scholarly journals Hippocampal Growth Factor and Myokine Cathepsin B Expression following Aerobic and Resistance Training in 3xTg-AD Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel S. Pena ◽  
Hector G. Paez ◽  
Trevor K. Johnson ◽  
Jessica L. Halle ◽  
Joseph P. Carzoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Cathepsin B ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Training Modalities ◽  
The Brain

Aerobic training (AT) can support brain health in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the role of resistance training (RT) in AD is not well established. Aside from direct effects on the brain, exercise may also regulate brain function through secretion of muscle-derived myokines. Aims. This study examined the effects of AT and RT on hippocampal BDNF and IGF-1 signaling, β-amyloid expression, and myokine cathepsin B in the triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) model of AD. 3xTg-AD mice were assigned to one of the following groups: sedentary (Tg), aerobic trained (Tg+AT, 9 wks treadmill running), or resistance trained (Tg+RT, 9 wks weighted ladder climbing) (n=10/group). Rotarod latency and strength were assessed pre- and posttraining. Hippocampus and skeletal muscle were collected after training and analyzed by high-resolution respirometry, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Tg+RT showed greater grip strength than Tg and Tg+AT at posttraining (p<0.01). Only Tg+AT improved rotarod peak latency (p<0.01). Hippocampal IGF-1 concentration was ~15% greater in Tg+AT and Tg+RT compared to Tg (p<0.05); however, downstream signals of p-IGF-1R, p-Akt, p-MAPK, and p-GSK3β were not altered. Cathepsin B, hippocampal p-CREB and BDNF, and hippocampal mitochondrial respiration were not affected by AT or RT. β-Amyloid was ~30% lower in Tg+RT compared to Tg (p<0.05). This data suggests that regular resistance training reduces β-amyloid in the hippocampus concurrent with increased concentrations of IGF-1. Both types of training offered distinct benefits, either by improving physical function or by modifying signals in the hippocampus. Therefore, inclusion of both training modalities may address central defects, as well as peripheral comorbidities in AD.

scholarly journals Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamilton Roschel ◽  
Bruno Gualano ◽  
Sergej M. Ostojic ◽  
Eric S. Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Brain Health

There is a robust and compelling body of evidence supporting the ergogenic and therapeutic role of creatine supplementation in muscle. Beyond these well-described effects and mechanisms, there is literature to suggest that creatine may also be beneficial to brain health (e.g., cognitive processing, brain function, and recovery from trauma). This is a growing field of research, and the purpose of this short review is to provide an update on the effects of creatine supplementation on brain health in humans. There is a potential for creatine supplementation to improve cognitive processing, especially in conditions characterized by brain creatine deficits, which could be induced by acute stressors (e.g., exercise, sleep deprivation) or chronic, pathologic conditions (e.g., creatine synthesis enzyme deficiencies, mild traumatic brain injury, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, depression). Despite this, the optimal creatine protocol able to increase brain creatine levels is still to be determined. Similarly, supplementation studies concomitantly assessing brain creatine and cognitive function are needed. Collectively, data available are promising and future research in the area is warranted.

ChemInform Abstract: Role of Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in the Brain Function

ChemInform ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiju Motohashi ◽  
Yui Yamamoto ◽  
Norifumi Shioda ◽  
Hisatake Kondo ◽  
Yuji Owada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Protein ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Acid Binding Protein ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Long-term cyclic aerobic training preserves the brain's health in elderly persons (brief review)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-163
Author(s):  
A S Radchenko ◽  
B B Davydov ◽  
A N Kalinichenko
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Memory State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

It was identified on the base of special periodical literature analyze that cyclic muscular work systematically performed during large part of the person's life (former athlete) provides mainly the favorable effect on the brain. Ventricular-arterial coupling improvement ameliorates brain perfusion, and creates function advantages to brain health in old age. At that, the gray and white matter fading hampered, especially in structures that associated with visual control and human body spatial orientation, motor control and memory state, and age-related attenuation of cognitive functions in comparison with sedentary persons of the same age.

