scholarly journals Intercropping and Nitrogen Fertilization Altered the Patterns of Leaf Senescence in Sorghum

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Peter E. Moi ◽  
Onesmus M. Kitonyo ◽  
George N. Chemining’wa ◽  
Josiah M. Kinama
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Leaf Greenness ◽  
Crop System

Leaf senescence regulates grain yield. However, the modulation of leaf senescence in sorghum under legume-based intercrop systems and nitrogen (N) fertilization is not known. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of intercropping two sorghum (Gadam and Serena) and cowpea (K80, M66) varieties and sole cropping systems and different fertilizer N rates (0, 40, and 80 kg·N·ha−1) on the time course of postflowering sorghum leaf senescence and understand how senescence modulates grain yield. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replications. Leaf senescence was assessed from flowering to maturity at (a) whole-plant level by the visual scoring of green leaves and (b) flag leaf scale by measuring leaf greenness with a SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter. A logistic function in SigmaPlot was fitted to estimate four traits of leaf senescence, including minimum and maximum SPAD (SPADmin, SPADmax), time to loss of 50% SPADmax (EC50), and the rate of senescence. Irrespective of the cowpea variety, intercropping reduced sorghum grain yield by 50%. The addition of N increased yield by 27% but no effect was detected between 40 and 80 kg·N ha−1. Intercropping delayed leaf senescence at the whole plant by 0.2 leaves plant−1 day−1 but reduced SPADmax of the flag by 8 SPAD units and rate of senescence by 4 SPAD units day−1 compared with sole crop system. Fertilizer N delayed leaf senescence ( P ≤ 0.05 ) at whole-plant and flag leaf scales. Cropping System × nitrogen modulated senescence at whole-plant and flag leaf scales and sorghum grain yield but marginally influenced other traits. While EC50 did not correlate with grain yield, faster rates of senescence and leaf greenness were associated with high yield under the sole crop system. Overall, N was the main factor in driving sorghum leaf senescence while the intercropping effect on senescence was nonfunctional. Effects of competition in sorghum-legume intercropping and source-sink relationships on the patterns of leaf senescence deserve further investigation.

Characterisation of grain yield and nitrogen level in relation to flag leaf senescence of wheat varieties

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ma. Martin del Molino ◽  
M. Ulloa ◽  
R. Martinez-Carrasco ◽  
P. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Wheat Varieties

scholarly journals Expected genetic gains from mono trait and indexbased selection in advanced bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 9131-9141
Author(s):  
Zine El Abidine Fellahi ◽  
Abderrahmane Hannachi ◽  
Hamenna Bouzerzour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Selection Of

This study aimed at evaluating the expected gains from selection obtained based upon direct, indirect, and index-based selection in a set of 599 bread wheat lines. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of INRAA institute, Setif research unit (Algeria), in a Federer augmented block design including three controls. A wide range of genetic variability was observed among lines for the eleven traits assessed. The results indicated that index-based selection and selection based on grain yield expressed higher expected genetic gain than direct and indirect mono-trait-based selection. The best 15 selected lines exhibited higher grain yield than the control varieties, and they were clustered in three groups that contrasted mainly for the flag-leaf area, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, and harvest index. The index-based selection appears as a useful tool for the rapid selection of early filial generations, enriching selected breeding materials with desirable alleles and reducing the number of years required to combine these traits in elite varieties.

Rate and duration of grain filling in relation to flag leaf senescence and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to different concentrations of ozone

2008 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Gelang ◽  
Håkan Pleijel ◽  
Ebe Sild ◽  
Helena Danielsson ◽  
Suhaila Younis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling

scholarly journals Row Arrangements of Maize and Soybean Intercrop on Silage Quality and Grain Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Vanderson Vieira Batista ◽  
Paulo Fernando Adami ◽  
Pedro Valério Dutra de Moraes ◽  
Karine Fuschter Oligini ◽  
Cleverson Luiz Giacomel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Maize Grain

The success of maize + soybean intercrop depends on the plant arrangement. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different row arrangements on intercrop forage yield, silage quality and maize grain yield in relation to maize as a sole crop. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with eight row arrangements between maize and Soybean. Maize biomass yield among crop arrangements were similar, although, lower than the maize sole crop. On the other hand, these treatments showed higher soybean biomass yield, which in turn increased silage crude protein and crude protein yield per unit area. Maize thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant and per area was affected by the intercrop arrangements. The use of two corn rows + two soybean rows (2M+2S-30 cm) and four corn rows + four soybean rows (4M+4S-30 cm) showed higher crude protein yield per area associated with similar maize grain yield in relation to the sole maize crop. In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.

