration decreased by 29.3%.Conclusion Thus, monitoring the level of AMH allows predicting for OHSS during the ovulation induction and during the use of assistive reproductive technologies. Such a practice also allows deciding on the treatment strategy for obesity, hirsutism, type II diabetes, infertility and cardiovascular diseases.

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The FSHR Polymorphisms Association With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women of Erbil, Kurdistan in North of Iraq

Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science ◽

10.30526/2017.ihsciconf.1799 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aesha Sh. Sh. Baban ◽

Sabah H. Korsheed ◽

Anas Y. Al Hayawi

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Serum Hormone ◽

Pcos Group

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder in women during fertilization age that reflects changing clinical symptoms. The genetic concept of PCOS is unclear and no significant genetic association with PCOS has been established. The level of Follicle stimulating hormone FSH is encoded by FSH receptor (FSHR) and abnormal FSHR affects follicle cogenesis and ovary and consist of 9 introns, 10 exons, and the region of chromosome promoter at 2p21. Sample of 93PCOS patients and 52 controls were collected from Province of Erbil in north of Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood and genotype dissected was improved for the two population of study using PCR-RFLP with the restriction enzyme Eam1105I. The genotype distributions and allele frequency of Ala307Thr polymorphisms of FSHR were not statistically various between the controls and the PCOS patients. Significant elevation of body mass index with all genotype of PCOS was found when compared with controls. There were statistical differences in the BMI and most of the serum hormone and lipid profile parameters including LH, total testosterone, fasting glucose, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL, there were significant various in FSH and LH levels of hormones and HDL, LDL and VLDL with PCOS group conveying different genotypes of Ala307Thr polymorphisms. The variant of Ala307Thr was not associated with PCOS in Kurdistan women; there was no relationship between the POCS and gene of FSHR polymorphism at codons 307. There was a significant difference in FSH and LH levels with PCOS patients conveying different genotypes of Ala307Thr polymorphism.

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Baicalin ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome through AMP-activated protein kinase

Journal of Ovarian Research ◽

10.1186/s13048-019-0585-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wei Wang ◽

Jiahua Zheng ◽

Na Cui ◽

Lei Jiang ◽

Han Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Follicular Development ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Beneficial Effects

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder and regarded as the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. PCOS is characterized by reproductive dysfunction and metabolic disorders. Baicalin (BAL) is one of the most potent bioactive flavonoids isolated from the radix of Scutellaria baicalensis. In the present study, we investigated the potential effects of BAL on PCOS in dehydroepiandrosterone-treated rats. We found that BAL notably reduced the serum levels of free testosterone, total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol in PCOS rats. The increase of serum insulin level and HOMA-IR was markedly inhibited by BAL. Moreover, BAL decreased body weights, increased the number of rats with the regular estrous cycle, and ameliorated ovarian histological changes and follicular development in the DHEA-treated PCOS rats. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-18) and decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in PCOS rats were suppressed by BAL. BAL induced a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes, including 3β-HSD, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, StAR, in ovarian tissues in PCOS rats. Furthermore, BAL inhibited the decrease of AMPK protein level and phosphorylation, the decrease of Akt phosphorylation and the increase of 5α-reductase enzyme 1 expression in ovarian tissues in PCOS rats. The effects of BAL were inhibited by an inhibitor of AMPK, dorsomorphin. The upregulation of AMPK contributed to the beneficial effects of BAL. The results highlight the potential role of BAL for the intervention of PCOS.

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