scholarly journals Antischistosomal Activity of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa Plant Extracts on Hamster Infected with Schistosoma haematobium

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Salvia Fruticosa ◽  
Medical Plant ◽  
Origanum Majorana

World Health Organization (WHO) has approved only one treatment for schistosomiasis, praziquantel (PZQ), but some poor efficacy was noticed in patients during the early stage of infection. Therefore, researchers have intensified their efforts to research new alternative medicines to treat schistosomiasis. In the present study, in vitro as well as in vivo studies have been accomplished to evaluate the effect of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa extracts in a different concentration 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml on golden hamster infected by Egyptian strains of schistosome (Schistosoma haematobium). In vitro, the adult worms and schistosomula of S. haematobium were investigated in RPMI-1640 medium for 48 hrs. The results showed that the concentration 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml of Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi caused dead of 100% of Egyptian Schistosoma strains of adult worm and schistosomula of S. haematobium within 6 to 12 hrs of incubation. On the other hand, the extract of Salvia fruticosa at concentrations 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml showed death 100% parasites after 12 to 24 hrs of incubation. Inclusion, Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi showed effectiveness against Egyptian Schistosoma strains (S. haematobium), a slight decrease in Salvia fruticosa was observed. Therefore, these medical plant extracts may be used as a safe and effective treatment for schistosomiasis.

Novel Phytochemical Constituents and their Potential to Manage Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Ibrahim Khalivulla ◽  
Arifullah Mohammed ◽  
Kokkanti Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Large Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Chemical Structures

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting a large population worldwide and stands as one of the major global health challenges to be tackled. According to World Health Organization, about 400 million are having diabetes worldwide and it is the seventh leading cause of deaths in 2016. Plant based natural products had been in use from ancient time as ethnomedicine for the treatment of several diseases including diabetes. As a result of that, there are several reports on plant based natural products displaying antidiabetic activity. In the current review, such antidiabetic potential compounds reported from all plant sources along with their chemical structures are collected, presented and discussed. This kind of reports are essential to pool the available information to one source followed by statistical analysis and screening to check the efficacy of all known compounds in a comparative sense. This kind of analysis can give rise to few numbers of potential compounds from hundreds, whom can further be screened through in vitro and in vivo studies, and human trails leading to the drug development. Methods: Phytochemicals along with their potential antidiabetic property were classified according to their basic chemical skeleton. The chemical structures of all the compounds with antidiabetic activities were elucidated in the present review. In addition to this, the distribution and their other remarkable pharmacological activities of each species is also included. Results: The scrutiny of literature led to identification of 44 plants with antidiabetic compounds (70) and other pharmacological activities. For the sake of information, the distribution of each species in the world is given. Many plant derivatives may exert antidiabetic properties by improving or mimicking the insulin production or action. Different classes of compounds including sulfur compounds (1-4), alkaloids (5-11), phenolic compounds (12-17), tannins (18-23), phenylpropanoids (24-27), xanthanoids (28-31), amino acid (32), stilbenoid (33), benzofuran (34), coumarin (35), flavonoids (36-49) and terpenoids (50-70) were found to be active potential compounds for antidiabetic activity. Of the 70 listed compounds, majorly 17 compounds are from triterpenoids, 13 flavonoids and 7 are from alkaloids. Among all the 44 plant species, maximum number (7) of compounds are reported from Lagerstroemia speciosa followed by Momordica charantia (6) and S. oblonga with 5 compounds. Conclusion: This is the first paper to summarize the established chemical structures of phytochemicals that have been successfully screened for antidiabetic potential and their mechanisms of inhibition. The reported compounds could be considered as potential lead molecules for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Further, molecular and clinical trials are required to select and establish the therapeutic drug candidates.

scholarly journals Efficacy of different fungicides and biopesticides for the management of lentil wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
KAMLESH RAM ◽  
RAMESH SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Wilt Incidence

In Vitro and In Vivo studies on the efficacy of fungicides and biopesticides. Among the fungicides, in Carbedazim to the most effective as they have inhibited the mycelia growth completely of the test fungus, and Benomyl, Topsin - M, Ridomil,Vitavax were found the next best in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen up to 92.11% to 83.46% respectively. Sadabahar was least effective plant extracts which causes 42 mm of radial growth and inhibited the growth of the only 19.23%. In Vivo condition the maximum seed germination (95.50% and 95.33%), minimum wilt incidence (5.16% and 3.65%) and highest grain yield (10.50 q/ha and 10.35 q/ha) was found seed treatment with Carbendazim (0.2%). Among the test plant extracts Tulsi was lested effective, which show the minimum seed germination (80.00% and 77.50%), maximum wilt incidence (15.70% and 14.10%), and lowest grain yield (3.92 q/ha and 4.17 q/ha).

