scholarly journals Microbial Safety of Milk from Vending Machines in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kevin W. Holi ◽  
Lucy G. Njue ◽  
George O. Abong’
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Microbial Safety ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Vending Machines

The microbial quality of milk is an important parameter in determining its safety. Processes such as pasteurization are meant to ensure milk is safe for consumption; however, postpasteurization activities could lead to milk contamination, hence threatening the health of consumers. This study sought to determine the microbial safety of milk obtained from vending machines that were located in Nairobi’s informal settlements of Kibra and Dagoretti North. 37 milk samples were collected both from the storage tanks and vending machines located in the study area using a cross-sectional design and tested for microbial safety. Data were then recorded in datasheets and analyzed using frequencies and t-test with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Milk samples tested had acceptable levels of pH with a mean of 6.75; however, the pH of samples from the vending machines was lower than that of samples from the storage tanks. Milk samples from the vending machines had high levels of total viable count (Log 4.7028 cfu/mL) with 81% of the samples having counts beyond the acceptable standard. High levels of Staphylococcus aureus (Log 2.5485 cfu/mL) were also detected in 51% of the samples. Escherichia coli was detected in 27% of the milk samples from the vending machines, while Salmonella spp. was not detected. There was a significant increase in the number of total viable counts ( P ≤ 0.001 ), Staphylococcus aureus ( P ≤ 0.007 ), and Escherichia coli ( P ≤ 0.015 ) in milk samples from the vending machines compared to samples from the storage tanks. Study findings show that milk from the vending machines in the selected informal settlements of Nairobi is highly contaminated and can pose a health risk to consumers if taken without any further heat treatment. Milk vending machine handlers should be trained on practices that safeguard the quality and safety of milk. Public awareness should also be created on the general safety of milk from vending machines to protect consumers from potential health risks resulting from drinking contaminated milk.

scholarly journals Identification and antibiogram study of bacterial species isolated from milk samples of different locations in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Nuruzzaman Munsi ◽  
Nathu Ram Sarker ◽  
Razia Khatun ◽  
Mohammed Khorshed Alam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
First Choice

Cow’s milk containing pathogenic bacteria is an important threat to the consumers. The objectives of the present study were to identify the bacterial agents of public health importance in milk samples (n=35) of different locations and to determine their sensitivity to different antibiotics. The milk samples were collected and transported aseptically and subsequently allowed for culture in bacteriological media, Gram’s staining and biochemical tests for the identification of bacterial species. The bacteria identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, and their prevalence, in case of vendor milk specimens (n=28), were 96.43%, 53.57% and 35.71% respectively, and of brand milk specimens (n=7), were 42.86 %, 28.57% and 0%, respectively. This suggests that cautionary measures should be taken for quality milk production and consumption. The antibiotic sensitivity test was done by disc diffusion method and the average inhibition zones, in case of Staphylococcus aureus, were 32 mm for oxytetracycline, 26 mm for amoxicillin, 35 mm for ciprofloxacin, 27 mm for cefotaxime, 30 mm for ceftriaxone, 30 mm for azithromycin, and 26 mm for erythromycin; in case of Escherichia coli, were 5 mm for oxytetracycline, 9 mm for amoxicillin, 22 mm for ciprofloxacin, 30 mm for cefotaxime, 31 mm for ceftriaxone, 15 mm for azithromycin, and 0 mm for erythromycin; in case of Salmonella typhi., were 25 mm for oxytetracycline, 24 mm for amoxicillin, 38 mm for ciprofloxacin, 31 mm for cefotaxime, 34 mm for ceftriaxone, 24 mm for azithromycin, and 0 mm for erythromycin. Therefore, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone may be the antibiotics of first choice, and cefotaxime and azithromycin may be the second choice among the test antibiotics for the treatment of illness caused by these bacteria.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 457-462

Growth and Death of Selected Microorganisms in Ultrafiltered Milk

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA HAGGERTY ◽  
NORMAN N. POTTER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
D Values ◽  
D Value

