Assessment of Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpat) Plantation in Community Forests: A Case Study from Tanahun District

Cinnamomum tamala is the major NTFPS cultivated commercially in major parts of Nepal. A research was conducted on the plantation of C. tamala in three research sites, Malayang community forest (CF), Saldada CF, and Banaskhadi CF, of Tanahun district for calculating the survival rate, mortality rate, and overall plant growth performance. Simple stratified random sampling methods were used; height and mean breast diameter (DBH) were measured, and a prestructured questionnaire was used for collecting the data and information from the research sites; also, secondary data from AFO, Tanahun, were used for the analysis of data. The first-year survival rate was the highest (62%) at Saldada CF and lowest at Banaskhadi CF (35%); however, the second-year survival rate was the highest at Saldada CF at 50%. Mean height : DBH (cm) of the plant was the highest at Saldada CF (126 cm) and lowest at Banaskhadi (25 cm). The Pearson correlation analysis at α = 0.05 was conducted to test the association between mean height and DBH (cm) of C. tamala which was r = 0.93, df = 12, p < 0.001 , r = 0.30, df = 11, p < 0.001 , and r = 0.88, df = 11, p < 0.001 , respectively, of Saldada CF, Banaskhadi CF, and Malayang CF. The mean height and mean breast diameter (DBH) (cm) of C. tamala were highly correlated in Saldada CF with the highest second-year survival rate. As C. tamala grows well in acidic soil, pH of all the three research sites was basic, more than 7.5; however, Saldada CF had the highest growth rate than others because the organic matter content was the highest (3.4).

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Adsorption and Efficacy of Trifluralin and Butralin as Influenced by Soil Properties

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450008351x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 861-867 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

C. John Peter ◽

Jerome B. Weber

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Weed Control ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Adsorption ◽

Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Significantly higher rates of butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were required to produce the same level of weed control as trifluralin [2,6-dinitro -N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] when applied to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] on seven different soils in the field. Higher rates of butralin were also required to control barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG] in growth chamber studies. No differences in the extent of soil adsorption of trifluralin and butralin were apparent; therefore, differences in efficacy could not be attributed to differences in soil adsorption. Herbicide rates required for 80% weed control and Freundlich K-values (adsorption capacity indices) were mostly highly correlated with soil organic-matter content and soil surface area as measured by benzyl ethyl ether (BEE) and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) on nine soils. Analysis of the organic-matter content of the nine soils by 10 soil testing laboratories resulted in highly significant differences among laboratories.

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An experiment on the effects of straw ploughed in or composted on a three-course rotation of crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600022395 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 222-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. D. Patterson

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Npk Fertilizers ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽

Second Year

An experiment on the use of wheat straw (ploughed in or composted at the rate of 53⅓ cwt./acre every second year) and NPK fertilizers in the maintenance of fertility was carried out at Rothamsted between 1933 and 1958. The effects of these treatments on the yields of the crops of the rotation used in the experiment—barley, sugar beet, potatoes—are discussed in the present paper.The treatments appear to have had no effect on crop yields through improvements to the soil caused by better structure or increased organic matter content. All the effects obtained can be attributed to changes in the supplies of available nutrients. The most important of these changes appear to have been: (1) nitrogen deficiencies due to the immobilization of soil nitrogen or nitrogen fertilizer by the straw: there is some evidence that this added to the store of slowly available nitrogen; (2) additions to potassium supplies from potassium in the straw. Factor (1) affected all three crops. Factor (2) affected potatoes, the only crop of the three to give good responses to potassium.It was found that when the straw was ploughed in directly about 0·08 ewt. N fertilizer applied to the crops for each ton of straw was sufficient to overcome losses in yield due to nitrogen deficiencies. The straw improved the yields of potatoes in the first and second years after application. Provided that allowance was made for losses of available nitrogen the yields of potatoes from ploughed-in straw were about the same as the yields obtained by adding K fertilizer to the crop, equal in amount to the potassium in the straw. When part of the fertilizers was ploughed in with the straw instead of being given directly to the crop the yields of potatoes were reduced.Compost made with NT fertilizers and straw and ploughed in with K fertilizer gave much poorer yields than were obtained by ploughing the straw in directly and applying the fertilizers to the crops. Losses of available nitrogen were severe, all the N fertilizer used in making the compost (0·15 cwt. N for each ton of straw) being either lost through drainage or immobilized by the straw. In addition, more than one half of the potassium in the straw was lost in composting.There was no evidence that any of the nitrogen immobilized in the decomposition of the straw became available in the first or second years after application. Residues from repeated applications of straw every second year over 18 years increased the yields of potatoes and sugar beet in the last 6 years of the experiment. The increases may have been due to the release of previously immobilized nitrogen.