Review on Adverse effects or side effects of Remdisivir

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Ganesh G. Dhakad ◽  
Rohit V. Patil ◽  
Tejas I. Chaudhari ◽  
Paresh A. Patil.
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Rater Agreement

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the spread of SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic. To date, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread to over 200 countries, leading to over 1.6 million cases and over 99,000 deaths. Given that there is neither a vaccine nor proven treatment for COVID-19, there is currently an urgent need for effective pharmacotherapy. To address the need for an effective treatment of SARS-CoV-2 during the worldwide pandemic, this systematic review of intravenous (IV) remdesivir was performed. Remdesivir, an anti-viral prodrug originally developed to treat Ebola virus disease, has shown broad spectrum activity against the Coronavirus family. A recent case report reported improvement of clinical symptoms with remdesivir in a patient with COVID-19. After conducting a systematic search of 18 clinical trial registries and three large scientific databases, we identified 86 potentially eligible items. Following removal of duplicates (n = 21), eligible studies were reviewed independently by two authors. After the first round of screening, inter-rater agreement was 98.5% (κ = 0.925). After the second round of full-text screening, inter-rater agreement was 100%. A total of seven ongoing and recruiting clinical trials of remdesivir (100–200 milligrams, intravenous [IV]) were included. We identified the following primary outcomes: patients discharged (n = 2); time to clinical status improvement (n = 2); improved O2 saturation (n = 2); body temperature normalization (n = 2); and clinical status (n = 1). Secondary outcomes in all identified studies included documentation of adverse events. Phase 3 trials are expected to be completed between April 2020–2023. Therefore, despite supportive data from in vitro and in vivo studies, the clinical effectiveness of IV remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 and potential side effects remain incompletely defined in the human population. But the remdesivir is also harmful for the people because of it can have some side effects such as mentioned in the following information. There are so many type of disease started form the treatment of COVID-19 with the Remdesivir that also mentioned in the following review paper.

scholarly journals Immune Pathogenesis of Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in the Female Genital Tract

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven S. Witkin
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Female Genital

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections of the female genital tract, although frequently asymptomatic, are a major cause of fallopian-tube occlusion and infertility. Early stage pregnancy loss may also be due to an unsuspected and undetected CT infection. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that this organism can persist in the female genital tract in a form undetectable by culture. The mechanism of tubal damage as well as the rejection of an embryo may involve an initial immune sensitization to the CT 60 kD heat shock protein (HSP), followed by a reactivation of HSP-sensitized lymphocytes in response to the human HSP and the subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines. The periodic induction of human HSP expression by various microorganisms or by noninfectious mechanisms in the fallopian tubes of women sensitized to the CT HSP may eventually result in tubal scarring and occlusion. Similarly, an immune response to human HSP expression during the early stages of pregnancy may interfere with the immune regulatory mechanisms required for the maintenance of a semiallogeneic embryo.

scholarly journals BRIEF REVIEW OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS ANTIVIRAL AGENT: POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervilla Dass
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 – COVID-19, was first identified amongst an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Research for effective therapies including antiviral agents, immunotherapies, and vaccines are being investigated and developed as potential therapies. Acetylcysteine a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant Glutathione (GSH) in the body is an important determinant of cellular redox status in endothelial cells, in maintaining intracellular GSH/Glutathione oxidized (GSSG) homeostasis, hence represents one of the most important antioxidant defense systems in lung cells, also, used in the prophylaxis or therapy of Virus Diseases. There are multiple reasons for maintaining adequate GSH levels in lungs. Researchers have demonstrated that, immunomodulatory agents that have increased survival in combination with influenza antivirals in murine models include N-acetylcysteine. These anti-oxidant capacities of NAC are mostly indirect, via a pro-glutathione effect where NAC provides L-cysteine residues required for glutathione synthesis. Therefore, antioxidants like NAC represent a potential additional treatment option that could be considered either as adjuvant therapy. According to the latest study by Jason Kim et al, March 2020, it is indicated glutathione, as top hits and highly ranked for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2; and have also warranted further investigation for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2. Still, its clinical effectiveness needs further investigations, since most of the results in this area of research are derived from in vitro and in vivo studies.  Further research as antiviral agent may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of viral infections such as COVID 19. Keywords:  COVID-19, World Health Organization (WHO), N-Acetylcysteine, Antiviral, reactive oxygen intermediates, glutathione, antioxidant

scholarly journals Prunella vulgaris L. Potentiates Answer to the Emergence of Dreaded Antibiotic Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra K. Patel ◽  
Chetan Kumar Joshi ◽  
Mukesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Prunella Vulgaris ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
E Coli