scholarly journals On-farm Verification of Potassium Fertilization for Major Cereal Crops under Balanced Fertilizers in North Shew Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenzemed Kassie ◽  
Beza Shewangizaw ◽  
Getachew Lema ◽  
Lisanu Getaneh ◽  
Genet Taye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Specific Recommendation ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the response of major cereal crops to application of potassium with balanced fertilizers as well as to validate newly released soil fertility map of Amhara Region. A field experiment was carried out with different districts of North Shewa of Amhara region: Kewet (Sorghum), Basona warana (Food Barley) Moretena jiru and Mojana wedera (Bread wheat. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replications. The treatments were consisted of NPS, NPS+K, NPSBZn, and NPSBZn+K. The required amount of nitrogen and phosphorus were adjusted to crop and site specific recommendation. The rate of K was 150 kg ha-1 K2O and applied as a straight fertilizer at planting in the form of potassium chloride (KCl).The highest grain yield of sorghum (4301.9 kg ha-1) was recorded under the treatment of NPSBZn and followed by NPS fertilizer application respectively, while lower grain yields (3017.7 and 3186.9 kg ha-1) were recorded under the treatments of NPSBZn and NPS with potassium fertilizer application. Even though statically insignificance both NPS and NPSBZn, application of NPSBZn had gave 5.3% of sorghum grain yield advantage as compared to sole NPS and N fertilizer application. The highest grain yield of barley (4411 kg ha-1) also was recorded under the treatment of NPS and followed by NPS+K respectively, while lower grain yield (3960.6 kg ha-1) was recorded under the treatments of NPSBZn. Grain yield of bread also showed similar trend as grain yield of food barley at Moretena jiru and Mojana wedera districts. Generally the results of this experiment did not showed agronomical viable options due to utilization of potassium with recommended NP nutrient sources and micronutrients. The soil was deficient in organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus and adequate in available potassium. Thus it can be concluded that potassium is not a yield limiting nutrient but soil nitrogen and phosphorus management need especial attention.

scholarly journals Assessment of high yielding local Pakistani bread wheat genotypes for improved chapati making quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jabeen Farheen ◽  
Farzana Nasir Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Glutenin Protein ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

The experiment was conducted to classify the maximum glutenin protein possessed Pakistani bread wheat genotype for superlative chapati making quality by ten yield-related parameters. The studied germplasm was acquired from NARC, Pakistan, and planted in randomized-complete-block-design with four replicates at the screen house of the Genetics Department. Data were assessed via Duncan’s test, correlation analysis, SDS-PAGE, and cluster analysis. Duncan’s test conceded that Pirsabak-85 had the highest plant height, flag leaf area, biomass, grain yield plantˉ1, harvest index, and protein content. While, the correlation studies showed that plant height, tillers plantˉ1 (r = 0.649), fertile tillers plantˉ1 (r = 0.713),biomass (r = 0.861), spike length (LS), thousand-grain weight and harvest index had a positive higher significant association with grain yield plantˉ1. The SDS-PAGE analysis resolved 30 diverse high and low molecular weight bands, ranging from 200 kDa to 28 kDa glutenin subunits. Among genotypes, Pirsabak-85 showed maximum protein content and 10 Glu-1 scores. The dendrogram analysis revealed that Pirsabak-85 associated with cluster-II, which was a major and most diverged cluster. The Pirsabak-85 can be utilized to enhance bread wheat production and better chapati making quality

scholarly journals Capturing and Selecting Senescence Variation in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Chapman ◽  
Simon Orford ◽  
Jacob Lage ◽  
Simon Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Singular Metrics ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Plant Process

AbstractSenescence is a highly quantitative trait, but in wheat the genetics underpinning senescence regulation remain relatively unknown. To select senescence variation, and ultimately identify novel genetic regulators, accurate characterisation of senescence phenotypes is essential. When investigating senescence, phenotyping efforts often focus on, or are limited to, visual assessment of the flag leaves. However, senescence is a whole plant process, involving remobilisation and translocation of resources into the developing grain. Furthermore, the temporal progression of senescence poses challenges regarding trait quantification and description, whereupon the different models and approaches applied result in varying definitions of apparently similar metrics.To gain a holistic understanding of senescence we phenotyped flag leaf and peduncle senescence progression, alongside grain maturation. Reviewing the literature, we identified techniques commonly applied in quantification of senescence variation and developed simple methods to calculate descriptive and discriminatory metrics. To capture senescence dynamism, we developed the idea of calculating thermal time to different flag leaf senescence scores, for which between year Spearman’s rank correlations of r ≥ 0.59, P < 4.7 × 10−5(TT70), identify as an accurate phenotyping method. Following our experience of senescence trait genetic mapping, we recognised the need for singular metrics capable of discriminating senescence variation, identifying Thermal Time to Flag Leaf Senescence score of 70 (TT70) and Mean Peduncle senescence (MeanPed) scores as most informative. Moreover, grain maturity assessments confirmed a previous association between our staygreen traits and grain fill extension, illustrating trait functionality.Here we review different senescence phenotyping approaches and share our experiences of phenotyping two independent RIL populations segregating for staygreen traits. Together, we direct readers towards senescence phenotyping methods we found most effective, encouraging their use when investigating and discriminating senescence variation of differing genetic bases, and to aid trait selection and weighting in breeding and research programs alike.