Role of adrenal catecholamines in cerebrovasodilation evoked from brain stem

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. H1183-H1191
Author(s):  
C. Iadecola ◽  
P. M. Lacombe ◽  
M. D. Underwood ◽  
T. Ishitsuka ◽  
D. J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

We studied whether adrenal medullary catecholamines (CAs) contribute to the metabolically linked increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF). Rats were anesthetized (alpha-chloralose, 30 mg/kg), paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. The DMRF was electrically stimulated with intermittent trains of pulses through microelectrodes stereotaxically implanted. Blood gases were controlled and, during stimulation, arterial pressure was maintained within the autoregulated range for rCBF. rCBF and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were determined in homogenates of brain regions by using [14C]iodoantipyrine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), respectively, as tracers. Plasma CAs (epinephrine and norepinephrine) were measured radioenzymatically. DMRF stimulation increased rCBF throughout the brain (n = 5; P less than 0.01, analysis of variance) and elevated plasma CAs substantially (n = 4). Acute bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the increase in plasma epinephrine (n = 4), reduced the increases in flow (n = 6) in cerebral cortex (P less than 0.05), and abolished them elsewhere in brain (P greater than 0.05). Comparable effects on rCBF were obtained by selective adrenal demedullation (n = 7) or pretreatment with propranolol (1.5 mg/kg iv) (n = 5). DMRF stimulation did not increase the permeability of the BBB to AIB (n = 5). We conclude that the increases in rCBF elicited from the DMRF has two components, one dependent on, and the other independent of CAs. Since the BBB is impermeable to CAs and DMRF stimulation fails to open the BBB, the results suggest that DMRF stimulation allows, through a mechanism not yet determined, circulating CAs to act on brain and affect brain function.

SUPER-SYNERGY IN THE BRAIN: THE GRANDMOTHER PERCEPT IS MANIFESTED BY MULTIPLE OSCILLATIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 453-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
EROL BAŞAR ◽  
MURAT ÖZGÖREN ◽  
SIREL KARAKAŞ ◽  
CANAN BAŞAR-EROĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Animal Brain ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Face Support

The present report describes the dynamic foundations of long-standing experimental work in the field of oscillatory dynamics in the human and animal brain. It aims to show the role of multiple oscillations in the integrative brain function, memory, and complex perception by a recently introduced conceptional framework: the super-synergy in the whole brain. Results of recent experiments related to the percept of the grandmother-face support our concept of super-synergy in the whole brain in order to explain manifestation of Gestalts and Memory-Stages. This report may also provide new research avenues in macrodynamics of the brain.

scholarly journals Evidence of the Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Glucose Metabolism

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Fabien Pifferi ◽  
Stephen C. Cunnane ◽  
Philippe Guesnet
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Brain Glucose ◽  
Brain Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

In mammals, brain function, particularly neuronal activity, has high energy needs. When glucose is supplemented by alternative oxidative substrates under different physiological conditions, these fuels do not fully replace the functions fulfilled by glucose. Thus, it is of major importance that the brain is almost continuously supplied with glucose from the circulation. Numerous studies describe the decrease in brain glucose metabolism during healthy or pathological ageing, but little is known about the mechanisms that cause such impairment. Although it appears difficult to determine the exact role of brain glucose hypometabolism during healthy ageing or during age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, uninterrupted glucose supply to the brain is still of major importance for proper brain function. Interestingly, a body of evidence suggests that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might play significant roles in brain glucose regulation. Thus, the goal of the present review is to summarize this evidence and address the role of n-3 PUFAs in brain energy metabolism. Taken together, these data suggest that ensuring an adequate dietary supply of n-3 PUFAs could constitute an essential aspect of a promising strategy to promote optimal brain function during both healthy and pathological ageing.

scholarly journals Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: Postnatal Development of the Mammalian Neocortex: Role of Activity Revisited