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Degradación de hojarasca y aporte de nutrientes del manglar en la Laguna Mecoacán, Golfo de México

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33421 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 892 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jony R. Torres V. ◽

Dulce Infante-Mata ◽

Alberto J. Sánchez ◽

Alejandro Espinoza-Tenorio ◽

Everardo Barba

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Gulf Of Mexico ◽

Leaf Litter ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Matter Content ◽

Avicennia Germinans ◽

Water Flooding ◽

Litter Degradation ◽

Highly Correlated

Leaf litter degradation and nutrient supply in the mangroves of Mecoacán Lagoon, Gulf of Mexico. Mangroves are ecosystems with a high primary productivity that is mainly driven mainly by degradation processes. Energy (nutrients) flows from mangroves toward adjacent zones and the surrounding aquatic environment. The objective of the present study was to estimate the daily degradation coefficient (k) of mangrove leaves in relation to physical-chemical soil factors and in situ nutrient supply (phosphorus and nitrogen) in Mecoacán Lagoon, Gulf of Mexico. Leaf litter degradation bags were placed at six monthly monitoring sites to evaluate degradation and to calculate the corresponding degradation coefficients. A rapid degradation of up to 51 % was observed for Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn during the first month in association with leaching resulting from flood conditions. The degradation of Rhizophora mangle (L.) (k= 0.0052±0.0002) (F= 12.2 p< 0.05 n= 216) and Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn (k= 0.005±0.0003) (F= 3.7 p= 0.2 n= 108), differed significantly from that of A. germinans (k= 0.009 ± 0.0003) (F= 1.2 p= 0.2 n= 216) did not present significant differences. To reach T50 degradation, R. mangle and L. racemosa required more time (133 and 138 days, respectively) than A. germinans (74 days). Organic matter and soil humidity were significantly correlated with the decay constant of A. germinans (r= 0.65 p< 0.05 and r= 0.55 p< 0.05, respectively). Total nitrogen content was highest in the Pajaral site (2 683 mg.kg) and was also highly correlated with organic matter content (r= 0.9 p= 0.003). Total phosphorus content was highest in the Boca site (2 031 mg.kg) and was also negatively correlated with pH (r= -0.61 p= 0.004). In conclusion, differences in the rate of mangrove leaf degradation depend on the involved species (leaf composition), time of exposure or immersion in water (flooding patterns) and sediment heterogeneity (i.e., texture, pH, humidity content and bulk density). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 892-907. Epub 2018 June 01.

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Uptake of thallium from artificially contaminated soils by kale (Brassica oleracea L., var. acephala)

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3545-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 544-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. Pavlíčková ◽

J. Zbíral ◽

M. Smatanová ◽

P. Habarta ◽

P. Houserová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Brassica Oleracea ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

First Year ◽

The Third ◽

Very High ◽

Brassica Oleracea L

A pot experiment focused on the study of factors influencing thallium transfer from contaminated soils into kale (green cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala, variety Winterbor F1) was evaluated. Three different types of topsoils with naturally low content of thallium (heavy, medium and medium-light soil) were used for pot experiments. The soils were contaminated with thallium sulfate to achieve five levels of contamination (0, 0.52, 2.10, 4.20 and 5.88 mg/kg). There were six replicates for each combination (90 pots in the experiment). The first part of the experiment started in the year of contamination (2001) and continued in 2003. The soil samples and the samples of kale (leaves and stalks were sampled separately) were collected and analysed. Kale was found to be able to accumulate Tl without any influence on yield. The highest thallium concentration was found in the leaves of kale in the first year of the experiment and reached 326 mg/kg dry matter. Bioaccumulation factor (Biological Absorption Coefficient – BAC) was found to be over 80 during the first year of the experiment. In the third year the BAC was around 3 for the soil with the highest pH and the highest organic matter content but as high as 15 for an acid soil with the lowest content of organic matter and the lowest Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of soils. The content of thallium in the leaves of kale was found to be 7 to 10 times higher than in the stalks in the third year. In the first year this ratio was up to 18. From these findings it can be concluded that the ability of some plants of Brassicacea family, that are planted as common vegetables, to accumulate thallium is very high and can be a serious danger for food chains. Neutral soils high in CEC and organic matter are able to bind thallium more effectively than poor acid soils and the transfer of Tl into plants from these soils is substantially lower. The uptake of Tl from contaminated soils into kale can be very high and without any negative effect on the plant growth. The transfer of Tl into kale decreases with the time necessary to reach the equilibrium between the added Tl and the soil (ageing of a sample).