Medicinal herbs that are in use for centuries to treat infections and other illnesses. Prunella vulgaris L. is traditionally used for its therapeutic attributes for the alleviation of various infectious diseases. The objective of this study on Prunella vulgaris was to reveal relevant pharmaceutical information to understand its beneficial medicinal uses for human beings. The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts after removal of the solvent under reduced pressure from the Prunella vulgaris plants were prepared and these extracts were analyzed in vitro for their activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi (with ATCC numbers 6051, 25922, 23235 and 14028 respectively). Likewise, in vivo studies were conducted using the E. coli-induced peritonitis in laboratory rat models where the rats were given allopathic antibiotic ofloxacin and the results were compared with those rats who received plant extracts under controlled conditions. The results were analyzed for the efficacy of the plant extracts was compared with ofloxacin; the methanol extracts exhibited equally if not better results in clearing the pathogen from the system of animals. The petroleum ether extracts exhibited the least antimicrobial activity in comparison to those extracted in methanol isolates. In conclusion, the herbal extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity both under in-vitro and in-vivo studies which is a major outcome of the study. During this study, all standards and norms were followed as per government animal authority.

scholarly journals Anti-CD24 bio Modified PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles as Targeted Computed Tomography Contrast Agent

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-607
Author(s):  
Mona Fazel Ghaziyani ◽  
Mohammd Pourhassan Moghaddam ◽  
Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei ◽  
Mostafa Ghavami ◽  
Ali Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ct Number ◽  
Au Nps ◽  
Tumor Region

Purpose: Molecular imaging is one of the import methods for recognition of cancer at the early stage in order to enhance the capacity of remedy. This study was aimed to introduce a new contrast agent that was targeted with CD24 so as to improve the CT scan detection of cancer cells with higher CD24 expression. Methods: The surface modifications of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were done with long PEG (HS-PEG-CH3O) and short PEG (HS-PEG-COOH) chains to enhance their stability and capacity for immobilization of different antibodies. MTT assay was carried out to assess the biocompatibility of the NPs. The obtained contrast agent was implemented in the targeted CT imaging based on in vitro and in vivo studies of breast cancer. Results: The results revealed that the attached CD24 to the cell surface of PEGylated Au-NPs could enhance significantly the cells CT number (40.45 HU in 4T1, while it was 16.61 HU in CT26) It was shown that the attenuation coefficient of the molecularly targeted cells was more than 2 times excessive than the control groups. Further, the tumor region in model of xenograft tumor has higher density compare to the omnipaque groups, 60 min after injection (45 Hu vs.81 Hu). These results showed that the nanoparticles stayed in tumor region for longer time. Conclusion: It is predicted that the synthesized nanoparticle can be used as computed tomography contrast agent. Also, it can be used to identify the tumor cells with higher expression of CD24 at the early stages more efficiently compare to the other routine methods.

Oleanolic acid derivative HA-20 inhibits adipogenesis in a manner involving PPARγ-FABP4/aP2 pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Yuchao Zhang ◽  
Qi Shen ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Jian-Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Mechanism Study

Obesity is a chronic disease that increases the risk of type II diabetes, heart diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Unfortunately, to date, only handful of drugs are approved for clinical use. This study aims at discovery of anti-obesity agents based on naturally sourced oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes for in vitro assays, and a high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity mice model was established for in vivo studies. The screening of the OA derivatives was performed with 3T3-L1 cell, and resulted in a discovery of a novel compound HA-20 with a potent inhibitory activity on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. In vitro data demonstrated that HA-20 markedly suppressed the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 at the early stage without cytotoxicity. In vivo research using HFD mice revealed that HA-20 lowered the body weight, and possessed a lipid-lowering effect. Transcriptome analysis discovered that the mainly adipogenesis/lipogenesis genes regulated by HA-20 were PPARγ, C/EBPα, Fas, ACC, and Fabp4/aP2. Mechanism study revealed that HA-20 played its bioactive roles at least via downregulating PPARγ-FABP4/aP2 pathway in 3T3-L1, which was further confirmed in HFD induced obesity mice. Our findings provided a new insight into fighting fat accumulation based on OA derivatives, and demonstrated that HA-20 may sever as a worthy leading compound for further development of anti-obesity agents.

Does the melatonin supplementation decrease the severity of the outcomes in COVID-19 patients? A mini review of observational data in the in vivo and in vitro studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-359
Author(s):  
Mohammad Gholizadeh ◽  
Faezeh Abaj ◽  
Hossein Hasani ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Critical Conditions

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and there is no specific treatment for reducing the severity of this disease up to date. The majority of the treatments remain supportive and empirical. The aim of present study is to assess the relationship between melatonin supplementation and its effect on the severity of the outcomes in covid-19 patients. All published studies up to April 4 of 2021 were searched by using the databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar.  Finally, 201 studies have been acquired.      After screening titles, abstracts and justifying the inclusion criteria, eight studies were finally selected in our study. Four studies were observational and case series with total 216,792 participants. Three studies performed on laboratory in the molecular level and one was carried out in mice. The results have suggested that melatonin decreases the severity of the outcomes of COVID-19 patients in their early stage or even in their critical conditions. Furthermore, the melatonin decreases pneumonia and reduces the ground glass lung damage observed in the image findings. Also, it plays an important role as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and antioxidant activities. Melatonin inhibits the main protease of sares-cov-2 virus and decreases the viral load in molecular level. Regarding the in vivo studies, melatonin is more effective for reducing acute lung injury than other treatments. Although, further clinical studies are required.

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