scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Physical Inactivity-Dependent Insulin Resistance: A Theoretical Mechanistic Review Emphasizing Clinical Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Habib Yaribeygi ◽  
Mina Maleki ◽  
Thozhukat Sathyapalan ◽  
Tannaz Jamialahmadi ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health It ◽  
Lower Physical Activity

The modern lifestyle has a negative impact on health. It is usually accompanied by increased stress levels and lower physical activity, which interferes with body homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence globally, associated with various risk factors, including lower physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. It has been shown that sedentary behavior increases the risk of insulin resistance, but the intermediate molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this mechanistic review, we explore the possible interactions between physical inactivity and insulin resistance to help better understand the pathophysiology of physical inactivity-dependent insulin resistance and finding novel interventions against these deleterious pathways.

Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Molecular Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Yaribeygi ◽  
Mina Maleki ◽  
Thozhukat Sathyapalan ◽  
Tannaz Jamialahmadi ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

: The prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus is rising globally in epidemic proportions. Diabetes and its complications contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Increase in sedentary lifestyle and consumption of more energy-dense diet increased the incidence of obesity which is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity acts as a potent upstream event that promotes molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. However, the exact molecular mechanisms between obesity and diabetes are not clearly understood. In the current study, we have reviewed the molecular interactions between obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Jesús Burillo ◽  
Patricia Marqués ◽  
Beatriz Jiménez ◽  
Carlos González-Blanco ◽  
Manuel Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Progressive Disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that is characterized by the appearance of insulin resistance. The term insulin resistance is very wide and could affect different proteins involved in insulin signaling, as well as other mechanisms. In this review, we have analyzed the main molecular mechanisms that could be involved in the connection between type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration, in general, and more specifically with the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease. We have studied, in more detail, the different processes involved, such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Vascular dysfunction and insulin stimulated blood flow : impact of physical inactivity and type 2 diabetes

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Leryn J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Insulin Stimulation

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have blunted femoral artery insulin mediated blood flow which is critical for the delivery and uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear in humans the precise mechanisms by which insulin resistance impairs insulin stimulated blood flow. Further, chronic physical inactivity is a powerful stimulus for reduced insulin sensitivity and vascular dysfunction; however, the effects of short term, modest reductions in physical activity are limited. Thus, we examined 1) if inactivity for 5 days would impair endothelial function in healthy individuals (study one) 2) if reducing whole body insulin sensitivity, via 5 days of inactivity, would impair the blood flow response to insulin stimulation in parallel with glycemic control (study two) and 3) phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) production to insulin stimulation would be decreased and increased, respectively, in insulin resistant individuals (study three). We demonstrated significant reductions in endothelial function with only 5 days of reduced daily steps while blood flow to glucose ingestion was unaltered. Further, in obese humans with type 2 diabetes it does not appear that that the reduction in blood flow to 1 hr of insulin stimulation is due to altered peNOS or ET-1. Collectively, these data suggest that reduced daily physical activity and chronic insulin resistance mediate negative impacts on vascular function and insulin stimulated blood flow and signaling.

scholarly journals Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: metabolic and musculoskeletal implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204201881988882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Bowden Davies ◽  
Samuel Pickles ◽  
Victoria S. Sprung ◽  
Graham J. Kemp ◽  
Uazman Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation

Background: Although the health benefits of regular physical activity and exercise are well established and have been incorporated into national public health recommendations, there is a relative lack of understanding pertaining to the harmful effects of physical inactivity. Experimental paradigms including complete immobilization and bed rest are not physiologically representative of sedentary living. A useful ‘real-world’ approach to contextualize the physiology of societal downward shifts in physical activity patterns is that of short-term daily step reduction. Results: Step-reduction studies have largely focused on musculoskeletal and metabolic health parameters, providing relevant disease models for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis. In untrained individuals, even a short-term reduction in physical activity has a significant impact on skeletal muscle protein and carbohydrate metabolism, causing anabolic resistance and peripheral insulin resistance, respectively. From a metabolic perspective, short-term inactivity-induced peripheral insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, with consequent liver triglyceride accumulation, leads to hepatic insulin resistance and a characteristic dyslipidaemia. Concomitantly, various inactivity-related factors contribute to a decline in function; a reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength. Conclusions: Physical inactivity maybe particularly deleterious in certain patient populations, such as those at high risk of T2D or in the elderly, considering concomitant sarcopenia or osteoporosis. The effects of short-term physical inactivity (with step reduction) are reversible on resumption of habitual physical activity in younger people, but less so in older adults. Nutritional interventions and resistance training offer potential strategies to prevent these deleterious metabolic and musculoskeletal effects. Impact: Individuals at high risk of/with cardiometabolic disease and older adults may be more prone to these acute periods of inactivity due to acute illness or hospitalization. Understanding the risks is paramount to implementing countermeasures.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unai Galicia-Garcia ◽  
Asier Benito-Vicente ◽  
Shifa Jebari ◽  
Asier Larrea-Sebal ◽  
Haziq Siddiqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Memory ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Synthesis