scholarly journals Capturing and Selecting Senescence Variation in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Chapman ◽  
Simon Orford ◽  
Jacob Lage ◽  
Simon Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Singular Metrics ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Plant Process

Senescence is a highly quantitative trait, but in wheat the genetics underpinning senescence regulation remain relatively unknown. To select senescence variation and ultimately identify novel genetic regulators, accurate characterization of senescence phenotypes is essential. When investigating senescence, phenotyping efforts often focus on, or are limited to, the visual assessment of flag leaves. However, senescence is a whole-plant process, involving remobilization and translocation of resources into the developing grain. Furthermore, the temporal progression of senescence poses challenges regarding trait quantification and description, whereupon the different models and approaches applied result in varying definitions of apparently similar metrics. To gain a holistic understanding of senescence, we phenotyped flag leaf and peduncle senescence progression, alongside grain maturation. Reviewing the literature, we identified techniques commonly applied in quantification of senescence variation and developed simple methods to calculate descriptive and discriminatory metrics. To capture senescence dynamism, we developed the idea of calculating thermal time to different flag leaf senescence scores, for which between-year Spearman’s rank correlations of r ≥ 0.59, P &lt; 4.7 × 10–5 (TT70), identify as an accurate phenotyping method. Following our experience of senescence trait genetic mapping, we recognized the need for singular metrics capable of discriminating senescence variation, identifying thermal time to flag leaf senescence score of 70 (TT70) and mean peduncle senescence (MeanPed) scores as most informative. Moreover, grain maturity assessments confirmed a previous association between our staygreen traits and grain fill extension, illustrating trait functionality. Here we review different senescence phenotyping approaches and share our experiences of phenotyping two independent recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations segregating for staygreen traits. Together, we direct readers toward senescence phenotyping methods we found most effective, encouraging their use when investigating and discriminating senescence variation of differing genetic bases, and aid trait selection and weighting in breeding and research programs alike.

scholarly journals Nitrogen deficiency regulates premature senescence by modulating flag leaf function, ROS homeostasis, and intercellular sugar concentration in rice during grain filling

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsu Ado Zakari ◽  
Syed Hassan Raza Zaidi ◽  
Mustapha Sunusi ◽  
Kabiru Dawaki Dauda
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Premature Senescence ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
N Deficiency

Abstract Background Leaf senescence occurs in an age-dependent manner, but the rate and timing of leaf senescence may be influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. In the course of stress, the function, composition, and different components of photosynthetic apparatus occur to be synthesized homogeneously or degraded paradoxically due to different senescence-related processes. Nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the critical environmental factors that induce leaf senescence, and its incidence may curtail leaf photosynthetic function and markedly alter the genetic information of plants that might result in low grain yield. However, the physiological and genetic mechanism underlying N deficiency regulates premature senescence, and flag leaf function, ROS homeostasis, and intercellular sugar concentration in rice during grain filling are not well understood. In this paper, Zhehui7954 an excellent indica restorer line (wildtype) and its corresponding mutant (psf) with the premature senescence of flag leaves were used to study the effect of different N supplies in the alteration of physiological and biochemical components of flag leaf organ and its functions during grain filling. Results The results showed that the psf mutant appeared to be more susceptible to the varying N supply levels than WT. For instance, the psf mutant showed considerably lower Pn, Chl a, Chl b, and Car contents than its WT. N deficiency (LN) decreased leaves photosynthetic activities, N metabolites, but significantly burst O2•−, H2O2, and relative conductivity (R1/R2) concentrations, which was consistent with the expression levels of senescence-associated genes. Sucrose, glucose, and C/N ratio concentrations increased with a decrease in N level, which was closely associated with N and non-structural carbohydrate translocation rates. Increases in POD activity were positively linked with the senescence-related enhancement of ROS generation under LN conditions, whereas, SOD, CAT, and APX activities showed opposite trends. High N (HN) supply significantly inhibits the transcripts of carbohydrate biosynthesis genes, while N assimilation gene transcripts gradually increased along with leaf senescence. The psf mutant had a relatively higher grain yield under HN treatment than LN, while WT had a higher grain yield under MN than HN and LN. Conclusions This work revealed that the C/N ratio and ROS undergo a gradual increase driven by interlinking positive feedback, providing a physiological framework connecting the participation of sugars and N assimilation in the regulation of leaf senescence. These results could be useful for achieving a higher yield of rice production by appropriate N supply and plant senescence regulation.

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