scholarly journals Prevalence of Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water Samples in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
David Azanu ◽  
David Adu-Poku ◽  
Selina Ama Saah ◽  
William Ofori Appaw
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Pharmaceuticals, among the emerging contaminants, are pseudopersistent and recently of serious concern due to universal use, toxicity, and resistance development at low concentrations. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and risk of eight pharmaceuticals in surface water used for vegetable irrigation in Ghana’s Kumasi and Sunyani metropolises, which are influenced by hospitals, sewage treatment facilities, and market effluents. Samples were concentrated via solid-phase extraction (SPE) while liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify the analytes. Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and diclofenac were the detected analgesics in this study, with concentrations stretching from below detection limit (not detected) to 319.0 ng/L, while amoxicillin, trimethoprim, and cefuroxime were the detected antibiotics with a concentration range of no detection to 840.0 ng/L. Based on the available long-term data, an environmental risk assessment was conducted. Because of the presence of ibuprofen, the lowest trophic level and fish were shown to be at risk. The estimated risk quotient values for antibiotics resistance were above 1 for all the antibiotics investigated in surface water impacted by the wastewater of hospitals and pharmaceutical companies’ except surface water impacted by sewage treatment plants (STPs) and market wastewater. The existence of these pharmaceuticals in surface water does not only point to a general concern for the environment but also a potential health risk on humans and other lives as a result of their impact on drinking water and vegetable production in Ghana.

Technological Developments in the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Water

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-108
Author(s):  
Magali Kemmerich
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Gas And Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction

Emerging contaminants (ECs), which constitute a group of chemicals, such as personal care products, food additives, and endocrine disruptors, are not commonly monitored and have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment and humans. In water, even at low concentrations, they pose risks to environmental health. Several technologies have been developed to determine these compounds; the most common ones are liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with analysis by gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This chapter analyzes these methodologies and highlights their possibilities and limitations and compiles the most recent advances in this field.

scholarly journals LIQUID PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS APPLIED TO DETERMINE EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vasile Ion Iancu ◽  
Jana Petre ◽  
Toma Galaon ◽  
Gabriel Valentin Serban ◽  
Marcela Niculescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Emerging contaminants are a heterogeneous group of chemicals that include daily personal care products and pharmaceuticals (PPCPs), flame retardants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) present in environment which are unregulated. In this review, we present the methods of analysis conducted by INCD-ECOIND regarding some classes of emerging contaminants (neonicotinoid pesticides, beta-blocker drugs) that are not regulated by the legislation, in different types of environmental samples (wastewater, surface water). The present review presents the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods used for isolation of the targeted compounds from aqueous matrices and also the main instrumental parameters of the separation and detection process. After extraction, the compounds were subjected to liquid phase chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Finally, the methods were applied in the determination of compounds from different categories of water, carrying out studies on the efficiency of elimination of compounds in several municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In addition, the impact of the treatment plants on some receiving surface water used to obtain drinking water was studied.

scholarly journals Determination of Hypoglycemic Agents in Surface Water Samples Using SPE-LC-MS/MS Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Vasile-Ion Iancu ◽  
Niculescu Marcela ◽  
Diana Puiu ◽  
Toma Galaon ◽  
Jana Petre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Antidiabetic compounds are a class of emerging contaminants in environment, for which there are no regulations in the world environmental legislation. These compounds are among the most widely used drugs in the world due to the large number of patients with diabetic conditions. The presence of these pollutants in the environment is insufficiently studied, so efficient analytical methods are needed to allow their detection at trace levels (ng/L). For the simultaneously quantification of the five antidiabetics (glyburide, metformin, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride) and one bio-degradation product (guanyl urea) in surface water samples a SPE-LC-MS/MS (solid phase extraction -liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection) method was validated using real river water samples. The compounds were separated on C18 LC column in 9 minutes at 300C using a gradient of mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Good performance parameters were obtained using the method: low limits of quantification (LOQs 0.1-2.4 ng/L), precision (repeatability 3.5-7.2% and reproducibility 6.5-12.7%) and determination coefficients (higher than 0.99). The most contaminated river was represented by Ialomita, which had a total concentration of antidiabetics of 112.1 ng/L in the downstream point, followed by the Siret and Dambovita rivers, which had a total concentration of antidiabetics of 66.3 ng/L and 57.3 ng/L, respectively, also in the downstream points.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of formation of water quality of surface sources of water supply as a factor of a choice of a method of water treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
D. V. Charnyy ◽  
Ye. M. Matseluk ◽  
V. D. Levytska ◽  
S. V. Marysyk ◽  
N. M. Chernova
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Massive Distribution ◽  
Preliminary Extraction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production