Studies were made to compare the growth and death of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in skim milk concentrated by ultrafiltration to that in unconcentrated skim milk. Skim milk was volume concentrated to 2× in laboratory-scale stirred UF cells. Behavior of the organisms was analyzed in four inoculated milk samples: 2× retentate, 1× water-diluted retentate, milk equivalent (retentate plus permeate) and unconcentrated skim milk. Growth of each organism and of total aerobes did not vary in the four milk samples at either 7 or 13°C. For S. faecalis and E. coli, D-values for samples heated to 62.7°C did not significantly differ in the four milk samples (p>0.01). The D-value of S. aureus in water-diluted retentate was slightly but significantly lower than those in the other three milk samples (p<0.01), possibly due to the lowered lactose level in this sample.

scholarly journals Polysaccharides, Total Phenolic, and Flavonoid Content from Different Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Genotypes and Their Antioxidants and Antibacterial Properties

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1900
Author(s):  
Ziggiju Mesenbet Birhanie ◽  
Aiping Xiao ◽  
Dawei Yang ◽  
Siqi Huang ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a valuable plant with a potential health benefit because of its extensive bioactive compounds. Leaf extracts of 33 kenaf genotypes were investigated for their polysaccharide, total phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. Antimicrobial capacity was also assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using a disc diffusion assay. The polysaccharide content varied from 6.45–16.12 mg glucose per g DW. Total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 6.03–21.15 mg GAE/g DW and 1.55–9.24 mg RE/g DW, respectively. Similarly, varied values in the range 20.55–79.99% of inhibition by DPPH, 56.28–88.30% of inhibition by ABTS and 1.26–5.08 mmol Fe2+/g DW by FRAP assays were obtained for antioxidants of the genotype extracts. Extracts from CS4 and CS2 genotypes had the highest antioxidant activities. Kenaf leaves exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Strong correlation was found between antioxidant activity with polysaccharide (DPPH, r = 0.893; ABTS, r = 0.819; FRAP, r = 0.864) and total phenolic content (DPPH, r = 0.850; ABTS, r = 0.959; FRAP, r = 0.953). The results suggested that the kenaf leaves could be used as a natural antioxidants and antimicrobial in food industries.

scholarly journals The effect of two methods of cooking and cooling onClostridium welchiiand other bacteria in meat

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. A. Sutton ◽  
Margaret Kendall ◽  
Betty C. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Potential Health Risk

SUMMARYA comparison was made of beef cooked in conventional and moist air (Rapidaire) ovens. In both large (ca.4·5 kg.) and small (ca.2·7 kg.) joints, spores ofClostridium welchiisurvived after cooking but vegetative cells,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureus, did not, regardless of the type of oven usedCooling at room temperature after cooking permitted growth ofCl. welchii. Although some multiplication also occurred in the centre of large roasts cooled under refrigeration, the viable counts were considered too low to constitute a potential health risk

scholarly journals Public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw bovine milk sold in informal markets in Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Etab Abo-Remela ◽  
Azza Sobeih
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Introduction: Milk is an important food in Egypt and most of it is sold as raw milk in informal markets. Methodology: This study was conducted to investigate the public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk sold in informal markets in Egypt. A total of 121 milk samples were analyzed for occurrence, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and S. aureus. Results: A total of 35/121 (28.9%) of milk samples were contaminated with 16/121 (13.2%) E. coli, 22/121 (18.2%) S. aureus, and 3/121 (2.5%) both isolates. Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterotoxigenic S. aureus were detected in 5/121 (4.1%), 2/121 (1.7%) and 8/121 (6.6%) of the examined milk samples, respectively. Multiple drug resistances (MDRs) were showed by 14/16 (87.5%) and 21/22 (95.5%) of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance for cephalothin (87.5%), ampicillin (68.8%) and tetracycline (68.8%), but were sensitive for gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Resistance phenotypes of E. coli were diverse; however, STEC isolates were significantly associated with co-resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin and tetracycline (P< 0.05). Two (9.1%) of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) but sensitive to gentamicin (GS-MRSA). Five (22.7%) of S. aureus isolates were gentamicin-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (GR-MSSA). S. aureus isolates also showed high resistance for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (90.1%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (90.1%). Conclusion: These findings highlighted the potential public health hazards of E. coli and S. aureus pathogens in raw milk sold in informal markets in Egypt.