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Uptake, Translocation, and Adsorption of Pronamide

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500052693 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 148-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

W. C. Carlson ◽

E. M. Lignowski ◽

H. J. Hopen

Keyword(s):

Avena Sativa ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Organic Matter Content ◽

Seed Zone ◽

Highly Correlated

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] was most phytotoxic to oat (Avena sativaL.) when placed in the seed zone and to quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.), when placed in the rhizome zone. Inhibition of part of the buds by pronamide on detached quackgrass rhizome sections did not influence other buds. Foliar applications of pronamide were not phytotoxic to established oat or quackgrass. Foliar-applied14C-pronamide showed little uptake by quackgrass. Application to the roots of established plants showed rapid root uptake and movement to the foliage.14C-pronamide was rapidly absorbed by oat seedlings for the first 0.5 hr and subsequently at a much slower rate. Over 60% of the pronamide taken up after 1 hr was exchangeable. Pronamide was adsorbed to the cell walls of treated roots, but little was associated with nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, or soluble protein fractions. Pronamide was adsorbed to varying degrees depending on soil type. Adsorption was more highly correlated with soil organic matter content than with cation exchange capacity, clay content, or pH.

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Nitrogen cycling in salt-marsh and mangrove sediments at Western Port, Victoria

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9880607 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 607 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

PI Boon ◽

S Cain

Keyword(s):

Salt Marsh ◽

Organic Nitrogen ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Matter Content ◽

Coastal Sediments ◽

Nitrogen Compounds ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Highly Correlated

The metabolism of organic nitrogen compounds in sediments from salt-marsh (Sarcocornia quinqueflora) and mangrove (Avicennia marina) areas at Western Port, Victoria, was investigated. Organic nitrogen compounds were metabolized at potential rates of up to 3.9 �mol cmF3 day-1 for amino acids, 23 �mol cm-3 day-( for dipeptides, and 5 �mol cm-1 day-1 for an amide. These were higher than the rate of ammonium regeneration in the absence of added substrate (<0.08 �mol cm-3 day-1); this indicates that organic nitrogenous compounds play a major role in nutrient cycling in coastal sediments. Rates of some transformations were highly correlated with sediment organic-matter content, total nitrogen content or concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus in the sediments, but overall there were few significant correlations between metabolic rates and edaphic conditions. Degradation of organic nitrogenous compounds in these sediments is likely to be influenced strongly by the availability of phosphorus, the quantity and quality of detrital inputs, and the size and activity of microbial populations.

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Variability of demographic parameters and population dynamics of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in a south-west French river

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00003-1 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 356-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J. Dumas ◽