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Synaptic Remodeling ◽  
Canadian Association ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Neuronal Connections ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT:The mammalian neocortex is the largest structure in the brain, and plays a key role in brain function. A critical period for the development of the neocortex is the early postnatal life, when the majority of synapses are formed and when much of synaptic remodeling takes place. Early studies suggest that initial synaptic connections lack precision, and this rudimentary wiring pattern is refined by experience-related activity through selective elimination and consolidation. This view has been challenged by recent studies revealing the presence of a relatively precise pattern of connections before the onset of sensory experience. The recent data support a model in which specificity of neuronal connections is largely determined by genetic factors. Spontaneous activity is required for the formation of neural circuits, but whether it plays an instructive role is still controversial. Neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, serotonin, and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) may have key roles in the regulation of spontaneous activity, and in the maturation of synapses in the developing brain.

scholarly journals Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1505-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle W. Voss ◽  
Lindsay S. Nagamatsu ◽  
Teresa Liu-Ambrose ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Exercise Type ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

This is a brief review of current evidence for the relationships between physical activity and exercise and the brain and cognition throughout the life span in non-pathological populations. We focus on the effects of both aerobic and resistance training and provide a brief overview of potential neurobiological mechanisms derived from non-human animal models. Whereas research has focused primarily on the benefits of aerobic exercise in youth and young adult populations, there is growing evidence that both aerobic and resistance training are important for maintaining cognitive and brain health in old age. Finally, in these contexts, we point out gaps in the literature and future directions that will help advance the field of exercise neuroscience, including more studies that explicitly examine the effect of exercise type and intensity on cognition, the brain, and clinically significant outcomes. There is also a need for human neuroimaging studies to adopt a more unified multi-modal framework and for greater interaction between human and animal models of exercise effects on brain and cognition across the life span.

scholarly journals The Role of Sleep and Impact on Brain and Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Sevasti Kapsi ◽  
Spyridoula Katsantoni ◽  
Athanasios Drigas
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Mechanism Research ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Natural Mechanism ◽  
The Brain

<p>There are many interventions which may enhance learning. Many techniques are used in education to empower memory, which is a basic cognitive ability to ensure learning. A question arises:  if learning is a natural process, is there a natural mechanism which supports learning? In this review, it is supported that sleep is such a mechanism. Research results on sleep and learning are presented and support different effects on the brain and learning, according to the age of the population. Sleep is a fundamental process for brain function and cognition. More studies should follow to make good use of this information, so as to design new interventions for the field of education.</p>

scholarly journals Contribution of Franz Joseph Gall in the establishment of criminal anthropology. Part I. Teaching on Localization of Brain Function

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Dmitry Vadimovich Bakharev
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Franz Joseph Gall ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

This article represents a brief overview of the teaching of Austrian medical scholar and natural scientist Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) on human anthropology and psychology. Soviet science viewed Gall as a creator of pseudoscience of phrenology, although in prerevolutionary period, he received mostly complimentary assessment. For example, the prominent Russian criminalist D. A. Dril called Gall a &ldquo;father of criminal anthropology&rdquo;. In order to determine the objectivity of such assessments, the author attempted to distill the essence of Gall&rsquo;s doctrine and assess his conclusions regarding the formation of such branch of criminology as criminal anthropology. The research methodology is based on the analysis of monograph works of F. J. Gall and subsequent summarization of the key theses of psychophysiological doctrine of Austrian scholar. In his works, Gall substantiated the ides that the moral qualities and intellectual abilities are innate, and their manifestation depends on the organization of the brain, which is the organ of all propensities and aptitudes. In his opinion, different parts of brain are responsible for completely different functions. The author concludes that the widespread in Soviet science interpretation of the role of Gall in the area of phrenology is inadequate to reality. Firstly, Gall never attributed any special merits to himself pertaining to studying connection between the form of human skull and peculiarities of his psyche and intellect; and secondly, not disputing the existence of such connection, he however, did not establish any strong patterns.

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