The current state and formation of water quality in reservoirs that serve as sources of drinking water supply were considered. It was revealed that phytoplankton becomes one of the main factors influencing the formation of water quality in reservoirs in the warm period from June to November, especially during the period of reservoirs “blooming”. Mostly these processes are triggered by the explosive development of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). The factors accompanying this phenomenon are shown. The characteristic of the influence of global climate change and new composition of wastewater on water quality in surface water supply sources is given. If earlier the sewage contained significant volumes of heavy metals, oil products, phenols, etc., now they are observed to decrease at several times and vice versa - an increase in the volume of biogenic compounds, especially phosphates is observed. The emergence of phosphates is caused both by the ingress of phosphate fertilizers into water bodies, and by household reasons - the massive distribution of phosphate-based detergents and the inability of existing sewage treatment plants to efficiently process them. Screening monitoring of the Dnieper river basin showed extremely high levels of the predicted safe concentration of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, as well as pharmaceutical substances such as carbomazepine, lopinavir, diclofenac, efavirenz, etc. in water. That is, among organic pollutants, the focus changes from classic petrochemical products to the products related to agricultural and pharmaceutical production, which, in certain concentrations, can stimulate the development of phytoplankton. The effective methods for treating surface water in modern conditions are as follows: - physical retention of coarse fractions of phytoplankton using new designs of water intake structures; - the use of new filter materials that effectively trap finely dispersed phytoplankton fractions at the main treatment facilities and are capable of regenerating the filter media; - the use of new oxidizing agents-disinfectants that do not form toxic organochlorine compounds, with preliminary extraction of phytoplankton masses;

scholarly journals Validation of analytical methodology for determination of Personal Care Products in environmental matrix by GC-MSMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Tais Cristina Filippe ◽  
Franciane De Almeida Brehm Goulart ◽  
Alinne Mizukawa ◽  
Júlio César Rodrigues de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Environmental Relevance

The presence of personal care products in the environment is recent and relatively few researches work with the quantification of this class of emerging contaminants in Brazil. However, a wide variety of these products is continuously released into the aquatic environment. The growing interest in these substances occurs mainly because they exhibit biological activity in very low concentrations, which gives great environmental relevance. The difficulty of detecting and quantifying such contaminants in the environment encourages the development and validation of appropriate analytical methods for this purpose. Therefore, the present study aims to validate a methodology and verify its efficiency in the determination of six personal care products, among them parabens and triclosan. The samples were submitted to the solid phase extraction process and were later analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the determination of personal care products. The validation of the methodology used was based on the standards established by the National Health Surveillance Agency. The extraction and quantification method were efficient for the determination of these analytes in water samples.

Pyridine Degradation by Suspensions and Biofilms of Achromobacter pulmonis PNOS and Burkholderia dolosa BOS Strains Isolated from Activated Sludge of Sewage Treatment Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-98
Author(s):  
A.A. Sergeeva ◽  
G.V. Ovechkina ◽  
A.Yu. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Mining Institute ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pyridine Degradation