P. Prouzet

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

First Year ◽

South West ◽

Salmon Population ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

French River ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract The abundance of the salmon population in the Nivelle River was assessed for 11 cohorts during all the stages of their life cycle, from eggs to spawners. A stochastic life history model was used to simulate the changes in numbers at each stage over several years and to evaluate the parameters of a Ricker-type Stock and Recruitment (S–R) relationship. Parameters necessary for managing the exploitation of the species were also estimated. The results indicated that an average deposition of 611 700 eggs (values varying in a proportion of 1 to 3, depending on the year) produced 4870 0+ parr in autumn (variation from 1 to 5.6); 71.8% of which belonged to the group of future 1-year old smolts. The age 1+ parr were eight times less numerous. Survival from egg to 0+ parr was on average 0.97%, but highly variable (varying from 1 to 15). It was density-dependent and followed Ricker S–R model with an optimum of 7800 parr for a survival rate of 3%. During their second year, the survival of 1+ parr reached 53.4% and varied little. The adult runs of complete cohorts amounted to 196 maiden salmon (range, 88 to 382) and previous spawners comprised only 0.9% of adults. Grilse (1 year in the sea) constituted the majority (88.7%). The overall survival rates from 0+ parr to adult returns (6.2% on average) varied three-fold. The majority was females among the grilse (56.2%) and 2-sea-year salmon (88.6%); all 3-sea-year adults were female. Eggs deposited per female averaged 4200, 8500 and 12 750 eggs in each age group, respectively. Simulations of population abundances at various life stages were in good agreement with the observed data. The S–R relationship revealed the low productivity and the vulnerability of this stock, mainly due to the low survival rate of the young during their first year of life. The maximum yield of 12.2% of recruits could be obtained from a deposition of 1 424 000 eggs, which is twice the present average level.

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Effect of Humisol on survival and growth of nursery grafted walnut (Juglans regia L.) plants

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/78/2013-hortsci ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

S.M. Paunović ◽

R. Miletić ◽

D. Janković ◽

S. Janković ◽

M. Mitrović

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Humic Acid ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Mineral Nutrients ◽

First Year ◽

Organic Fertiliser ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Second Year

The effect of Humisol organic fertiliser (150 g humic acid/l + 20 g/l mineral nutrients) on plant survival and growth of five walnut cultivars grown over a period of two years in the nursery were evaluated. Walnut plants treated with Humisol at the total annual rate of 0.75 ml/plant had a significantly higher survival rate in the first year, greater height and diameter in both years, and a higher percentage of first-class plants at the end of the second year, as compared to untreated control plants. Soil application of Humisol led to better performance of nursery grafted plants, compared to foliar application. Nursery plants receiving 1.5 ml Humisol per year through both soil and foliar application exhibited the best performance in the parameters analysed. In the first year, a decrease in plant growth rate in all treatments was observed in August and September; in the second year, growth rate started to significantly decline in the second half of August.    

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Herbicide Phytotoxicity as Affected by Selected Properties of North Carolina Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065528 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 120-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

G. W. Harrison ◽

J. B. Weber ◽

J. V. Baird

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Matter Content ◽

Volume Weight ◽

Herbicide Activity ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Physical And Chemical

Preemergence applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluro-m-tolyl)urea], propachlor (3-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in 10 North Carolina soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Carolee’) were used as the indicator plant in bioassays under greenhouse conditions. Fifteen soil properties were measured and correlated with herbicide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values. Organic matter was the soil variable most highly correlated with herbicide phytotoxicity. There was an inverse relationship between herbicide water solubility and inactivation by organic matter. Volume weight determinations and water holding capacity values (0.1 bar) provided relatively good estimates of soil organic matter contents, but were not as highly related to herbicide activity as organic matter content.

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Adsorption of Ametryne and Diuron by Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500078474 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 470-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

L. C. Liu ◽

H. Cibes-Viadé ◽

F. K. S. Koo

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Cation Exchange ◽

Puerto Rican ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Equilibrium Solution ◽

Soil Property ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Highly Correlated

The adsorption of 2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (ametryne) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) varied greatly among 34 Puerto Rican soils was studied using the agitated slurry technique. Adsorption was expressed as a distribution coefficient (Kd), which is the ratio of the amount of herbicide adsorbed to the amount in the equilibrium solution. In general, diuron was adsorbed to a greater degree than ametryne. Adsorption of ametryne was positively correlated with organic matter and silt content but negatively correlated with pH of the soil. The inclusion of soil pH in a multiple regression analysis contributed the highest increase in explanation for adsorption of ametryne. Adsorption of diuron was highly correlated with organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. A correlation was found between adsorption of diuron and content of magnesium, and soil texture. Cation exchange capacity was the only inclusion soil property which, in addition to organic matter, significantly contributed to the adsorption of diuron. Temperature appeared to have a greater effect on the adsorption of diuron than on the adsorption of ametryne. Conversely, the effect of pH on the adsorption of ametryne was significantly greater than that of diuron.

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