scholarly journals Baseline composition and microbial quality assessment of raw milk from endemic small ruminants and Maghrebi camels in the oasis area of Tunisia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahran Khaldi ◽  
Mounir Nafti ◽  
Mohamed Tabarek Jilani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Casein Protein

Abstract Characteristics and quality aspects of milk from native ovine queue fine de l’Ouest (QFO) and the local goat population were investigated and compared with those of the local Maghrebi camel. A total of 378 individual milk samples were collected from lactating animals reared in the continental oasis region of Tunisia. Samples were analyzed for physical parameters (pH, density, and acidity), chemical composition (dry matter, fat, protein, lactose, casein, ash, and casein-protein ratio), mineral concentrations (Ca, P, Na, and K) and microbiological features (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliform count (TCC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), sulphite-reducing Clostridium (CSR), yeast and molds (Y/M), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella) according to standard methods. The results obtained for milk characteristics revealed noticeable disparities between the three species. The mean values of pH, density, and acidity in milk collected from sheep appeared higher than those in milk collected from goat species. Compared to the camel populations, sheep species produced milk with similar pH but higher density and acidity. Between camel and goat species, pH and acidity were higher in Negga, while the density was similar. For milk composition, the results showed a remarkable variation among all studied species and an obvious superiority of the ovine species over the caprine and camel populations in all the chemical contents being studied, except for the casein-protein ratio, which is in favor of goat species. The milk of QFO sheep, the richest in casein and protein, was expressed with significantly higher levels of calcium and phosphorus than goat and camel milk. Compared to small ruminants, milk from camels is the richest in Na and K. Additionally, more Ca is present in milk from camels than goats. Goat milk, the poorest type of milk in Ca and Na, contains on average more P than camel milk and more K than sheep's milk. The poor bacteriological quality was that of camel milk for all microbial counts. The microbial quality of goat milk was higher than that of ewe milk based on TMAB, TCC, and E. coli counts, while ovine milk was of better quality, referring to LAB, Y/M, and S. aureus values. No significant differences were found for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli between the examined species. The obtained results highlighted the complete absence of the two dangerous pathogens Salmonella and CSR in all investigated milk samples. The microbiological examination evidenced that the milk of small ruminant species complies with standard criteria required by Tunisian legislation on the hygiene of milk and dairy products. Regarding camel milk, the microbial analysis revealed poor quality that exceeds standard criteria.

scholarly journals Detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in Brazilian mastitic milk goats by multiplex-PCR

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1358-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo P. Machado ◽  
Rodrigo C. Silva ◽  
Felipe F. Guimarães ◽  
Anelise Salina ◽  
Hélio Langoni
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Microbiological Culture

ABSTRACT: This study evalueted the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in milk samples from 257 goats (513 half-udders) and ten bulk tanks, from ten dairy goat farms of São Paulo State, Brazil, by multiplex-PCR. The samples were screened by microbiological culture (gold-standard), and tested by different multiplex-PCR protocols for the detection of each bacterium. A total of 178 half-udders resulted positive by microbiological culture, with coagulase-negative staphylococci (70%), S. aureus (13.5%), S. intermedius (7.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (4%) the prevalent pathogens. In other way, multiplex-PCR detected 173 pathogens in 151/523 (28.9%; CI95% 25.2-32.9%) milk samples 144/513 (28.1%) half-udders and 7/10 (70%) bulk tanks, with E. coli (86/162, 51.9%) and S. aureus (50/162, 30.9%) the prevalent ones in half-udders, and S. aureus (6/10, 60%) and E. coli (4/5, 36.4%) in bulk tanks. Multiplex-PCR showed a high performance for the detection of three bacteria at a time in mastitic goat milk direct from half-udders or bulk tanks. Thus, this multiplex-PCR protocol proved to be an adequate tool for the identification of the most common mastitis pathogens, independent of their phenotypic characteristics in the diagnosis of clinical mastitis in goats, allowing a continuous and better vigilance and monitoring the herd, being included in quality programs.

scholarly journals Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows: somatic cell counts and associated bacteria in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SMMR Sumon ◽  
MA Ehsan ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bacillus Spp