Bacterial strains capable of degradation of 0.8-15.8 g/1 pyridine hydrochloride have been isolated from activated sludge of municipal biological treatment plants in Perm (BOS) and local treatment facilities of the LUKOIL-Permnefteorgsintez enterprise (PNOS). The strains were identified as Achromobacter pulmonis and Burkholderia dolosa. The optimal pyridine concentration for the growth of the isolated strains was 4.0 g/1. The pyridine degradation during the A. pulmonis PNOS and B. dolosa BOS cultivation on a medium with ammonium chloride and glucose and without additional nitrogen or carbon sources was studied. It was shown that the strains are able to accumulate biomass in a medium with pyridine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source; the addition of glucose to the medium (1 g/L) accelerated the pyridine degradation by A. pulmonis PNOS, but inhibited the process carried out by B. dolosa BOS. B. dolosa BOS and A. pulmonis PNOS biofilms efficiently utilized pyridine during growth on basalt and carbon fibers; the highest rate of pyridine utilization (1.8 g /(L day)) was observed in A. pulmonis PNOS biofilms on basalt fibers. pyridine, biodegradation, activated sludge, biofilms, Achromobacter pulmonis, Burkholderia dolosa The authors grateful to Dr. I.I. Tchaikovsky, Head of the Laboratory of Geology of Mineral Deposits of the Mining Institute, a branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, for help with electron microscopy of the samples. This work was carried out as part of a state assignment on the topic « Study of the Functional and Species Diversity of Microorganisms Useful for Ecocenoses and Human Practical Activity», registration number R&D AAAA-A19-119112290008-4.

The Use of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) to Monitor for Major Organoleptic Compounds Produced by Chrysophytes in Surface Waters

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Watson ◽  
Brian Brownlee ◽  
Trevor Satchwill ◽  
E. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Culture Material ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Related Compounds

An efficient extraction method is needed to measure trace levels of taste and odour compounds in surface waters. This is usually accomplished by costly and involved analytical procedures. We have developed a simpler alternative, using a commercially available microextraction apparatus (SPME). With this technique we successfully monitored trace levels of some target organoleptics (unsaturated aldehydes e.g. heptadienal, nonadienal, and related compounds) which commonly cause aquatic taste and odour. We identified these compounds in culture material, and analyzed for them during the development of odourous chrysophyte blooms in two ponds. Preliminary work has also found a good recovery of some important off-flavour terpenoids (e.g. geosmin and MIB). SPME is labour and cost efficient, and therefore appealing to water treatment facilities for detection and monitoring. In addition, SPME requires only small sample volumes, and is therefore suitable for culture work.

Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 2475-2497
Author(s):  
Andrea Verónica Rodríguez-Mayor ◽  
German Jesid Peralta-Camacho ◽  
Karen Johanna Cárdenas-Martínez ◽  
Javier Eduardo García-Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Use

Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications. However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context, several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding. This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.

scholarly journals Optimization of a Method for Extraction and Determination of Residues of Selected Antimicrobials in Soil and Plant Samples Using HPLC-UV-MS/MS

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
Klaudia Kokoszka ◽  
Agnieszka Kobus ◽  
Sylwia Bajkacz
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Extraction Solvent

The residues of antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine are popular pollutants of anthropogenic origin. The main sources of introducing antimicrobials into the environment are sewage treatment plants and the agricultural industry. Antimicrobials in animal manure contaminate the surrounding soil as well as groundwater, and can be absorbed by plants. The presence of antimicrobials in food of plant origin may pose a threat to human health due to their high biological activity. As part of the research, a procedure was developed for the extraction and determination of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, cefuroxime, nalidixic acid and metronidazole in environmental samples (soil and parsley root). An optimized solid-liquid extraction (SLE) method was used to separate antimicrobials from the solid samples and a mixture of citrate buffer (pH = 4): methanol (1:1; v/v) was used as the extraction solvent. Solid phase extraction (SPE) with OASIS® HLB cartridges was used to purify and pre-concentrate the sample. The recovery of the developed method was in the range of 55–108%. Analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet (UV) detector and a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-UV-MS/MS). The procedure was validated and applied to the determination of selected antimicrobials in soil and parsley root samples. Five types of soil and five types of parsley roots of different origins were analyzed. The presence of nalidixic acid in the parsley root samples was found in the concentration range of 0.14–0.72 ng g−1. It has been shown that antimicrobials are absorbed by the plant and can accumulate antimicrobials in its edible parts.

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