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. Because insulin release and activity are essential processes for glucose homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of insulin, as well as in its detection are tightly regulated. Defects in any of the mechanisms involved in these processes can lead to a metabolic imbalance responsible for the development of the disease. This review analyzes the key aspects of T2DM, as well as the molecular mechanisms and pathways implicated in insulin metabolism leading to T2DM and insulin resistance. For that purpose, we summarize the data gathered up until now, focusing especially on insulin synthesis, insulin release, insulin sensing and on the downstream effects on individual insulin-sensitive organs. The review also covers the pathological conditions perpetuating T2DM such as nutritional factors, physical activity, gut dysbiosis and metabolic memory. Additionally, because T2DM is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis development, we review here some of the molecular mechanisms that link T2DM and insulin resistance (IR) as well as cardiovascular risk as one of the most important complications in T2DM.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of MicroRNAs in Omental Adipose Tissue From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Subjects Reveals miR-222 as a Regulator of ERα Expression in Estrogen-Induced Insulin Resistance

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 1982-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Shi ◽  
Chun Zhao ◽  
Xirong Guo ◽  
Hongjuan Ding ◽  
Yugui Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Omental Adipose Tissue

Omental adipose tissue plays a central role in insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and the molecular mechanisms leading to GDM remains vague. Evidence demonstrates that maternal hormones, such as estradiol, contribute to insulin resistance in GDM. In this study we determined the differential expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs) in omental adipose tissues from GDM patients and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance using AFFX miRNA expression chips. MiR-222, 1 of 17 identified differentially expressed miRNAs, was found to be significantly up-regulated in GDM by quantitative real-time PCR (P < .01), and its expression was closely related with serum estradiol level (P < .05). Furthermore, miR-222 expression was significantly increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a high concentration of 17β-estradiol stimulation (P < .01), whereas the expressions of estrogen receptor (ER)-α protein and insulin-sensitive membrane transporter glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein (P < .01) were markedly reduced. In addition, ERα was shown to be a direct target of miR-222 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by using the luciferase assay. Finally, antisense oligonucleotides of miR-222 transfection was used to silence miR-222 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that the expressions of ERα and GLUT4, the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane and glucose uptake in mature adipocytes were dramatically increased (P < .01). In conclusion, miR-222 is a potential regulator of ERα expression in estrogen-induced insulin resistance in GDM and might be a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for GDM.

Sedentarism evaluation in adolescents of a public school

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1652
Author(s):  
Hélio Franciney Mota Fernandes ◽  
Roberto Wagner Júnior Freire de Freitas ◽  
Vanessa Emille Carvalho de Sousa ◽  
Marcos Venícios de Oliveira Lopes ◽  
Marta Maria Coelho Damasceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Public School ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Demographic

ABSTRACTObjective: evaluating habits related to the practice of physical activity of students from a public school in Fortaleza-Ceará city, Brazil. Methodology: this is about a cross-sectional and descriptive study accomplished with a hundred students from a public school in Fortaleza/Ceará. It has been registered social-demographic and anthropometric data, capillary glycemia and habits related to physical activity. Results: It has been detached teenagers of the women kind (54%), aged between the 12’s and 13’s (76%), studying at the 6th grade (49%) and with an Body Mass Index above the normal (59,1%). Concerning the sedentary, it has been identified the prevalence of 22%, of these, 30,5% were men, 23,7% were aged between the 12’s and the 13’s, 36,4% were over weighted, 22,7% obese and 4,6% presented glycemia above the normality. Conslusion: the review reinforces the importance of health educational attitudes for encouragement of the practice of physical activity as against the sedentary lifestyle. Descriptors: physical activity; sedentary; teenager health; diabetes mellitus type 2. RESUMOObjetivo: analisar a prevalência de sedentarismo entre adolescentes de uma escola pública de Fortaleza-Ceará, Brasil. Metodologia: estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado com 100 alunos de uma escola pública de Fortaleza/Ceará. Foram registrados dados sociodemograficos, antropométricos, glicemia capilar e hábitos relacionados à atividade física. Resultados: destacaram-se adolescentes do sexo feminino (54%), com faixa etária entre 12 e 13 anos (76%), cursando o 6º ano (49%) e com Índice de Massa Corporal acima do normal (59,1%). Quanto ao sedentarismo, foi identificada prevalência de 22%, desses, 30,5% eram homens, 23,7% tinha idade entre 12 e 13 anos, 36,4% estavam com sobrepeso, 22,7% com obesidade e 4,6% apresentaram glicemia acima da normalidade. Conclusão: o estudo reforça a importância de medidas de educação em saúde para o incentivo da prática de atividade física como combate ao sedentarismo. Descritores: atividade física; sedentarismo; saúde do adolescente; diabetes mellitus tipo 2.RESUMENObjectivo: evaluar hábitos relacionados con la práctica de la actividad física alumnos de una escuela pública de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Metodología: el estudio transversal y descriptivo, realizado con 100 alumnos de una escuela pública de Fortaleza/Ceará. Fueron registrados datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, glucemia capilar y hábitos relacionados con la actividad física. Resultados: destacaron  adolescentes del sexo femenino (54%), de entre 12 y 13 años (76%), cursando el sexto año (49%) y con I.M.C. por encima de lo normal (59,1%). Con respecto al sedentarismo, se ha identificado una prevalencia de un 22%, entre ellos el 30,5% eran varones, el 23,7% con edad entre 12 y 13 años, el 36,4% tenían sobrepeso, el 22,7% eran obesos y el 4,6% presentaron glucemia por encima de la normalidad. Conclusión: el estudio corrobora la importancia de medida de educación en salud para el fomento de la práctica de actividad física como combate al sedentarismo. Descriptores: actividad física; sedentarismo; salud del adolescente; diabetes mellitus tipo 2. 

Prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type II in bipolar disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S341-S341
Author(s):  
L. Steardo ◽  
A. Tortorella ◽  
M. Fabrazzo ◽  
G. Del Buono ◽  
S. Ambrosio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Patients are symptomatic almost half of their lives and experience significant disability. One subtype of BD is associated with a more chronic course, refractoriness to treatment and poor outcome. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) and insulin resistance (IR) have been identified as risk factors for this more severe form of BD.Objectives and aimsWe investigated the rates of IR and T2D in patients with BD and whether this comorbidity is associated with specific clinical features of BD such as rapid cycling or treatment resistance.MethodsIR and T2D were screened in patients with BD types I or II, who were on stable treatment with mood stabilizers. The response to treatment was assessed by means of the Alda scale.ResultsIn a preliminary sample, we made a new diagnosis of IR in 40% of patients. The 1% of this sample had a diagnosis of T2D. The treatment response was worse in BD patients with comorbid IR or T2D as compared to those without metabolic abnormalities.ConclusionsThese findings show that IR and T2D have high prevalence in BD patients and have negative impact on treatment response.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Gambaran kadar glukosa darah puasa pada pekerja kantor

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis E. Ugahari ◽  
Yanti M. Mewo ◽  
Stefana H.M. Kaligis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract: Blood glucose must be maintained in a constant concentration. Hyperglycemia, an increase of blood glucose level, can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus. One of the factors that affect the blood glucose level is physical activity. Low physical activity can be influenced by work. Sedentary lifestyle is identic with office workes. Office workers do not enough time to do physical activity. This study was aimed to describe the fasting blood glucose level among office workers. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. Respondents were obtained by using total sampling method. There were 52 respondents in this study consisted of 25 males and 27 females. The results showed that 45 respondents (86.54%) had normal fasting blood glucose levels, 5 respondents (9.62%) had high fasting blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), and 2 respondents (3.84%) had low fasting blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). The maximum value was 243 mg/dL, the minimum value was 63 mg/dL, the median value was 83 mg/dL, the average value was 94.42 mg/dL, and standard of deviation was 37.85 mg/dL. Conclusion: Most office workers had normal blood glucose levels.Keywords: fasting blood glucose, office workers Abstrak: Glukosa darah dalam tubuh manusia harus dijaga dalam konsentrasi yang konstan. Kadar glukosa darah dalam tubuh yang meningkat (hiperglikemia) dapat menjadi gejala penyakit diabetes mellitus. Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kadar glukosa darah ialah aktivitas fisik. Aktivitas fisik yang kurang dapat dipengaruhi oleh pekerjaan. Pola hidup sedentary lifestyle identik dengan pekerja kantor dewasa ini. Pekerja kantor tidak memiliki waktu untuk terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik yang cukup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar glukosa darah puasa pada pekerja kantor. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Pemilihan responden dilakukan dengan metode total sampling. Responden terdiri dari 25 orang laki-laki s dan 27 orang perempuan. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 45 responden (86,54%) memiliki kadar glukosa darah puasa normal, 5 responden (9,62%) memilki kadar glukosa darah puasa tinggi (hiperglikemia), dan 2 responden (3,84%) memilki kadar glukosa puasa rendah (hipoglikemia). Hasil pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa mendapatkan nilai maksimum 243 mg/dL, nilai minimum 63 mg/dL, nilai median 83 mg/dL, nilai rata-rata 94,42 mg/dL dan standar devisiasi 37,85 mg/dL. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pekerja kantor masih memiliki kadar glukosa darah puasa yang normal. Kata kunci: glukosa darah puasa, pekerja kantor

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