Subclinical mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows and has a prominent place amongst the factors that limit milk production. This study was undertaken to determine the association of somatic cell counts (SCC) and occurrence of bacteria with SCM in smallholder dairy cows in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total number of 240 quarters milk samples from apparently healthy lactating cows were subjected to SCC using NucleoCounter® SCC-100 ™ (Chemo Metec). A quarter was considered SCM positive if the quarter had SCC>100 x 103 cells/ml. All subclinical mastitis positive quarter milk samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and isolates were classified into major, minor, uncommon and mixed pathogens. The overall quarter-level prevalence of subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Mymensingh district was 25% (95% CI, 19.52% to 30.48%). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus (18.33%) followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%), Enterobacter spp. (6.67%), Escherichia coli (5%), Bacillus spp. (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%). Different bacterial isolates were associated with 90% cases of subclinical mastitis as mono infections or mixed infections. Mono and mixed infections significantly influenced SCC and were the most prominent factors responsible for increasing SCC. Mean SCC was the highest for Bacillus spp. (713.67 x 103 cells/ml) followed by Enterobacter spp. (395.75 x 103 cells/ml), Escherichia coli (386.00 x 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (373.82 x 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative staphylococci (182.67 x 103 cells/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (138.67 x 103 cells/ml). Major pathogens induced higher SCC (380.72 x 103cells/ml) than minor and other pathogen groups.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 266-271, December 2017

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk sold in Kathmandu district

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Shyamala Rai ◽  
Barsha Karki ◽  
Sujita Humagain ◽  
Sandesh Rimal ◽  
Sandhya Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and the presence of such isolates in milk pose a great risk to public health. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and assess the microbial quality of milk. For this, a total of 70 milk samples were collected and the total bacterial count (TBC) was determined. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated using their respective selective media while antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. The TBC showed that the raw milk samples contained two-fold higher microbial load while the pasteurized milk samples contained four-fold higher microbial loads than the standard guidelines. A total of 62 isolates were identified from culture-positive milk samples of which 32 were E. coli and 30 were S. aureus. A significant correlation was observed between microbial load and the organism isolated (r = 0.339, p<0.01). All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to Chloramphenicol while 40% were resistant to Cefoxitin, indicating the presence of Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Also, 12 multidrug resistant (MDR) S. aureus were identified. While for E. coli, all were susceptible to Chloramphenicol but resistant to Ampicillin. Also, 9 MDR E. coli were detected. Higher resistance was observed among isolates from the raw milk samples than the pasteurized milk. It can be concluded that the milk produced by small-scale farms and dairy industries of Kathmandu district are of poor quality. Hence, routine microbial quality assessment and antimicrobial resistance monitoring should be followed to safeguard public health.

scholarly journals Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes circulating within selected markets in Kaduna Metropolis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Musa ◽  
A.A. Orukotan ◽  
R.A. Hassan ◽  
Z.K. Mohammed – Idris
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Mean

A study was carried out with the aim to assess the bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes circulating within selected markets in Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 80 samples of Nigerian currency notes of different denominations were randomly collected from Sabo, Kakuri, Kawo, Dattawa, U/rimi, Kasuwar Sati, Nassarawa, Chechenia, Kasuwar barci and Kasuwar Laraba markets in sterilized polythene bags  The mean bacterial counts of the different currency notes were determined using standard microbiological methods. The types of bacteria associated with the currency notes and their frequency of occurrence were also determined using standard methods. The result of the study showed that lower denomination currencies had  higher microbial loads, 22.65×104 ± 0.22×104 CFU/g for N100, 26.55×104 ± 0.45×104 CFU/g for N50, 20.95×104 ± 0.26×104 CFU/g for N20, 21.75×104 ± 0.35×104 CFU/g for N10 and 21.75×104  ± 0.12×104 CFU/g for N5 which were mostly obtained from Kakuri, Sabo, Nasarawa, and U/Rimi markets The species of bacteria isolated from the currencies were Staphylococcus aureus (52.2%), Escherichia coli (31.3%), Salmonella species (11.9%), and Proteus species (4.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant bacteria isolated. This study revealed that currency notes collected from the markets within Kaduna Metropolis, were highly contaminated with different pathogenic bacteria thus, calls for public awareness on the potential risks associated with poor handling of currency notes at all levels. Key words: Bacterial contamination, currency notes, selected markets, Kaduna Metropolis  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document